Calorimetry. Content. Sunanda Banerjee. 2 nd CERN School (03/05/12) Nachon Ratchasiama, Thailand

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Calorimetry. Content. Sunanda Banerjee. 2 nd CERN School (03/05/12) Nachon Ratchasiama, Thailand"

Transcription

1 Calorimetry Content Introduction Interaction of particles with matter EM and hadronic showers Calorimeter designs Example from CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter Hadron Calorimeter Experience with Collision Data Experimental Technique in High Energy and Particle Physics T. Ferbel Calorimetry, Energy Measurement in Particle Physics R. Wigmans 2 nd CERN School (03/05/12) Nachon Ratchasiama, Thailand Sunanda Banerjee

2 in Particle Physics The word is derived from the Latin word Calor, meaning heat. Generally it is the measurement of the quantity of heat exchanged. A Calorimeter is a device used for making such measurements. are blocks of instrumented material in which particles to be measured are fully absorbed and their energy is transformed into a measurable quantity. They were originally developed as crude cheap instruments for some specialized applications in particle physics experiments However in modern colliders, calorimeters form a crucial component of the experiment measuring energies of electrons, photons and jets. The interaction of the incident particle with the detector material (through electromagnetic, weak or strong processes) produces a shower of secondary particles with progressively degraded energy. Higher the energy of the incident particle, larger is the number of secondary particles produced. Counting the number of produced particles may make an estimate of the incident energy. Counting of secondary particles can be done in a number of waysgiving rise to various types of calorimeters S. Banerjee2

3 What to Measure? Generally a calorimeter is related to the heat energy exchanged between two bodies. Here during showering eventually (when there is not enough energy left any more for further particle production), the particles get absorbed in the material. The amount of absorbed energy will be converted into heat, which explains the name calorimeter. The energetic yield is very small: for instance, the total absorption of a 100 GeV proton in a 10 kg block of iron causes the latter to raise its temperature by only 4x10 12 C. Since the amount of heat produced by the energy depositions is too small to be measured, one has to determine the energy with a different method. The deposited energy in detector material is eventually converted into an electric signal. Showers initiated by hadrons are distinctly different from the ones initiated by electrons and photons. This gave rise to two distinct type of calorimeters: Electromagnetic calorimeters Hadron calorimeters S. Banerjee3

4 Interaction of particles with matter Particles passing through matter interact with nuclei as well as with atomic electrons. The physical processes are broadly classified into two categories: Discrete processes (bremsstrahlung, annihilation, elastic, ) Continuous processes (energy loss, multiple scattering, ) Continuous energy loss (charged particles in matter) At small β, -de/dx decreases with momentum A minimum is reached at βγ 4 At large β, γ 2 term dominates relativistic rise At very large βγ, saturation due to screening density effect S. Banerjee4

5 Energy Loss Individual collisions are classified as Distant collision: atoms react as a whole excitation, ionization Close collision: with atomic electrons knock-on Very close: with nuclei radiation If no discrete process happens, particles eventually stops after losing all energies S. Banerjee5

6 Discrete processes Discrete processes: Bremsstrahlung Annihilation (positrons) Elastic scatterings Pair production Z 1 q γ * e + e - γ Z 1 q γ γ γ e + Compton scattering Photo-electric effect Decays of unstable particles (em/weak) Strong interaction for hadrons Unchanged Breaks target coherent incoherent projectile elastic inelastic k 0 γ * θ e - k p S. Banerjee6

7 Electromagnetic Shower e ± γ At energies above 100 MeV, e ± loses energy mainly through bremsstrahlung emitting photons At similar energies, γ s interact with mainly through pair production generating e ± At high energies, σ(e) ~ constant S. Banerjee7

8 EM Showers e + /e - /γ cascade (degrading energy in each stage) mainly through successive bremsstrahlung and pair production Number of particles in the shower increases till the energies of the particles reach E ε c, critical energy Beyond this energy, ionization/excitation takes over and the shower decays out S. Banerjee8

9 EM Shower Parameters Energy loss due to radiation is governed by L R, radiation length of the material traversed. L R in g.cm -2 Both bremsstrahlung and pair production are highly forward peaked. Lateral growth of the shower comes dominantly from multiple scattering at these energies Low energy end of a shower is generated through collision process Beyond shower maximum, there is an exponential decay of the shower [exp(-t/λ Att )] Angular distribution for Compton scattering, photo-electric effect is isotropic causing further increase in the lateral size of the shower Shower profile is determined by Moliere radius ρ M. 95% of energy deposited is contained in a cylinder of radius 2ρ M. S. Banerjee9

10 EM Showers 98% of the shower is contained in (t max +4λ att ) where the position of shower maximum t max increases only logarithmically with incident energy E. Lateral size of the shower changes with shower depths broader at or beyond shower maximum. While radiation length (hence shower length) depends strongly on material, lateral size is roughly material independent. Showers initiated by electrons and photons are different in the first few radiation lengths. For a fully absorbed shower the difference is reduced. S. Banerjee10

11 Hadronic Shower They are similar to electromagnetic shower, but with greater variety and complexity due to hadronic processes Strong interaction is responsible for Production of hadronic shower particles, ~90% of these are pions. Neutral pions decay to 2 γ s which develop em showers Interaction with nucleus neutrons/protons are released from nucleus and the binding energy is lost from producing more shower particles EM showers produced by π s develop in the same way as those due to e ± /γ s. Fraction of π increases with energy. Typically EM energy fraction is ~30% at 10 GeV increasing to ~50% at 100 GeV. The remaining energy is carried by ionizing particles, neutrons and invisible component (lost in binding energies or carried by ν s from decays). In lead they are roughly in the ratio 56:10:34 and two-third of ionizing energy is due to protons. S. Banerjee11

12 Fluctuations in Hadronic Showers There is a large variety of profiles in hadronic showers This depends on π multiplicity in each step of interactions Leakage plays an important role even though the average containment is high S. Banerjee12

13 Hadronic Shower Typical scale is collision length Shower maximum occurs at t max (λ) ~ 0.2 lne +0.7 Decay of shower is slower: power law (λe 0.13 ) rather than logarithmic in E Transverse dimension is controlled by λ laterally it takes less material to contain the shower at higher energies (larger fraction of EM energy) S. Banerjee13

14 Signals in Calorimeter The energy deposit in the calorimeter material needs to be transformed into some signals which can be measured through detector electronics. Use ionization process example is liquid argon calorimeters the ionized electrons/ions are drifted by electric field, amplified and collected as electrical pulse Use excitation process example are scintillation light emission in organic and inorganic material the light is transmitted to photo-detectors and converted photo-electrons are amplified and collected as electrical pulse Use Cerenkov radiation charged particles in the shower traversing with speed higher than speed of light in the medium (mostly electrons) will emit this radiation and they can be converted into signal as in the case of scintillation light example is lead glass calorimeter S. Banerjee14

15 Signal in Calorimeter Signal generation and particle absorption are two separate process and can be combined in two ways giving rise to 2 types of calorimeters Homogeneous calorimeters the absorber and the active medium are one and the same mostly done in electromagnetic calorimeters (more for cost and performance considerations) Sampling calorimeters the two roles are played by different media S. Banerjee15

16 Other considerations Also consider Cascading and shower creation is quite fast. However timing for the signal generation process depends on the choice of technique may worth considering technique to be used Radiation environment signal generation and collection are often dependent on the level of radiation for example light transmission in crystals are affected by integrated radiation level (dosage and neutron fluence). Total volume of the detector the larger the volume, more is the chance of unstable particles to decay and having missing energies Ease of usage use materials which do not need special care to control humidity, temperature, Cost of the materials used S. Banerjee16

