Determination of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene (BTX) Concentrations in Air Using HPLC Developed Method Compared to Gas Chromatography
|
|
- Ronald Boyd
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 /11/ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE Copyright 2011 by Iranian Occupational Health Association (IOHA) IJOH 3: 12-17, 2011 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Determination of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene (BTX) Concentrations in Air Using HPLC Developed Method Compared to Gas Chromatography ABDULRAHMAN BAHRAMI 1*, HOSIEN MAHJUB 2, MARZIEH SADEGHIAN 1, FARIDEH GOLBABAEI 3 1 Department of Occupational Health, Research Centre for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran; 2 Department of Biostatics and Epidemiology, Research Centre for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran; 3 Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Received May 8, 2010; Revised September 19, 2010; Accepted October 30, 2010 This paper is available on-line at ABSTRACT A new method for analysis of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-UV detection (HPLC-UV) is described and compared to the gas chromatography (GC) method. A charcoal adsorption tube connected to a small pump was used to obtain samples from an atmosphere chamber standard. Samples were extracted with methanol and analyzed by HPLC-UV. Chromatography was isocratic in a mobile phase consisting of water-methanol (30-70). The flow rate was set at 1 ml/min. The analyses were completely separated and were quantified using both methods. The results demonstrated no statistically significant differences between BTX concentrations between the two analytical methods with a correlation coefficient of The GC method provided higher sensitivity than HPLC, but the HPLC determination of BTX were applicable to real samples because its sensivity was lower than the thershold limit recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) for an 8-hour workday. Keywords: Volatile organic compounds, Gas chromatography, Air INTRODUCTION Volatile organic compounds emit from a wide range of sources inside of industrial units and ambient air in urban areas. Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) arise mainly from motor vehicle exhaust, solvent usage, industrial processes, oil refining, petrol storage, and distribution, land filled wastes, food manufacture, and agriculture. They play an important role in the formation of ground-level ozone, photochemical oxidants, and smog episodes, and they are harmful to the ecosystem. Some VOCs are more * Corresponding author: A. R. Bahrami, bahrami@umsha.ac.ir important due to their health effects on humans. Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both animals and humans, and therefore it is currently classified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ACGIH, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a human carcinogen [ 1-9]. Exposure to VOCs in the workplace is subject to regulations and has to be monitored regularly. A large number of methods to date have been reported for the analysis of VOCs in ambient air at the workplace or in ambient air in urban areas by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration IJOH January 2011 Vol. 3 No
2 Determination of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene (BTX) Concentrations in Air Using HPLC ijoh.tums.ac.ir 13 Fig 1. Schematic diagram of test atmosphere generation system ( a ) ( b ) Fig 2. The chromatograph of HPLC (a) and BTX in GC (b) (OSHA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Most of these methods of air sampling are done with active or passive samplers and subsequent analysis in a laboratory using gas chromatography with flame ionization detectors or gas chromatography mass spectrometry [ 10-13]. In some methods, VOCs can be monitored by on-line gas chromatography with an FID detector and direct spectroscopic measurement [ 11]. The FID detector is not specific to VOCs and suffers from interference of other hydrocarbons present in ambient air, which can be co-eluted with the VOCs. These limitations have prompted the development of a number of alternative methods such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for analysis of VOCs. There are a few reports of BTX analysis using an HPLC-Fluorescence detector. Campos-Candel et al. analyzed BTX by HPLC-Fluorescence detector β- cyclodextrin stationary phase and extracted samples with pressured fluid extraction [ 14]. Ghittori et al. used the HPLC-Fluorescence detector to determine benzene concentration in the air. They extracted samples with a mixture of methylene chloride and ethyl acetate [15]. Our objective was to develop a rapid and specific method for simultaneously measuring BTX in ambient air inside of manufactures using HPLC coupled with an UV detector. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to prepare known concentrations of VOC analyses in the range of interest, a dynamic atmosphere generation system was built in the laboratory. A standard gas-generating device was constructed as