17 Considerations Most of the energy deposited in calorimeter comes from very soft shower paticles. In EM showers the end of the shower is dominated by Compton scattering and photo-electric effect (and not pair production/bremsstrahlung). The angular distribution of shower particles are not so strongly forward peaked. So geometries with fibre structure are as good as sandwich geometries. Sampling thickness depends on type of calorimeter Typical shower particle in EM showers are 1 MeV electron which have range smaller than 1 mm in typical absorber material Typical shower particle in hadron shower are MeV protons and 3 MeV neutrons with range around 1 cm Lead based detectors S. Banerjee17

18 Linearity Electromagnetic shower results in the entire incident energy getting deposited in the material. This will result in a linear response with the exception of saturation effects When shower particles are sampled using ionization technique in avalanche mode, response does not increase linearly at high particle density Scintillation process also shows saturation effect when de/dx is large (Birk s law) for both organic and inorganic materials S. Banerjee18

19 Linearity (Hadron Calorimeter) Hadron shower has the complication of having two components in shower generation process and the ratio of the EM part and the pure hadronic part (e/h) is usually larger than 1. For hadronic showers as a function of energy the two components add with different proportions giving a non-linearity for all values of e/h away from 1. The value of e/h can be controlled by trying to make use of the low energy neutrons by use of elastic scattering (low Z materials) S. Banerjee19

20 Resolution Energy resolution (σ/e) of calorimeter is driven by several factors: Electronic noise which gives (1/E) dependence Shower leakage or calibration effect which gives a constant term Fluctuations that are ruled by Poisson statistics which gives (1/ E) dependence Shower fluctuations (# of shower particles) Signal quantum fluctuations (photo-statistics) Sampling fluctuations Resolution of ATLAS EM Calorimeter S. Banerjee20

21 CMS as an example CMS uses one technology for the EM calorimeter and 2 technologies for hadron calorimeter Homogeneous crystal for the EM calorimeter Sampling devices for the hadron calorimeter Scintillation Cerenkov radiation S. Banerjee21

22 Choice for ECAL Choice of crystal is driven by Has to be fast (bunch crossing time 25 ns) Has to be radiation hard Has to be compact Choose PbWO 4 for its high density (8.28 g/cm 3 ), short radiation length (0.89 cm) and small Moliere radius (2.2 cm) with more than 80% of produced light emitted in 25 ns Light output is low need amplification in environment with high B- field. Use Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) or Vacuum Photo Triode (VPT) S. Banerjee22

23 Property of PbWO 4 Light yield in PbWO 4 is typically ~10 PE/MeV (depends on T, read out) For lead glass (which uses only Cerenkov), light yield is PE/GeV Expect substantial Cerenkov component in PbWO 4 Measure the Cerenkov component using directional property and timing structure of the Cerenkov component Use a specific setup with single crystal read out on either side using PMT S. Banerjee23

24 Crystal Property Anisotropy as well as timing measurements yield measurable Cerenkov component in PbWO 4. It amounts to 10-15% at room temperature Variation of light output is 2.1% per C at 18 C. Longitudinal light transmission is ~70% and crystals emit blue-green light with a broad maximum at nm. Try to utilize uniform light collection efficiency along crystal length. This is achieved by depolishing one lateral face. S. Banerjee24

25 Calorimeter Layout CMS ECAL is divided into a barrel and two endcap parts at η = ± The barrel modularity is 360-fold in φ and (2x85)-fold in η with a total of crystals. It is located at a radial distance of 1.29 m from the centre of CMS and a non-pointing geometry is chosen (crystal axis is not along the line joining centre but with 3 tilt). Each crystal corresponds to 22x22 mm 2 at front face and 26x26 mm 2 at the rear face and 230 mm long corresponding to 25.8 L R. S. Banerjee25

26 Barrel ECAL The crystals are contained in thin-walled (0.1 mm) alveolar (aluminium + glass fibre-epoxy) structure (sub-module). Nominal gap between crystals is 0.35 (0.5) mm in a sub-module (module). There are 17 pair of shapes each sub-module having one pair of shapes only. Sub-modules assembled into modules containing 400 to 500 crystals and finally to a super-module containing 1700 crystals covering η = , φ = ±10. S. Banerjee26

27 Endcap ECAL The endcaps cover the rapidity range < η < 3.0. They are located 3154 mm from the centre of CMS. All crystals are identical with front/rear faces of cross section 26.82x26.82/30.0x30.0 mm 2 and length of 220 mm (24.7 L R ). They are grouped into super-crystals each containing 5x5 crystals in C-fibre alveola structure. They are grouped in 4 Dee s for the 2 endcaps with each Dee holding 3662 crystals Crystals and Super-crystals are arranged in a rectangular x-y grid with crystals focusing 1300 mm beyond interaction point. S. Banerjee27

28 Photo Detectors Criteria for photo-detectors Need to be fast Have to operate at high B-field (4 Tesla solenoidal field) Have to be radiation hard (more for endcap) Have high enough gain (compensate low light from PbWO4) Need to be insensitive to nuclear counter effect Choice for Barrel Detector: Avalanche Photodiodes Two APD s per crystal Each with active area of 5x5 mm 2 High quantum efficiency ~75% Low noise dark current ~ 3nA Typical gain ~50 at operating voltage V Small effective thickness ~ 6µm equivalent to 100 MeV energy deposit for a MIP traversing APD High temperature sensitivity of the gain (~ 2.4%/ C) S. Banerjee28

29 Endcap PD + Thermal Stability Choice for Endcap Detector: Vacuum Photo Triode (photo multiplier with a single stage gain) Anode of very fine Cu mesh (10 µm) to operate at 4T B-field Large active area (280 mm 2 ) Moderate quantum efficiency (~22%) Moderate gain (~10) Better tolerance against radiation and temperature changes Thermal stability needs to be maintained within ±0.05 C at 18 C (the overall temperature gradient of crystal + APD system ~ 3.8%/ C) Thermal screen in front of the crystal Insulating foam to decouple crystals from front end electronics Circulating water to take away heat from the screen and the back aluminium grid S. Banerjee29

30 Choice for HCAL ECAL of CMS provides ~1.1 λ int ~70% of the hadrons will have their first interaction in ECAL and showers will start there. HCAL for CMS need to provide sufficient interaction length to contain the entire shower of HCAL. One need the following characteristics Has to be a fast device Get the best possible flat response (linear in energy) Moderate resolution Radiation hard particularly in the very forward region Non-magnetic being operated in a magnetic field Choose a mixed technology: Brass/plastic scintillator sandwich in the central part of the detector Iron/quartz fibre in the very forward region (use Cerenkov radiation) S. Banerjee30

31 HCAL Layout The design of the HCAL leads to good hermiticity, good transverse granularity as well as the criteria initially demanded The dashed lines are at fixed η values The HCAL barrel and endcaps sit behind the tracker and the electromagnetic calorimeter as seen from the interaction point S. Banerjee31

32 HCAL Barrel (HB) HB is a sampling calorimeter covering η < 1.3 HB is divided into two half-barrel sections (HB+ and HB ) It is restricted between the outer extent of the barrel ECAL (R = 1.77 m) and the inner extent of the magnet coil (R = 2.95 m) HB consists of 36 identical wedges (each half barrel has 18 wedges: each wedge is 20 wide in φ) Each wedge is segmented into four azimuthal angle (φ) sectors. The innermost and outermost plates are made of stainless steel for structural strength. S. Banerjee32

33 HB The absorber consists of a 40 mm thick front steel plate, followed by eight 50.5 mm thick brass plates, six 56.5 mm thick brass plates, and a 75 mm thick steel back plate. The active material is plastic scintillator: front and back plates are 9 mm thick while the rest are 3.7 mm thick. The front layer of scintillator is a special Bicron plate which produces ~20% more light σ-shaped wave length shifting fibres (0.94 mm diameter) collect the light and is transmitted via clear fibres to optical decoding device S. Banerjee33