3 14 IJOH January 2011 Vol. 3 No. 1 Bahrami et al. Table 1. The mean of peak area and retention time at different mobile phase for injection of 25 µl of standard solution 25 µg/ml Mobile Phase Compounds Peak area Retention tine (80-20) (70-30) (60-40) (50-50) shown in Fig. 1. All copper and stainless steel tubing connecting the compressed air to the standard gasgenerating device were thoroughly cleaned with solvent, allowed to dry, and then flamed. All air was scrubbed over a bed of a charcoal. Airflow rates into the mixing chamber were controlled with a very fine metering valve maintained at 20 psi head pressure. The 20 L chamber was lined with two consecutive layers of 1/16 in. The configuration of the chamber was suitable for sampling various concentrations by varying the concentration of analyze sample and the flow rate of the pump (Fig. 1). A charcoal adsorption tube (SKC, USA) connected to a small pump was used to collect air samples. The pump was operated at ml/minute [ 10, 12]. Two samples were obtained in each condition for analysis with GC and HPLC and 60 samples were obtained. Sample preparation and analysis by gas chromatography The determination of compounds was carried out according to the NIOSH method number 1501 [ 10]. A rotameter was used to adjust the flow. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide (CS2) from the charcoal. A gas chromatography machine [Model Unicam Company, England] equipped with FID was used for quantitative measurement. Separation of the compounds was achieved with a glass column 1.5m 4mm i.d. packed with 10% SE 30 on Chromosorb W-AW-DMCS This column temperature was programmed at 50 C for 2 minutes then increased to 180 C at a rate of 4 C/minute, and finally kept at a constant temperature of 180 C for 1 minute. Benzene Toluene M&P-Xylene O-Xylene Benzene Toluene M&P-Xylene O-Xylene Benzene Toluene M&P-Xylene O-Xylene Benzene Toluene M&P-Xylene - - O-Xylene - - Sample preparation and analysis by HPLC BTX were extracted with methanol from the charcoal. An HPLC chromatograph equipped with a UV detector (Model K-2600 Knauer) was used for analysis. The UV detector was set at 254 nm. The high performance liquid chromatography column was a C18 Bond Pack 3µm (25 cm 4.6 mm) analytical column. Chromatography was isocratic in a mobile phase consisting of water-methanol (30-70). The flow rate was set at 1 ml/minute. All chemicals and water used were HPLC grade. The figure 2 was shown the peaks of BTX in GC and HPLC chromatograph. A spectrophotometer equipped with scanner (Model UV-1700 SHIMADZU) was used to scan compounds in solution and determine the optimum absorption wavelength in the UV detector. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software for windows. For reliability of the two methods, cornbach alpha intraclass correlation was performed. Comparison between the compound means in two methods repeated analysis was carried out with ANOVA with a P value less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS To determine the best absorption of UV detector by HPLC, a solution mixture of 100 µg/ml of each compound was scanned with a spectrophotometer. The results showed that the highest absorption was between nm, therefore the absorption of 254 nm was chosen for the UV detector in HPLC. To determine, optimum ratio of methanol-water for the mobile phase of HPLC, different ratios of these solutions were used to analyze VOC and the results were shown in Table 1. As expected, the higher the
4 Determination of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene (BTX) Concentrations in Air Using HPLC ijoh.tums.ac.ir 15 Table 2. The mean of peak area analysis of benzene, toluene, BTX standard solutions in methanol and carbon disulfide by HPLC Compound Benzene Toluene M&P-Xylene O-Xylene Standard Solutions Methanol Carbon disulfide Mean Standard deviation Mean Standard deviation methanol content of the mobile phase, the lower the retention time became. The results indicate that a methanol-water ratio has the best resolution for high peak area and retention time whenever 25 µl of standard solution (25 ng/µl) was injected into HPLC. The flow rate was varied between 0.8 and 1.5 ml/min. Its influence on the resolution was minimal, so 1 ml/min was selected as the optimum flow rate because it provided lower pressure on the column than 1.2 ml/min and shorter analysis than 0.8 ml/min. Standard solutions of 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5 µg/ml of each compound seperately in methanol and carbon disulfide were injected into HPLC. The linearity range and limit of detection (LOD) in each analysis of samples provided from atmospheric generation system are shown in Table 3. As can be seen, as the sensitivity