34 HCAL Endcap (HE) HE is also a sampling device covering 1.3 η 3.0 The calorimeter is supported on the pole-piece of the magnet and is between and 5541 mm from interaction point The plates are bolted together in a staggered geometry that contains no dead material. The absorber consists of 79 mm thick brass plates with 9 mm gaps for the scintillators. There are up to 18 scintillator layers with the front layer having 9 mm thick scintillator plate and the rest are all 3.7 mm thick Light is collected by WLS fibre & transmitted to photo detector using clear fibres S. Banerjee34

35 Hadron Outer (HO) To contain hadron shower sufficiently within HCAL for η < 1.15, it is extended outside the solenoid as HO. The magnetic field is returned through an iron yoke designed in the form of five m wide (along z-axis) rings. HO is placed as the first sensitive layer in each of these five rings. Solenoid coil acts as an additional absorber. For Ring 0, there is a second layer behind 195 mm thick tail catcher iron plate. Ring 0 has two scintillator layers at radial distances of 3.82 and 4.07m while other rings have a single layer at R = 4.07 m. There are 12 φ sectors each having 6 scintillator trays (10 mm thick) and read out using 0.94 mm WLS fibres with 4 σ-grooves per tile. S. Banerjee35

36 Hadron Forward (HF) η = 3:5 experiences very large particle fluxes (on average, 760 GeV energy is deposited per p-p interaction into the two HF s, compared to only 100 GeV for the rest of the detector) Use 18 steel wedges on either side of interaction point at a distance of m with a radial coverage from 125 mm to 1570 mm Quartz fibre of 0.9 mm diameter (0.6 mm diameter fused-silica core and polymer hard cladding) is used to take out the signal to PMT s sitting behind a shielding. Signal is generated when charged particles emit Cerenkov radiation. Only light that hits the core-cladding interface at an angle larger than the critical angle (71 ) contributes to the calorimeter signal. Half of the fibres (Long) run the entire (1650 mm) of the absorber while the other half (Short) starts 220 mm from the front face. S. Banerjee36

37 HCAL ReadOut System HB/HE/HO use the same technique: signal is generated in plastic scintillators, captured in WLS fibres (captures blue light and re-emits green light which undergoes total internal reflection), transmitted using clear fibres and generated to electric pulse using a photo transducer with sufficient gain Hybrid Photo Diode (HPD) Fibres bring signals from individual layers while the final readout sums up signals from many layers belonging to a given (η,φ). This is done by routing fibers from all tiles in a tower to the same HPD pixel through the Optical Decoding Unit (ODU). The analogue signal from the HPD or PMT is converted to a digital signal by QIE (Charge-Integrator and Encoder). The CMS QIE has two independent input amplifiers (Inverting and Non inverting) so that it can accept and amplify the negative HPD pulses of HB/HO/HE as well as positive pulses from the PMTs used in HF. S. Banerjee37

38 Response in Calorimeter Ideally the signal measured in a calorimeter should have linear dependence on incident energy This is satisfied in electromagnetic calorimeter the entire energy of electrons/photons gets absorbed through atomic excitation and ionization. Non-linearity can happen only through signal saturation or shower leakage. This is not true for hadron showers the non-em part of the shower has an invisible energy component and the fraction of the non-em part depends on the incident energy. One way to bring back linearity is to have the response ratio for e and π to be the same. CMS uses two calorimeters with totally different e/π for crystal calorimeter it is ~4 while for brass/scintillator sandwich it is ~1.4. This is verified in a number of test beam activities. S. Banerjee38

39 Response of CMS Calorimeter Calo Response (MCideal calib.: ele50) Simulated mean/beam energy All Events H2 QGSP-BERT-EML 9.3.cand02 pro H2 QGSP-BERT-EML 9.3.cand02 pim H2 QGSP-BERT-EML 9.3.cand05 pro 0.3 H2 QGSP-BERT-EML 9.3.cand05 pim TB06 data (v6d1) noho CMS uses prototypes of their hadron calorimeter modules (brass-scintillator sampling calorimeter) and one super module of electromagnetic calorimeter (PbWO 4 crystals) in the H2 test beam Uses negative and positive beams between GeV/c with good particle identification for low energy beams TB06 data (v6d1) noho Calo Response (MCidealMIP calib.: Beam ele50) Energy [GeV] Simulated mean/beam energy MIPS in ECAL H2 QGSP-BERT-EML 9.3.cand02 pro H2 QGSP-BERT-EML 9.3.cand02 pim H2 QGSP-BERT-EML 9.3.cand05 pro H2 QGSP-BERT-EML 9.3.cand05 pim TB06 data (v6d1) noho TB06 data (v6d1) noho S. Banerjee39 10 Beam Energy [GeV] 2

40 Measurement with Collision Data Electrons/photons are identified using shower shapes in ECAL and its performance is well understood. Energies of isolated charged particles as well as jets are also well understood. S. Banerjee40

41 But as data accumulates.., Rare high energy deposits are observed in the calorimeters These give rise to isolated high energy clusters and tails in missing transverse energy which are signals for new physics But they are a bit unusual anomalous hits in calorimeters S. Banerjee41

42 Story for ECAL Anomalously large signals are observed in the ECAL with the appearance of very large energy deposits in a single crystal. S. Banerjee42

43 ECAL Spikes The events are characterized by: They are uniformly distributed only in the barrel part of the calorimeter where the readout is by APD; they are not seen in the endcap crystals which are read out by VPTs. The rise time of the electronic pulse is consistent with an instantaneous signal from the APD, not the typical decay spectrum of the crystal. The rate of spike events is approximately one per 10 3 minimum-bias events. Typical signal. Spike signal. The average pulse shape for typical and spike events. The blue dots are the actual signal sampling of an anomalous signal. S. Banerjee43

44 Steps to Understand Spikes Understand the origin of these hits: Spikes happen during collision data taking. Not noticed during the Cosmic Ray runs spanning previous years The rate is roughly proportional to the minimum bias rate But they were also observed in test beam with hadrons: S. Banerjee44

45 Data driven approach Look at the closeness of tracks in the data to the spike hits Fairly large number of tracks match to the basic clusters with large E/p Dumb-spike model adds one random spike to each data event APD Hits are caused by particles from interaction S. Banerjee45

46 Try Simulation Most likely the spikes are produced by showers of particles like other energy depositions in the calorimeter So they can be simulated in detector simulation which follows showering due to passage of particles APD volumes Crystals First level of changes: o Treat crystals and APD volumes as independent sensitive detector o Energy deposits in each of them will get different gain factors S. Banerjee46

47 Energy Deposits Energy deposits in single APD volumes are summed up Match the rates observed in the data by considering hits of energy above 75 kev Simulated rate roughly matches with the data Clearly there are also many hits with smaller energy Fall off is slower than exponential S. Banerjee47

48 EM Physics in Simulation Verify the energy deposits in simulation by using muons and look at MIP energy in the APD MIP peak is observed with Mean energy of 1,7 kev Peak around 1 kev Simulation matches with expectation EM Physics is well described in the simulation S. Banerjee48

49 Timing of the Hits: Features of the Hits Time distribution of SimHits is similar to that observed in the data Main feature is a sharp turn-on at time consistent with ultra-relativistic particles from IP More late time event is seen in data Source of the hit: More often the energy is due to de/dx loss of hadrons in the APD Small but substantial energy loss is due to electrons Time distributions of the two components are similar but not identical S. Banerjee49

50 Source of the Hits Generator level particles as source Dominantly π s Also K L and antineutrons But neutrons are down in the list Particles entering the calorimeter Lots of neutrons More pions will interact within calorimeter & make more neutrons S. Banerjee50

51 Association in η and φ APD hits and generator level particles are well correlated in η Some of the particles headed toward endcap also cause hit in APD Correlation in φ for pions are affected by bending in the magnetic field Correlation in φ is sharp for neutrals S. Banerjee51

52 Do we know enough about APD? Get a more realistic description of APD in term of material, dimension and relative amplification factors S. Banerjee52

53 Improved Simulation An alternative description of ECAL barrel is made with detailed structure of APD capsules Two sensitive layers with high (5µm) and low (45µm) gain exist S. Banerjee53

54 Hits in High Gain Part The simulation has a 15 kev threshold to save an APD hit. (about 1 GeV measured energy) We see an increase in APD hit energy produced by protons, in the 5 micron layer, due to protons produced in the epoxy layer S. Banerjee54

55 Energy in APD by PID and Mother Fraction of minbias events Depth 1 Depth 2 15 kev APD energy lower cutoff 15 kev APD energy lower cutoff EM particles drop quickly with energy. Protons and ions fall slowly with energy. Similar in 45 micron layer but protons drop faster in 5 micron layer. Neutrons are enhanced in high-gain region due to epoxy. S. Banerjee55

56 Origin of Particle hitting APD 75 kev APD energy lower cutoff Heavy ions come from APD high gain region. Protons come from epoxy exponentially close to APD. S. Banerjee56

57 Origin of Mother ρ neutrons 75 kev APD energy lower cutoff ρ ρ z photons z pions Mother Neutrons are produced in crystals. Mother photons are produced near APD. Pions come from IP and crystals. z S. Banerjee57

58 The Local APD Coordinates Origin of particle hitting APD ρ' Z Geant4 coordinate system for APD volume S. Banerjee58

59 Time Distribution of APD Hits While high energy APD fall of with time, lower energy hits have a nearly flat time distribution. The particle living the longest (t>200 ns hits) is almost always a neutron (few % μ + ). These are neutrons with several MeV of kinetic energy. S. Banerjee59

60 Do we understand Data? CMS Preliminary After Before After Time CMS Preliminary Much improved understanding of the data S. Banerjee60

61 Issue in Hadron Calorimeter Missing transverse energy is a key measurement from the calorimeter system. As statistics grow, one starts seeing long tails which are due to hits in the hadron calorimeter Some of the energetic hits have some peculiar characteristics PMT Hits S. Banerjee61

62 HF Noise Forward Hadron Calorimeter observed even larger energy deposits. Even muons in test beams gave rise to large pulse It was identified that when beam points to a PMT, this can happen Cerenkov radiation from the glass window could be source S. Banerjee62

63 Characteristic of the Noise HF has two set of fibres Long fibers: extends for the full length of HF Short fibers: start at a depth of 22cm from the front of HF Anomalous high energy deposit is observed only in one type of fibres in a given tower S. Banerjee63

64 Understand through Simulation Describe PMT s behind HF in the Forward Shield area Declare photo cathode to be sensitive and record SimHit for energy deposits in photo cathode Abandon Shower library approach in HF and use a different parameterization S. Banerjee64

65 HF Geometry Description The absorber part is described With the description of all the fibres Average material (mixture of Steel/Quartz/Air) Shielding structure around HF is described in detail Gaps between wedges & supporting platform are not Default Simulation New Parameterizaiton Moderators HF BSC1 S. Banerjee65

66 HF Components The shielding behind HF were described by solid blocks of lead/steel/ polyethylene now air core light guides are introduced aligning with the PMT positions in the Readout Box Fibre bundles are of different cross sections depending on iη index also the last two iη-towers have different φ granularity Aircore LG Fibre bundles S. Banerjee66

67 Hits in Forward Hadron Calorimeter Transport all hadrons entering HF using Geant4. The electromagnetic component of the shower in HF is replaced using parameterization. Energy spectrum as well as anomalous hit rate are well reproduced Dominant sources are muons from decays in flight and hadron shower punch through CMS Preliminary CMS Preliminary S. Banerjee67

68 Summary are essential in a high energy physics experiment of today Lots of R & D activities take place to design an acceptable calorimeter for a given application Physics priorities in a given experiment drives the final choice of technology Even after all preliminary works, real application gives surprises in real life application Journey with calorimeters is not yet over for CMS high luminosity future of LHC demands more activities in improving or replacing the existing CMS calorimeters S. Banerjee68

69 Back Up S. Banerjee69

70 Kinetic Energy Spectra Fraction of minbias events Depth 1 Depth 2 75 kev APD energy lower cutoff EM hits give lower energy spikes. The epoxy seems to increase protons mothered by neutrons at lower APD hit energy. The kinetic energy of the mother is NOT low. S. Banerjee70

71 Kinetic Energy of Mother Fraction of minbias events 75 kev APD energy lower cutoff S. Banerjee71

Validation of Geant4 Physics Models Using Collision Data from the LHC

Validation of Geant4 Physics Models Using Collision Data from the LHC Journal of Physics: Conference Series Validation of Geant4 Physics Models Using Collision from the LHC To cite this article: S Banerjee and CMS Experiment 20 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 33 032003 Related content

More information

Last Lecture 1) Silicon tracking detectors 2) Reconstructing track momenta

Last Lecture 1) Silicon tracking detectors 2) Reconstructing track momenta Last Lecture 1) Silicon tracking detectors 2) Reconstructing track momenta Today s Lecture: 1) Electromagnetic and hadronic showers 2) Calorimeter design Absorber Incident particle Detector Reconstructing

More information

Electromagnetic and hadronic showers development. G. Gaudio, M. Livan The Art of Calorimetry Lecture II

Electromagnetic and hadronic showers development. G. Gaudio, M. Livan The Art of Calorimetry Lecture II Electromagnetic and hadronic showers development 1 G. Gaudio, M. Livan The Art of Calorimetry Lecture II Summary (Z dependence) Z Z 4 5 Z(Z + 1) Z Z(Z + 1) 2 A simple shower 3 Electromagnetic Showers Differences

More information

Hadronic Showers. KIP Journal Club: Calorimetry and Jets 2009/10/28 A.Kaplan & A.Tadday

Hadronic Showers. KIP Journal Club: Calorimetry and Jets 2009/10/28 A.Kaplan & A.Tadday Hadronic Showers KIP Journal Club: Calorimetry and Jets 2009/10/28 A.Kaplan & A.Tadday Hadronic Showers em + strong interaction with absorber similarities to em-showers, but much more complex different

More information

Lecture 2 & 3. Particles going through matter. Collider Detectors. PDG chapter 27 Kleinknecht chapters: PDG chapter 28 Kleinknecht chapters:

Lecture 2 & 3. Particles going through matter. Collider Detectors. PDG chapter 27 Kleinknecht chapters: PDG chapter 28 Kleinknecht chapters: Lecture 2 & 3 Particles going through matter PDG chapter 27 Kleinknecht chapters: 1.2.1 for charged particles 1.2.2 for photons 1.2.3 bremsstrahlung for electrons Collider Detectors PDG chapter 28 Kleinknecht

More information

Calorimetry I Electromagnetic Calorimeters

Calorimetry I Electromagnetic Calorimeters Calorimetry I Electromagnetic Calorimeters Introduction Calorimeter: Detector for energy measurement via total absorption of particles... Also: most calorimeters are position sensitive to measure energy

More information

ATLAS Hadronic Calorimeters 101

ATLAS Hadronic Calorimeters 101 ATLAS Hadronic Calorimeters 101 Hadronic showers ATLAS Hadronic Calorimeters Tile Calorimeter Hadronic Endcap Calorimeter Forward Calorimeter Noise and Dead Material First ATLAS Physics Meeting of the

More information

CMS Simulation Software

CMS Simulation Software Journal of Physics: Conference Series CMS Simulation Software To cite this article: S Banerjee 2012 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 396 022003 View the article online for updates and enhancements. Related content

More information

Upgrade of the CMS Forward Calorimetry

Upgrade of the CMS Forward Calorimetry Upgrade of the CMS Forward Calorimetry Riccardo Paramatti Cern & INFN Roma IPMLHC2013 Tehran 9 th October Credits to Francesca Cavallari and Pawel de Barbaro Outline Radiation damage at HL-LHC ECAL and

More information

Photons: Interactions

Photons: Interactions Photons: Interactions Photons appear in detector systems as primary photons, created in Bremsstrahlung and de-excitations Photons are also used for medical applications, both imaging and radiation treatment.