increases, the upper limit of linearity and the LOD decrease for HPLC-UV detection. There was not a significant difference between results obtained from GC and HPLC analysis from samples of the dynamic atmosphere generation system. The P-value for benzene, toluene, m&p-xylenes and o- xylene were 0.89, 0.91, 0.42 and 0.18 respectively. DISCUSSION The result of current study was indicated that HPLC method proposed here can be employed as a alternative for seperating and determining BTX in occupational environments. The results of this study was showed that methanol has high resolution in chromatography than carbon disulfide. As the stationary phase was non-polar in the column for the reversed phase condition in HPLC, polar mobile phase was necessary. The analytes were completely separated and were quantified using both methods. The results obtained also indicate that GC provides a lower detection limit than reversed phase liquid chromatography. In spite of this, the HPLC determination of BTX is applicable to real samples because its sensitivity is lower than that required by threshold limit recommended by ACGIH, NIOSH, and OSHA [ 4]. The results of GC in this research provides lower LOD than the method recommended by the USA National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health based on GC-FID determinations (0.5 µg/sample for benzene and ethylbenzene, 0.7 µg/samples for toluene and p-xylene and 0.8 µg/samples for o-xylene and m- xylene) [ 10]. The HPLC method required the use of methanol as a component of the mobile phase, whereas nitrogen, hydrogen, and air were used in the GC method. As a result, the amount of toxic waste generated and the risk of airborne contamination using the HPLC method may be higher. Campos-Candel et al. compared HPLC-Fluorescence detector and GC-MS for analysis of real samples by using β-cyclodextrin stationary phase and separation of samples with pressured fluid extraction. The HPLC method was unsuccessfully applied to the determination of benzene in real samples because its sensitivity was too low. The sensitivity in current research (0.5) for benzene was less than in that study (4 mg/l) [ 14]. Ghittori et al. used the HPLC-Fluorescence detector to determine low concentrations of benzene in air. They used diffusive personal samplers and analyzed by
5 16 IJOH January 2011 Vol. 3 No. 1 Bahrami et al. Table 3. Linearity range and detection limits for HPLC-UV detection limit and GC-FID analyses for samples provided from atmospheric generation system Compound Concentration (ppm) Peak area of limit Limit of detection Limit of detection per Realibility* (µg/ml) detection sample ( µg) GC HPLC Benzene Toluene M&P-Xylene O-Xylene Benzene Toluene M&P-Xylene O-Xylene desorption with a mixture of methylene chloride and ethyl acetate. The method used did not detect aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbons [15]. The HPLC-Fluorescence method is compared with a gas chromatographic method that uses capillary column and flame ionization detection after a collection of an air sample on a Carbotrap 100 tube and following thermal desorption. The current study has some differences with these research concerns in regards to sampling, desorption solvent, mobile phase and detector apparatuses [15]. Analyses of BTX in water, soil and air are usually carried out by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and a stationary phase of polyethylene glycol, although gas chromatography- Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is becoming increasingly common. However, the use of this stationary phase has the drawback of the impossibility of seperating the m- xylene and p-xylene isomers [ 10, 13,16-19]. CONCLUSIONS The GC method provides a higher sensitivity than HPLC method, but the HPLC determination of benzene, toluene and xylenes are applicable to real samples because its sensivity is lower than standards recommended by ACGIH for the exposure limit value over an 8-hour workday. Although GC-FID is the standard method and the most popular technique recommended by NIOSH, OSHA and EPA for the analysis of BTX in occupational environments, the HPLC method proposed here can be employed as a alternative for seperating and determining BTX in occupational environments. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences for supporting this research. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. REFERENCES 1. Leung PL, Harrison RM. Evaluation of personal exposure to monoaromatic hydrocarbons. Occup Environ Med 1998; 55: Duarte-Davidson R, Courage C, Rushton L, Levy L. Benzene in the environment: an assessment of the potential risks to the health of the population. Occup and Environ Med 2001; 58: Barbara J, Finlayson P, James NP. Tropospheric Air Pollution: Ozone, Airborne Toxics, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Particles, Science 1997; 276(5315): American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents & biliological exposure Indices. Worldwide. Cincinnati, USA, U.S. EPA. Carcinogenic effects of benzene: an update. Prepared by the National Center for Environmental Health, Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC. USA, EPA/600/P- 97/001F: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Proposed Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Federal Register 1996; 61: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Some industrial chemicals and dyestuffs. Vol. 29. Lyon, France: IARC, Pyatt D, Hays S. A review of the potential association between childhood leukemia and benzene. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184(1-2): Costantini AS, Benvenuti A, Vineis P, Kriebel D, Tumino R, Ramazzotti V. Risk of leukemia and multiple myeloma associated with exposure to benzene and other organic solvents: evidence from the Italian Multicenter Case-control study Am J Ind Med 2008; 51(11): P. Eller (Editor), NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. US Department of Health and Human Services, Cincinnati, OH, USA, DFG, Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Occupational safety and health administration, Sampling and Analytical Methods, 2008; Available from: Winberry WT, Murphy NT, Riggan RM, Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air; US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA/600/4-89/017, Method TO Campos-Candel A, Liobat-Estelles M, Mauri-Aucejo A. Comparative evaluation of liquid chromatography versus gas chromatography using a beta-cyclodextrin stationary phase for the determination of BTX in occupational environments. Talanta 2009; 78(4-5): Ghittori S, Maestri L, Fiorentino ML, Imbriani M. HPLC determination of low concentrations of benzene. G Ital Med Lav 1988; 10(4-5):201-5
6 Determination of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene (BTX) Concentrations in Air Using HPLC ijoh.tums.ac.ir W.A. McClenny, in: H.J.T. Bloemen, J. Burn (Editors), Volatile Organic Compounds in the Environment, Blackie, London, Ciccioli P, Bloemen HJT, Burn J. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Environment, Blackie, London, 1993, McClenny WA, Pleil JD, Evans GF, Olivier KD, MW. Holdren, Winberry WD. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 1991; 41: Allison AM, Yu-Ping C, MacFarlane JK, Gschwend PM. Laboratory Assessment of BTX Soil Flushing. Environ Sci Technol. 1996; 30 (11):
METHOD: 1403, Issue 3 EVALUATION: FULL Issue 1: 15 August 1990 Issue 3: 15 March 2003
ALCOHOLS IV 1403 (1) HOCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 MW: (1) 76.09 CAS: (1) 109-86-4 RTECS: (1) KL5775000 (2) HOCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 (2) 90.12 (2) 110-80-5 (2) KK8050000 (3) HOCH 2 CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 (3) 118.17 (3)
More informationA STUDY OF VOLATILE ORGANIC CARBON POLLUTION ON A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS DUE TO TRAFFIC
A STUDY OF VOLATILE ORGANIC CARBON POLLUTION ON A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS DUE TO TRAFFIC Aysel T. ATIMTAY Middle East Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, 06531 Ankara Turkey (aatimtay@metu.edu.tr)
More informationIntroduction to IH Analytical Chemistry
Introduction to IH Analytical Chemistry Sampling and Analysis Manning, Eide, Van Etten (Apr 2013) Foreword Thank you for purchasing the Introduction to IH Analytical Chemistry self-study workbook. Course
More informationANALYTICAL METHOD DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE ALDEHYDES IN AMBIENT AIR Page 1 of 11 Air sampling and analysis
DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE ALDEHYDES IN AMBIENT AIR Page 1 of 11 Replaces: Dated: Author: Date: AM-No.: New New Nils Arne Jentoft 18.06.2014 0 CHANGES This procedure is new. 1 SCOPE This document describes
More informationTHEORETICAL DETERMINATION OF THE SAMPLING RATES OF DIFFUSION SAMPLERS FOR VOCS AND ALDEHYDES
THEORETICAL DETERMINATION OF THE SAMPLING RATES OF DIFFUSION SAMPLERS FOR VOCS AND ALDEHYDES J Kouzaki 1*, S Sato 1, S Nakai 1, Y Shirasuna 2, K Hirano 2 1 Graduate School of Environmental and Information
More informationVapor Intrusion Sampling Options: Performance Data for Canisters, Badges, and Sorbent Tubes for VOCs
Vapor Intrusion Sampling Options: Performance Data for s, Badges, and Sorbent Tubes for VOCs Linda S. Coyne SKC Inc., 863 Valley View Road, Eighty Four, PA 1533 George Havalias, Maria C. Echarte American
More informationHYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC 1501
HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC 1501 FORMULA: Table 1 MW: Table 1 CAS: Table 1 RTECS: Table 1 METHOD: 1501, Issue 3 EVALUATION: Full Issue 1: 15 August 1990 Issue 3: 15 March 2003 OSHA : Table 2 NIOSH: Table 2
More informationDetermination of VOC in Artificial Runway by Multiple Headspace Extraction-GC/MS. Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry APPLICATION.