More information

Overview of validations at LHC

Overview of validations at LHC G4 Workshop, Bordeaux, 8 November 2005 Overview of validations at LHC Alberto Ribon CERN PH/SFT http://lcgapp.cern.ch/project/simu/validation/ Physics Validation First cycle of electromagnetic physics

More information

PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics. Lecture 25. Particle Detectors

PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics. Lecture 25. Particle Detectors PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics Lecture 25 Particle Detectors http://pdg.lbl.gov/2006/reviews/contents_sports.html S(T ) = dt dx nz = ρa 0 Units for energy loss Minimum ionization in thin solids Z/A

More information

The LHC Experiments. TASI Lecture 2 John Conway

The LHC Experiments. TASI Lecture 2 John Conway The LHC Experiments TASI 2006 - Lecture 2 John Conway Outline A. Interactions of Particles With Matter B. Tracking Detectors C. Calorimetry D. CMS and ATLAS Design E. The Mystery of Triggering F. Physics

More information

Thin Calorimetry for Cosmic-Ray Studies Outside the Earth s Atmosphere. 1 Introduction

Thin Calorimetry for Cosmic-Ray Studies Outside the Earth s Atmosphere. 1 Introduction Thin Calorimetry for Cosmic-Ray Studies Outside the Earth s Atmosphere Richard WIGMANS Department of Physics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX 79409-1051, USA (wigmans@ttu.edu) Abstract Cosmic ray experiments

More information

AIM AIM. Study of Rare Interactions. Discovery of New High Mass Particles. Energy 500GeV High precision Lots of events (high luminosity) Requirements

AIM AIM. Study of Rare Interactions. Discovery of New High Mass Particles. Energy 500GeV High precision Lots of events (high luminosity) Requirements AIM AIM Discovery of New High Mass Particles Requirements Centre-of-Mass energy > 1000GeV High Coverage Study of Rare Interactions Requirements Energy 500GeV High precision Lots of events (high luminosity)

More information

Hadronic Calorimetry

Hadronic Calorimetry Hadronic Calorimetry Urs Langenegger (Paul Scherrer Institute) Fall 2015 ALEPH Hadronic showers Compensation Neutron detection Hadronic showers simulations 50 GeV proton into segmented iron (simulation)

More information

Studies of Hadron Calorimeter

Studies of Hadron Calorimeter Studies of Hadron Calorimeter Zhigang Wang Institute of High Energy Physics 2012.10.17 in IHEP Outline 1,The Dark Matter Calorimeter 2,The Hadron Calorimeter(HCAL) 3, Summary 1,Dark Matter Calorimeter

More information

Hadronic Calorimetry

Hadronic Calorimetry Hadronic Calorimetry Urs Langenegger (Paul Scherrer Institute) Fall 2014 ALEPH hadronic showers compensation detector effects neutron detection Hadronic showers simulations 50 GeV proton into segmented

More information

Calorimetry in. in Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments

Calorimetry in. in Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments 1 Calorimetry in in Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Outline 2 Electromagnetic showers Hadronic showers Electromagnetic

More information

STATUS OF ATLAS TILE CALORIMETER AND STUDY OF MUON INTERACTIONS. 1 Brief Description of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter

STATUS OF ATLAS TILE CALORIMETER AND STUDY OF MUON INTERACTIONS. 1 Brief Description of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter STATUS OF ATLAS TILE CALORIMETER AND STUDY OF MUON INTERACTIONS L. E. PRICE Bldg 362, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA E-mail: lprice@anl.gov (For the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter Collaboration)

More information

CMS: Tracking in a State of Art Experiment

CMS: Tracking in a State of Art Experiment Novel Tracking Detectors CMS: Tracking in a State of Art Experiment Luigi Moroni INFN Milano-Bicocca Introduction to Tracking at HE Will try to give you some ideas about Tracking in a modern High Energy

More information

Tracker material study with the energy flow through the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter. Riccardo Paramatti, Ambra Provenza

Tracker material study with the energy flow through the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter. Riccardo Paramatti, Ambra Provenza Tracker material study with the energy flow through the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter Riccardo Paramatti, Ambra Provenza The electromagnetc calorimeter (ECAL) To detect photons and electrons iη=85 iη=1

More information

Interaction of particles in matter

Interaction of particles in matter Interaction of particles in matter Particle lifetime : N(t) = e -t/ Particles we detect ( > 10-10 s, c > 0.03m) Charged particles e ± (stable m=0.511 MeV) μ ± (c = 659m m=0.102 GeV) ± (c = 7.8m m=0.139

More information

What detectors measure

What detectors measure What detectors measure As a particle goes through matter, it releases energy Detectors collect the released energy and convert it to electric signals recorded by DAQ Raw event record is a collection of

More information

Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics

Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-30 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 4 - Detectors Binding Energy Nuclear mass MN less than sum of nucleon masses Shows nucleus is a bound (lower energy) state for this configuration

More information

EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection

EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection 2. Radiation Detection Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za May 06, 2015 EEE4106Z :: Radiation

More information

Hadron Calorimetry at the LHC

Hadron Calorimetry at the LHC Hadron Calorimetry at the LHC 1 One of My Hats These Guys are Good 2 Hadron Calorimeters are ESSENTIAL to Measure Jets AND Jets are ESSENTIAL for Much of the LHC Physics Program Top Mass Compositeness/SUSY

More information

CALICE scintillator HCAL

CALICE scintillator HCAL CALICE scintillator HCAL Erika Garutti DESY (on behalf of the CALICE collaboration) OUTLINE: electromagnetic and hadronic shower analysis shower separation The test beam prototypes 10 GeV pion shower @

More information

Calorimeter for detection of the high-energy photons

Calorimeter for detection of the high-energy photons Calorimeter for detection of the high-energy photons 26.06.2012 1 1. Introduction 2 1. Introduction 2. Theory of Electromagnetic Showers 3. Types of Calorimeters 4. Function Principle of Liquid Noble Gas

More information

CMS ECAL status and performance with the first LHC collisions

CMS ECAL status and performance with the first LHC collisions CMS ECAL status and performance with the first LHC collisions XIV International Conference on Calorimetry in High Energy Physics (Calor 2010) Konstantinos Theofilatos (ETH Zurich) on behalf of CMS ECAL

More information

Future prospects for the measurement of direct photons at the LHC

Future prospects for the measurement of direct photons at the LHC Future prospects for the measurement of direct photons at the LHC David Joffe on behalf of the and CMS Collaborations Southern Methodist University Department of Physics, 75275 Dallas, Texas, USA DOI:

More information

Particle Energy Loss in Matter

Particle Energy Loss in Matter Particle Energy Loss in Matter Charged particles, except electrons, loose energy when passing through material via atomic excitation and ionization These are protons, pions, muons, The energy loss can

More information

G. Gaudio, M. Livan The Art of Calorimetry Lecture V. The state of art Towards ILC calorimetry

G. Gaudio, M. Livan The Art of Calorimetry Lecture V. The state of art Towards ILC calorimetry G. Gaudio, M. Livan The Art of Calorimetry Lecture V The state of art Towards ILC calorimetry 1 Important calorimeter features Energy resolution Position resolution (need 4-vectors for physics) Particle

More information

Particle Detectors A brief introduction with emphasis on high energy physics applications

Particle Detectors A brief introduction with emphasis on high energy physics applications Particle Detectors A brief introduction with emphasis on high energy physics applications TRIUMF Summer Institute 2006 July 10-21 2006 Lecture I measurement of ionization and position Lecture II scintillation

More information

Calorimetry From basic principles to particle flow an overview. Burkhard Schmidt, CERN PH-DT

Calorimetry From basic principles to particle flow an overview. Burkhard Schmidt, CERN PH-DT Calorimetry From basic principles to particle flow an overview Burkhard Schmidt, CRN PH-DT Outline Introduction lectromagnetic calorimetry lectromagnetic shower properties nergy resolution Main techniques

More information

Experimental Particle Physics Informal Lecture & Seminar Series Lecture 1 Detectors Overview

Experimental Particle Physics Informal Lecture & Seminar Series Lecture 1 Detectors Overview Experimental Particle Physics Informal Lecture & Seminar Series 2013 Lecture 1 Detectors Overview Detectors in Particle Physics Let s talk about detectors for a bit. Let s do this with Atlas and CMS in

More information

Dario Barberis Evaluation of GEANT4 Electromagnetic and Hadronic Physics in ATLAS

Dario Barberis Evaluation of GEANT4 Electromagnetic and Hadronic Physics in ATLAS Dario Barberis Evaluation of GEANT4 Electromagnetic and Hadronic Physics in ATLAS LC Workshop, CERN, 15 Nov 2001 Dario Barberis Genova University/INFN 1 The ATLAS detector LC Workshop, CERN, 15 Nov 2001

More information

Status of the physics validation studies using Geant4 in ATLAS

Status of the physics validation studies using Geant4 in ATLAS Status of the physics validation studies using Geant4 in ATLAS On behalf of the ATLAS Geant4 Validation Team A.Dell Acqua CERN EP/SFT, Geneva, CH dellacqu@mail.cern.ch The new simulation for the ATLAS

More information

Calorimetry at LHC Davide Pinci INFN Sezione di Roma. Calorimetry at LHC 4th Summer School on THE PHYSICS OF LHC

Calorimetry at LHC Davide Pinci INFN Sezione di Roma. Calorimetry at LHC 4th Summer School on THE PHYSICS OF LHC Calorimetry at LHC What is a calorimeter? In High Energy Physics a calorimeter is each detector able to measure the energy of a particle; It is often based on the total absorption of the particle to be

More information

CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS

CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS Background Charged Particles Heavy charged particles Charged particles with Mass > m e α, proton, deuteron, heavy ion (e.g., C +, Fe + ), fission fragment, muon, etc. α is

More information

Beam diagnostics: Alignment of the beam to prevent for activation. Accelerator physics: using these sensitive particle detectors.

Beam diagnostics: Alignment of the beam to prevent for activation. Accelerator physics: using these sensitive particle detectors. Beam Loss Monitors When energetic beam particles penetrates matter, secondary particles are emitted: this can be e, γ, protons, neutrons, excited nuclei, fragmented nuclei... Spontaneous radiation and

More information

2nd-Meeting. Ionization energy loss. Multiple Coulomb scattering (plural and single scattering, too) Tracking chambers

2nd-Meeting. Ionization energy loss. Multiple Coulomb scattering (plural and single scattering, too) Tracking chambers 2nd-Meeting Ionization energy loss Multiple Coulomb scattering (plural and single scattering, too) Tracking chambers #2 -Particle Physics Experiments at High Energy Colliders John Hauptman, Kyungpook National

More information

Particle Energy Loss in Matter

Particle Energy Loss in Matter Particle Energy Loss in Matter Charged particles loose energy when passing through material via atomic excitation and ionization These are protons, pions, muons, The energy loss can be described for moderately

More information

Detectors & Beams. Giuliano Franchetti and Alberica Toia Goethe University Frankfurt GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung

Detectors & Beams. Giuliano Franchetti and Alberica Toia Goethe University Frankfurt GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung Detectors & Beams Giuliano Franchetti and Alberica Toia Goethe University Frankfurt GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung Pro-seminar Winter Semester 2015-16 DPG Spring Meeting Giuliano Franchetti

More information

Nuclear and Particle Physics 4b Physics of the Quark Gluon Plasma

Nuclear and Particle Physics 4b Physics of the Quark Gluon Plasma Nuclear and Particle Physics 4b Physics of the Quark Gluon Plasma Goethe University Frankfurt GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung Lectures and Exercise Summer Semester 2016 1 Organization Language:

More information

Simulation and validation of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter response

Simulation and validation of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter response Home Search Collections Journals About Contact us My IOPscience Simulation and validation of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter response This content has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to

More information

Physics sources of noise in ring imaging Cherenkov detectors

Physics sources of noise in ring imaging Cherenkov detectors Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 433 (1999) 235}239 Physics sources of noise in ring imaging Cherenkov detectors For the ALICE HMPID Group Andreas Morsch EP Division, CERN, CH-1211

More information

Hadronic vs e + e - colliders

Hadronic vs e + e - colliders Hadronic vs e + e - colliders Hadronic machines: enormous production of b-hadrons (σ bb ~ 50 µb) all b-hadrons can be produced trigger is challenging complicated many-particles events incoherent production

More information

hν' Φ e - Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous?

hν' Φ e - Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous? Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous? 2. Briefly discuss dead time in a detector. What factors are important

More information

Commissioning and Calibration of the Zero Degree Calorimeters for the ALICE experiment

Commissioning and Calibration of the Zero Degree Calorimeters for the ALICE experiment Commissioning and Calibration of the Zero Degree Calorimeters for the ALICE experiment Roberto Gemme Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro (Alessandria) on behalf of the ALICE Collaboration Outline

More information

Simulation study of scintillatorbased

Simulation study of scintillatorbased Simulation study of scintillatorbased calorimeter Hiroyuki Matsunaga (Tsukuba) For GLD-CAL & ACFA-SIM-J groups Main contributors: M. C. Chang, K. Fujii, T. Takeshita, S. Yamauchi, A. Nagano, S. Kim Simulation

More information

Introduction. Tau leptons. SLHC. Summary. Muons. Scott S. Snyder Brookhaven National Laboratory ILC Physics and Detector workshop Snowmass, Aug 2005

Introduction. Tau leptons. SLHC. Summary. Muons. Scott S. Snyder Brookhaven National Laboratory ILC Physics and Detector workshop Snowmass, Aug 2005 Leptons and Photons at the (S)LHC Scott S. Snyder Brookhaven National Laboratory ILC Physics and Detector workshop Snowmass, Aug 2005 Outline: Introduction. e/γ. Muons. Tau leptons. SLHC. Summary. Leptons

More information

Lecture 16 Light transmission and optical detectors

Lecture 16 Light transmission and optical detectors Lecture 6 Light transmission and optical detectors Charged particle traversing through a material can generate signal in form of light via electromagnetic interactions with orbital electrons of the atoms

More information

Particle Identification: Computer reconstruction of a UA1 event with an identified electron as a candidate for a W >eν event

Particle Identification: Computer reconstruction of a UA1 event with an identified electron as a candidate for a W >eν event Particle Identification: Computer reconstruction of a UA1 event with an identified electron as a candidate for a W >eν event Valuable particles at hadron colliders are the electron e ± for W ±! e ± & Z

More information

Information about the T9 beam line and experimental facilities

Information about the T9 beam line and experimental facilities Information about the T9 beam line and experimental facilities The incoming proton beam from the PS accelerator impinges on the North target and thus produces the particles for the T9 beam line. The collisions

More information

PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics. Lecture 24. Exam 2 Particle Detectors

PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics. Lecture 24. Exam 2 Particle Detectors PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics Lecture 24 Exam 2 Particle Detectors Exam 2 April 16, 2007 Carl Bromberg - Prof. of Physics 2 Exam 2 2. Short Answer [4 pts each] a) To describe the QCD color quantum

More information

Dual readout with tiles for calorimetry.