APPLICATION NOTE Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry Author: Kira. Yang PerkinElmer, Inc. Shanghai, China Determination of VOC in Artificial Runway by Multiple Headspace Extraction-GC/MS Introduction
More informationHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography
Updated: 3 November 2014 Print version High Performance Liquid Chromatography David Reckhow CEE 772 #18 1 HPLC System David Reckhow CEE 772 #18 2 Instrument Basics PUMP INJECTION POINT DETECTOR COLUMN
More informationHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography
Updated: 3 November 2014 Print version High Performance Liquid Chromatography David Reckhow CEE 772 #18 1 HPLC System David Reckhow CEE 772 #18 2 1 Instrument Basics PUMP INJECTION POINT DETECTOR COLUMN
More informationDetermination of Total Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air Using Agilent 7667A mini TD and 7820A GC
Determination of Total Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air Using Agilent 77A mini TD and 70A GC Application Note Environmental Authors Tingting Bu, Xiaohua Li Agilent Technologies (Shanghai) Co.,
More informationMethod for the determination of 1,3-butadiene
Federation of the Employment Accidents Insurance Institutions of Germany (Hauptverband der Berufsgenossenschaften) Centre for Accident Prevention and Occupational Medicine Alte Heerstraße 111, 53757 Sankt
More informationValidation of. Tetrahydrofuran Using. SKC Passive Sampler Cat. No
Validation of Tetrahydrofuran Using SKC Passive Sampler Cat. No. 575-002 Page 1 of 10 Publication 1841 Issue 1407 Research Report Validation of Tetrahydrofuran Using the SKC Cat. No. 575-002 Passive Sampler
More informationChromatography. Gas Chromatography
Chromatography Chromatography is essentially the separation of a mixture into its component parts for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The basis of separation is the partitioning of the analyte mixture
More informationMETHOD 8030A ACROLEIN AND ACRYLONITRILE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
METHOD 8030A ACROLEIN AND ACRYLONITRILE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 Method 8030 is used to determine the concentration of the following volatile organic compounds: Compound Name
More informationPrinciples of Gas- Chromatography (GC)
Principles of Gas- Chromatography (GC) Mohammed N. Sabir January 2017 10-Jan-17 1 GC is a chromatographic technique utilizes gas as the mobile phase which is usually an inert gas (Hydrogen, Helium, Nitrogen
More informationGUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYTICAL METHODS INTENDED FOR CIPAC COLLABORATIVE STUDY
Page 1 of 13 CIPAC/4105/R GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYTICAL METHODS INTENDED FOR CIPAC COLLABORATIVE STUDY Prepared for CIPAC by Dr M J Tandy*, P M Clarke and B White (UK) The rapid
More informationVOCs Emissions and Structural Changes of Polypropylene During Multiple Melt Processing
VOCs Emissions and Structural Changes of Polypropylene During Multiple Melt Processing Q. Xiang, M. Xanthos*, S. Mitra and S. H. Patel* Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science
More informationValidation of New VPH GC/MS Method using Multi-Matrix Purge and Trap Sample Prep System
Validation of New VPH GC/MS Method using Multi-Matrix Purge and Trap Sample Prep System Application Note Abstract The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) developed the Method
More informationFORMALDEHYDE IN URINE by UV Code Z65010
FORMALDEHYDE IN URINE by UV Code Z65010 BIOCHEMISTRY The dose of urinary Formaldehyde is made after exposure to Formaldehyde and Methanol. The Formaldehyde is a pollutant so-called ubiquist, because it
More informationAtmospheric Analysis Gases. Sampling and analysis of gaseous compounds
Atmospheric Analysis Gases Sampling and analysis of gaseous compounds Introduction - External environment (ambient air) ; global warming, acid rain, introduction of pollutants, etc - Internal environment
More informationVINYL CHLORIDE. Recommended by NIOSH, partially evaluated by OSHA Laboratory.
VINYL CHLORIDE Method no.: 04 Matrix: Air Target concentration: 3 1 ppm (2.5 mg/m ) (OSHA PEL) Procedure: Collection on charcoal (two-tubes in-series), desorption with carbon disulfide, analysis by gas
More informationPractical Faster GC Applications with High-Efficiency GC Columns and Method Translation Software
Practical Faster GC Applications with High-Efficiency GC Columns and Method Translation Software GC Columns and Consumables Mark Sinnott Application Engineer January 8 th, 2008 Page 1 Questions to Ask
More informationStudy of Residual Solvents in Various Matrices by Static Headspace
Application Note Abstract United States Pharmacopeia (USP) chapter is a widely used method for identifying and quantifying Organic Volatile Impurities (OVI) used in the production of pharmaceuticals.
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
PAGE: 1 of 12 CONTENTS 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 2.0 METHOD SUMMARY 3.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION, CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND STORAGE 4.0 INTERFERENCES AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS 5.0 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS 6.0 REAGENTS
More informationLiquid storage: Holds the solvent which is going to act as the mobile phase. Pump: Pushes the solvent through to the column at high pressure.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a much more sensitive and useful technique than paper and thin layer chromatography. The instrument used for HPLC is called a high performance liquid chromatograph.
More informationGas Chromatography. Presented By Mr. Venkateswarlu Mpharm KTPC
Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography Presented By Mr. Venkateswarlu Mpharm KTPC What is Gas Chromatography? It is also known as Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Separation of gaseous
More informationSafety Data Sheets (SDS)
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) The following content is taken directly from the Government s Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) website. The following is a description of what a proper SDS
More informationUSP <467> Headspace Residual Solvent Assay with a HT3 Headspace Instrument
Application Note Abstract The US Pharmacopeia recently released USP as the current monograph for determining residual solvents in pharmaceutical products by static headspace. The USP classified these
More informationLuminescence transitions. Fluorescence spectroscopy
Luminescence transitions Fluorescence spectroscopy Advantages: High sensitivity (single molecule detection!) Measuring increment in signal against a dark (zero) background Emission is proportional to excitation
More informationHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography What is HPLC? It is a separation technique that involves: Injection of small volume of liquid sample Into a tube packed with a tiny particles (stationary phase).