Dual readout with tiles for calorimetry. Dual readout with tiles for calorimetry. F.Lacava on behalf of the RD52 / DREAM Collaboration Cagliari Cosenza Iowa State Pavia Pisa Roma 1 Texas Tech. 13th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation

More information

5 Hadronic calorimetry

5 Hadronic calorimetry 5 Hadronic calorimetry The hadronic calorimetry of ATLAS (a view of which is presented in Figure -iii) consists of three main devices. In the barrel region ( η

More information

The interaction of radiation with matter

The interaction of radiation with matter Basic Detection Techniques 2009-2010 http://www.astro.rug.nl/~peletier/detectiontechniques.html Detection of energetic particles and gamma rays The interaction of radiation with matter Peter Dendooven

More information

PERFORMANCE OF THE ATLAS LIQUID ARGON FORWARD CALORIMETER IN BEAM TESTS

PERFORMANCE OF THE ATLAS LIQUID ARGON FORWARD CALORIMETER IN BEAM TESTS 1 PERFORMANCE OF THE ATLAS LIQUID ARGON FORWARD CALORIMETER IN BEAM TESTS P.KRIEGER Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada E-mail: krieger@physics.utoronto.ca A

More information

On the limits of the hadronic energy resolution of calorimeters. CALOR 2018, Eugene, May

On the limits of the hadronic energy resolution of calorimeters. CALOR 2018, Eugene, May On the limits of the hadronic energy resolution of calorimeters Sehwook Lee (KNU), Michele Livan (Pavia), Richard Wigmans (TTU) CALOR 2018, Eugene, May 22 2018 1 stream of events, in which atoms of the

More information

Particle detection 1

Particle detection 1 Particle detection 1 Recall Particle detectors Detectors usually specialize in: Tracking: measuring positions / trajectories / momenta of charged particles, e.g.: Silicon detectors Drift chambers Calorimetry:

More information

Interaction of particles with matter - 2. Silvia Masciocchi, GSI and University of Heidelberg SS2017, Heidelberg May 3, 2017

Interaction of particles with matter - 2. Silvia Masciocchi, GSI and University of Heidelberg SS2017, Heidelberg May 3, 2017 Interaction of particles with matter - 2 Silvia Masciocchi, GSI and University of Heidelberg SS2017, Heidelberg May 3, 2017 Energy loss by ionization (by heavy particles) Interaction of electrons with

More information

Particle Detectors. Summer Student Lectures 2010 Werner Riegler, CERN, History of Instrumentation History of Particle Physics

Particle Detectors. Summer Student Lectures 2010 Werner Riegler, CERN, History of Instrumentation History of Particle Physics Particle Detectors Summer Student Lectures 2010 Werner Riegler, CERN, werner.riegler@cern.ch History of Instrumentation History of Particle Physics The Real World of Particles Interaction of Particles

More information

III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation

III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation 1 III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation a) charged particles Bethe-Bloch formula de 4πq 4 z2 e 2m v = NZ ( ) dx m v ln ln 1 0 2 β β I 0 2 2 2 z, v: atomic number and velocity of

More information

2. Passage of Radiation Through Matter

2. Passage of Radiation Through Matter 2. Passage of Radiation Through Matter Passage of Radiation Through Matter: Contents Energy Loss of Heavy Charged Particles by Atomic Collision (addendum) Cherenkov Radiation Energy loss of Electrons and

More information

Detectors for High Energy Physics

Detectors for High Energy Physics Detectors for High Energy Physics Ingrid-Maria Gregor, DESY DESY Summer Student Program 2017 Hamburg July 26th/27th Disclaimer Particle Detectors are very complex, a lot of physics is behind the detection

More information

The BaBar CsI(Tl) Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The BaBar CsI(Tl) Electromagnetic Calorimeter The BaBar CsI(Tl) Electromagnetic Calorimeter Jane Tinslay Brunel University 3rd December 1999 Contents Introduction Physics of Electromagnetic Calorimetry Particle interactions with matter Electromagnetic

More information

Particle Detectors : an introduction. Erik Adli/Are Strandlie, University of Oslo, August 2017, v2.3

Particle Detectors : an introduction. Erik Adli/Are Strandlie, University of Oslo, August 2017, v2.3 Particle Detectors : an introduction Erik Adli/Are Strandlie, University of Oslo, August 2017, v2.3 Experimental High-Energy Particle Physics Event rate in ATLAS : N = L x (pp) 10 9 interactions/s Mostly

More information

Scintillation Detector

Scintillation Detector Scintillation Detector Introduction The detection of ionizing radiation by the scintillation light produced in certain materials is one of the oldest techniques on record. In Geiger and Marsden s famous

More information

Cherenkov Detector. Cosmic Rays Cherenkov Detector. Lodovico Lappetito. CherenkovDetector_ENG - 28/04/2016 Pag. 1

Cherenkov Detector. Cosmic Rays Cherenkov Detector. Lodovico Lappetito. CherenkovDetector_ENG - 28/04/2016 Pag. 1 Cherenkov Detector Cosmic Rays Cherenkov Detector Lodovico Lappetito CherenkovDetector_ENG - 28/04/2016 Pag. 1 Table of Contents Introduction on Cherenkov Effect... 4 Super - Kamiokande... 6 Construction

More information

Muon reconstruction performance in ATLAS at Run-2

Muon reconstruction performance in ATLAS at Run-2 2 Muon reconstruction performance in ATLAS at Run-2 Hannah Herde on behalf of the ATLAS Collaboration Brandeis University (US) E-mail: hannah.herde@cern.ch ATL-PHYS-PROC-205-2 5 October 205 The ATLAS muon

More information

DETECTORS. I. Charged Particle Detectors

DETECTORS. I. Charged Particle Detectors DETECTORS I. Charged Particle Detectors A. Scintillators B. Gas Detectors 1. Ionization Chambers 2. Proportional Counters 3. Avalanche detectors 4. Geiger-Muller counters 5. Spark detectors C. Solid State

More information

CALICE Test Beam Data and Hadronic Shower Models

CALICE Test Beam Data and Hadronic Shower Models EUDET CALICE Test Beam Data and Hadronic Shower Models Riccardo Fabbri on behalf of the CALICE Collaboration FLC, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 67 Hamburg, Germany Email: Riccardo.Fabbri@desy.de January 1, 1

More information

Appendix A2. Particle Accelerators and Detectors The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland on the Border of France.

Appendix A2. Particle Accelerators and Detectors The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland on the Border of France. Appendix A. Particle Accelerators and Detectors The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland on the Border of France. Prepared by: Arash Akbari-Sharbaf Why Build Accelerators? Probe deeper From

More information

Interaction of Particles with Matter

Interaction of Particles with Matter Chapter 10 Interaction of Particles with Matter A scattering process at an experimental particle physics facility is called an event. Stable particles emerging from an event are identified and their momenta

More information

pp physics, RWTH, WS 2003/04, T.Hebbeker

pp physics, RWTH, WS 2003/04, T.Hebbeker 3. PP TH 03/04 Accelerators and Detectors 1 pp physics, RWTH, WS 2003/04, T.Hebbeker 2003-12-16 1.2.4. (Inner) tracking and vertexing As we will see, mainly three types of tracking detectors are used:

More information

Passage of particles through matter

Passage of particles through matter Passage of particles through matter Alexander Khanov PHYS6260: Experimental Methods is HEP Oklahoma State University September 11, 2017 Delta rays During ionization, the energy is transferred to electrons