More informationHPLC Praktikum Skript
HPLC Praktikum Skript Assistants: Gianluca Bartolomeo HCI D330, 3 46 68, bartolomeo@org.chem.ethz.ch Sahar Ghiasikhou HCI E330, 2 29 29, ghiasikhou@org.chem.ethz.ch 1. Introduction In chromatographic techniques,
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES SOP: 1828 PAGE: 1 of 14 REV: 0.0 DATE: 05/12/95 ANALYSIS OF METHYL PARATHION IN CARPET SAMPLES BY GC/MS
PAGE: 1 of 14 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 2.0 METHOD SUMMARY CONTENTS 3.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION, CONTAINERS, HANDLING AND STORAGE 4.0 INTERFERENCES AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS 5.0 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS 6.0 REAGENTS
More informationTECHNICAL TEMEPHOS. 1. Specification. Full specification WHO/SIT/19.R4 Revised 10 December Description
WHO/SIT/19.R4 TEMEPHOS TECHNICAL TECHNICAL TEMEPHOS 1. Specification 1.1 Description Full specification WHO/SIT/19.R4 Revised 10 December 1999 The material shall consist of temephos together with related
More informationThe Analysis of Residual Solvents in Pharmaceutical Products Using GC-VUV and Static Headspace
The Analysis of Residual Solvents in Pharmaceutical Products Using GC-VUV and Static Headspace The Analysis of Residual Solvents in Pharmaceutical Products Using GC-VUV and Static Headspace_Rev3 Introducing
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 31. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 31 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Solvent Delivery
More informationDetermination of Volatile Substances Proof of Food Adulteration
ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND NATURAL PRODUCTS LABORATORY EXERCISE Determination of Volatile Substances Proof of Food Adulteration (method: gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection) Exercise guarantor:
More informationBiochemistry. Biochemical Techniques HPLC
Description of Module Subject Name Paper Name 12 Module Name/Title 13 1. Objectives 1.1. To understand the basic concept and principle of 1.2. To understand the components and techniques of 1.3. To know
More informationPRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. Dr. P. Jayachandra Reddy Mpharm PhD Principal & professor KTPC
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY Dr. P. Jayachandra Reddy Mpharm PhD Principal & professor KTPC CHROMATOGRAPHY Laboratory technique for the Separation of mixtures Chroma -"color" and graphein
More informationCHAPTER - 3 ANALYTICAL PROFILE. 3.1 Estimation of Drug in Pharmaceutical Formulation Estimation of Drugs
CHAPTER - 3 ANALYTICAL PROFILE 3.1 Estimation of Drug in Pharmaceutical Formulation 3.1.1 Estimation of Drugs ANALYTICAL PROFILE 84 3.1 ESTIMATION OF DRUG IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION. Agrawal A et al
More informationChapter content. Reference
Chapter 7 HPLC Instrumental Analysis Rezaul Karim Environmental Science and Technology Jessore University of Science and Technology Chapter content Liquid Chromatography (LC); Scope; Principles Instrumentation;
More informationHigh Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
High Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a form of column chromatography that pumps a sample mixture or analyte in a solvent (known as the
More informationCHEM 429 / 529 Chemical Separation Techniques
CHEM 429 / 529 Chemical Separation Techniques Robert E. Synovec, Professor Department of Chemistry University of Washington Lecture 1 Course Introduction Goal Chromatography and Related Techniques Obtain
More information1. A gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detection and a computing integrator.
HYDRO.02-1 HYDROXYETHYL SUBSTITUTION LEVEL PRINCIPLE SCOPE The hydroxyethyl group is cleaved from the starch by hydrogen iodide in the presence of adipic acid and an organic solvent containing a known
More informationThe Use of the ACQUITY QDa Detector for a Selective, Sensitive, and Robust Quantitative Method for a Potential Genotoxic Impurity
The Use of the ACQUITY QDa Detector for a Selective, Sensitive, and Robust Quantitative Method for a Potential Genotoxic Impurity Janet Hammond Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK APPLICATION BENEFITS High
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF HPLC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF NITRITE AND NITRATE IN VEGETABLE
Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences UDC 635.546.173/.175]:543.544.5.068.7 Original scientific paper DEVELOPMENT OF HPLC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF NITRITE AND NITRATE IN VEGETABLE A. Najdenkoska*
More informationCHAPTER 6 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 6 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Expected Outcomes Explain the principles of gas chromatography Able to state the function of each components of GC instrumentation Able to state the applications of GC 6.1
More informationQuestions, Myths and Misconceptions about Using Photoionization Detectors
Questions, Myths and Misconceptions about Using Photoionization Detectors Solvent, fuel and other VOC vapours are pervasively common in many workplace environments. Increased awareness of the toxicity
More informationTECHNICAL BRODIFACOUM
BRODIFACOUM Full specification: Approved 10 December 1999 1. Specification 1.1 Description The material shall consist of brodifacoum together with related manufacturing impurities and shall be in the form
More informationAnalysis of BTEX in Natural Water with SPME
Analysis of BTEX in Natural Water with SPME Application Note Environmental Author Giordano Vassalli Sezione Protezione Aria Introduction Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) isomers are monocyclic
More informationPractical Faster GC Applications with High-Efficiency GC Columns and Method Translation Software
Practical Faster GC Applications with High-Efficiency GC Columns and Method Translation Software High Efficiency GC Columns Page 1 Variables for Shortening Run Times Stationary Phase Shorten Column Length
More informationHach Method Total Organic Carbon in Finished Drinking Water by Catalyzed Ozone Hydroxyl Radical Oxidation Infrared Analysis
Hach Method 1061 Total Organic Carbon in Finished Drinking Water by Catalyzed Ozone Hydroxyl Radical Oxidation Infrared Analysis Hach Company Method 1061 Revision 1. December 015 Organic Carbon in Finished
More informationChromatography- Separation of mixtures CHEM 212. What is solvent extraction and what is it commonly used for?
Chromatography- Separation of mixtures CHEM 212 What is solvent extraction and what is it commonly used for? How does solvent extraction work? Write the partitioning coefficient for the following reaction:
More informationSYNOPSIS OF CHANGES TO BC LABORATORY MANUAL, MARCH 2017
SYNOPSIS OF CHANGES TO BC LABORATORY MANUAL, MARCH 2017 A. INTRODUCTION The British Columbia Ministry of Environment (MOE) has updated the Laboratory Manual with new analytical methods for use under the
More informationChromatographic Methods of Analysis Section: 5 Gas Chromatography (GC) Prof. Tarek A. Fayed
Chromatographic Methods of Analysis Section: 5 Gas Chromatography (GC) Prof. Tarek A. Fayed Gas Chromatography (GC) In gas chromatography, the sample is vaporized and injected onto the head of a chromatographic
More informationAppendix: Laboratory Testing Methods
Appendix: Laboratory Testing Methods A.1 Heavy Metals Testing Based on Method 200.8 (USEPA 1994), nitric and hydrochloric acid digestion was carried out to extract total recoverable heavy metals from the
More informationLUMEFANTRINUM LUMEFANTRINE
July 2008 LUMEFANTRINE: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (July 2008) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-second WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations
More informationHPLC. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Harris Chapter 25
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Harris Chapter 25 12/1/2005 Chem 253 - Chapter 25 1 HPLC Separation of nonvolatile or thermally unstable compounds. If the analyte/sample can be found to be
More informationRESOLUTION OENO 33/2004 DETERMINATION OF SHIKIMIC ACID IN WINE BY HPLC AND UV-DETECTION
DETERMINATION OF SHIKIMIC ACID IN WINE BY HPLC AND UV-DETECTION The GENERAL ASSEMBLY, Considering Article paragraph iv of the agreement establishing the International organisation of vine and wine Upon
More informationExperiment 1: Thin Layer Chromatography
Experiment 1: Thin Layer Chromatography Part A: understanding R f values Part B: R f values & solvent polarity Part C: R f values & compound functionality Part D: identification of commercial food dye
More informationORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES 5600
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES 5600 Formula: Table 1 MW: Table 1 CAS: Table 1 RTECS: Table 1 METHOD: 5600, Issue 1 EVALUATION: FULL Issue 1: 15 August 1994 OSHA : Table 2 NIOSH: Table 2 ACGIH: Table 2 PROPERTIES:
More informationSelection of a Capillary GC Column
Selection of a Capillary GC Column Mark Sinnott Application Engineer March 13, 2008 Page 1 Typical Gas Chromatographic System Mol-Sieve Traps Fixed Restrictors Regulators Injection Port Detector Electrometer
More informationDetection of Volatile Organic Compounds in polluted air by an Agilent mini Thermal Desorber and an Agilent 5975T LTM GC/MS
Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in polluted air by an Agilent mini Thermal Desorber and an Agilent 5975T LTM GC/MS Application Note Environmental Author Xiaohua Li Agilent Technologies (Shanghai)
More informationSECTION 3 PRODUCT COMPOSITION The test kit is composed of QuSTICK Strep A Reagent Stick, Reagent A, Reagent B, Positive Control, and Negative Control.