More information

EE 5344 Introduction to MEMS CHAPTER 5 Radiation Sensors

EE 5344 Introduction to MEMS CHAPTER 5 Radiation Sensors EE 5344 Introduction to MEMS CHAPTER 5 Radiation Sensors 5. Radiation Microsensors Radiation µ-sensors convert incident radiant signals into standard electrical out put signals. Radiant Signals Classification

More information

LHCb Calorimetry Impact

LHCb Calorimetry Impact LHCb Calorimetry Impact Preema Pais! On behalf of the LHCb Collaboration! Workshop on the physics of HL-LHC, and perspectives at HE-LHC! November 1, 2017! THE LHCb DETECTOR Calorimetry! Located ~12.5 m

More information

Interactions of particles and radiation with matter

Interactions of particles and radiation with matter 1 Interactions of particles and radiation with matter When the intervals, passages, connections, weights, impulses, collisions, movement, order, and position of the atoms interchange, so also must the

More information

Experimental Methods of Particle Physics

Experimental Methods of Particle Physics Experimental Methods of Particle Physics (PHY461) Fall 015 Olaf Steinkamp 36-J- olafs@physik.uzh.ch 044 63 55763 Overview 1) Introduction / motivation measurement of particle momenta: magnetic field early

More information

The Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment. Conference Report. Mailing address: CMS CERN, CH-1211 GENEVA 23, Switzerland. Commissioning of the CMS Detector

The Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment. Conference Report. Mailing address: CMS CERN, CH-1211 GENEVA 23, Switzerland. Commissioning of the CMS Detector Available on CMS information server CMS CR -2009/113 The Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment Conference Report Mailing address: CMS CERN, CH-1211 GENEVA 23, Switzerland 15 May 2009 Commissioning of the CMS

More information

LHC Detectors and their Physics Potential. Nick Ellis PH Department, CERN, Geneva

LHC Detectors and their Physics Potential. Nick Ellis PH Department, CERN, Geneva LHC Detectors and their Physics Potential Nick Ellis PH Department, CERN, Geneva 1 Part 1 Introduction to the LHC Detector Requirements & Design Concepts 2 What is the Large Hadron Collider? Circular proton-proton

More information

Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter)

Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter) Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Science Physics Department Fourth Grade Nuclear Physics Dr. Ali A. Ridha Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter) Different types of radiation interact

More information

Digital Imaging Calorimetry for Precision Electromagnetic and Hadronic Interaction Measurements

Digital Imaging Calorimetry for Precision Electromagnetic and Hadronic Interaction Measurements Digital Imaging Calorimetry for Precision Electromagnetic and Hadronic Interaction Measurements B. Bilki 1,2,3, B. Freund 4, Y. Onel 1, J. Repond 3 1 University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA 2 Beykent University,

More information

Bethe-Block. Stopping power of positive muons in copper vs βγ = p/mc. The slight dependence on M at highest energies through T max

Bethe-Block. Stopping power of positive muons in copper vs βγ = p/mc. The slight dependence on M at highest energies through T max Bethe-Block Stopping power of positive muons in copper vs βγ = p/mc. The slight dependence on M at highest energies through T max can be used for PID but typically de/dx depend only on β (given a particle

More information

Adam Para, Fermilab CALOR2010, IHEP, Beijing May 14, 2010 TOTAL ABSORPTION HOMOGENEOUS CALORIMETER WITH DUAL READOUT

Adam Para, Fermilab CALOR2010, IHEP, Beijing May 14, 2010 TOTAL ABSORPTION HOMOGENEOUS CALORIMETER WITH DUAL READOUT Adam Para, Fermilab CALOR2010, IHEP, Beijing May 14, 2010 TOTAL ABSORPTION HOMOGENEOUS CALORIMETER WITH DUAL READOUT Summary Theoretical and experimental foundations of high resolution hadron calorimetry

More information

Commissioning of the ATLAS LAr Calorimeter

Commissioning of the ATLAS LAr Calorimeter Commissioning of the ATLAS LAr Calorimeter S. Laplace (CNRS/LAPP) on behalf of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Group Outline: ATLAS in-situ commissioning steps Introduction to the ATLAS LAr Calorimeter

More information

4. LHC experiments Marcello Barisonzi LHC experiments August

4. LHC experiments Marcello Barisonzi LHC experiments August 4. LHC experiments 1 Summary from yesterday: Hadron colliders play an important role in particle physics discory but also precision measurements LHC will open up TeV energy range new particles with 3-5

More information

Detector Simulation. Mihaly Novak CERN PH/SFT

Detector Simulation. Mihaly Novak CERN PH/SFT Detector Simulation Mihaly Novak CERN PH/SFT CERN Summer Student Program, 1 August 2017 Foreword This lecture is aimed to offer a simple and general introduction to detector simulation. Geant4 will be

More information

Fig. 11. Signal distributions for 20 GeV * particles. Shown are the measured Éerenkov (a) and scintillation (b) signal distributions as well as the

Fig. 11. Signal distributions for 20 GeV * particles. Shown are the measured Éerenkov (a) and scintillation (b) signal distributions as well as the Fig. 11. Signal distributions for 20 GeV * particles. Shown are the measured Éerenkov (a) and scintillation (b) signal distributions as well as the signal distribution obtained by combining the two signals

More information

Non-collision Background Monitoring Using the Semi-Conductor Tracker of ATLAS at LHC

Non-collision Background Monitoring Using the Semi-Conductor Tracker of ATLAS at LHC WDS'12 Proceedings of Contributed Papers, Part III, 142 146, 212. ISBN 978-8-7378-226-9 MATFYZPRESS Non-collision Background Monitoring Using the Semi-Conductor Tracker of ATLAS at LHC I. Chalupková, Z.

More information

Theory English (Official)

Theory English (Official) Q3-1 Large Hadron Collider (10 points) Please read the general instructions in the separate envelope before you start this problem. In this task, the physics of the particle accelerator LHC (Large Hadron

More information

Upgrade plans for the ATLAS Forward Calorimeter at the HL-LHC

Upgrade plans for the ATLAS Forward Calorimeter at the HL-LHC Upgrade plans for the ATLAS Forward Calorimeter at the HL-LHC John Rutherfoord on behalf of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Group Physics Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA E-mail:

More information

arxiv: v1 [hep-ex] 6 Jul 2007

arxiv: v1 [hep-ex] 6 Jul 2007 Muon Identification at ALAS and Oliver Kortner Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring, D-005 München, Germany arxiv:0707.0905v1 [hep-ex] Jul 007 Abstract. Muonic final states will provide clean

More information

Calibration and Performance of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter During the LHC Run 2

Calibration and Performance of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter During the LHC Run 2 Prepared for submission to JINST Calorimetry for the High Energy Frontier -6 October 17 Lyon (France) Calibration and Performance of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter During the LHC Run Leonor Cerda Alberich,

More information

Highlights from the 9 th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors Calorimetry Session

Highlights from the 9 th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors Calorimetry Session Highlights from the 9 th Pisa Meeting on Advanced Detectors Calorimetry Session Riccardo Paramatti University of Rome La Sapienza and INFN Rome Detector Seminar CERN 18/07/2003 9 th Pisa Meeting 2 9 th

More information

Chapter 2 Radiation-Matter Interactions

Chapter 2 Radiation-Matter Interactions Chapter 2 Radiation-Matter Interactions The behavior of radiation and matter as a function of energy governs the degradation of astrophysical information along the path and the characteristics of the detectors.

More information

Physics 663. Particle Physics Phenomenology. April 23, Physics 663, lecture 4 1

Physics 663. Particle Physics Phenomenology. April 23, Physics 663, lecture 4 1 Physics 663 Particle Physics Phenomenology April 23, 2002 Physics 663, lecture 4 1 Detectors Interaction of Charged Particles and Radiation with Matter Ionization loss of charged particles Coulomb scattering

More information