SECTION 1 PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product Identification: Ref No. 6000, 6000-025, etc. Test kit contains QuSTICK Strep A Reagent Stick, Reagent A, Reagent B, Positive Control, and Negative Control.
More informationMethods for the determination of vinyl chloride
Federation of the Employment Accidents Insurance Institutions of Germany (Hauptverband der Berufsgenossenschaften) Centre for Accident Prevention and Occupational Medicine Alte Heerstraße 111, 53757 Sankt
More informationNEVIRAPINE ORAL SUSPENSION Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (February 2009)
February 2009. NEVIRAPINE ORAL SUSPENSION Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (February 2009) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-third WHO Expert Committee on Specifications
More information开原亨泰精细化工厂. Kaiyuan Hengtai Fine Chemicals Factory. Material Safety Data Sheet. 4-Aminobutyric acid. Approved By IATA Regulation
Material Safety Data Sheet Approved By IATA Regulation SECTION 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product name Company information manufacturer No.18,YiheRoad,Kaiyuan City, Liaoning Province,
More informationIntroduction to Gas Chromatography
Introduction to Gas Chromatography 31-1 Objectives To know what is chromatography To understand the mechanism of compound separation To know the basic of gas chromatography system 31-2 Chromatography Definition
More informationOptimization of 1,4-Dioxane and Ethanol Detection Using USEPA Method 8260 Application Note
Solid Phase Micro Extraction of Flavor Compounds in Beer ANNE JUREK Optimization of 1,4-Dioxane and Ethanol Detection Using USEPA Method 8260 Application Note Environmental Author Anne Jurek Applications
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE. A Capillary Approach to ASTM D3606: Test Method for Determination of Benzene and Toluene in Finished Motor and Aviation Gasoline
A Capillary Approach to ASTM D3606: Test Method for Determination of Benzene and Toluene in Finished Motor and Aviation Gasoline Fast : Cycles in
More informationPYRIPROXYFEN TECHNICAL
WHO/IS/TC/715/2001 TECHNICAL TECHNICAL 1. Specification 1.1 Description Interim specification WHO/IS/TC/715/2001 The material shall consist of pyriproxyfen together with related manufacturing impurities.
More informationResidual Solvents in Pharmaceuticals by USP Chapter <467> Methodology
APPLICATION NOTE Gas Chromatography Author: David Scott PerkinElmer, Inc. Shelton, CT Residual Solvents in Pharmaceuticals by USP Chapter Methodology Introduction The synthesis of active pharmaceutical
More informationHexane isomers (except n-hexane) and methylcyclopentane
1 Hexane isomers (except n-hexane) and methylcyclopentane Method number 1 Application Air analysis Analytical principle Gas chromatography Completed in July 2010 Summary This analytical method permits
More informationApplication Note 116 Monitoring VOCs in Ambient Air Using Sorbent Tubes with Analysis by TD-GC/MS in Accordance with Chinese EPA Method HJ
Application Note Monitoring VOCs in Ambient Air Using Sorbent Tubes with Analysis by TD-GC/MS in Accordance with Chinese EPA Method HJ -3 Application Note Abstract This application note demonstrates the
More information2] The plate height in chromatography is best described as 2
9 Chromatography. General Topics 1] Explain the three major components of the van Deemter equation. Sketch a clearly labeled diagram describing each effect. What is the salient point of the van Deemter
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF A SENSITIVE THERMAL DESORPTION GC-MS METHOD USING SELECTIVE ION MONITORING FOR A WIDE RANGE OF VOCS
DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSITIVE THERMAL DESORPTION GC-MS METHOD USING SELECTIVE ION MONITORING FOR A WIDE RANGE OF VOCS C Jia *, S Batterman and S Chernyak Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University
More informationMagnitudes of Back Diffusion During Long-Term Diffusive Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Carbotrap and Chromosorb 106
Turk J Chem 24 (2000), 131 139. c TÜBİTAK Magnitudes of Back Diffusion During Long-Term Diffusive Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Carbotrap and Chromosorb 106 Naciye KILIÇ University of Uludağ,
More informationLC Technical Information
LC Technical Information Method Transfer to Accucore.6 μm Columns Containing solid core particles, which are engineered to a diameter of.6μm and a very narrow particle size distribution; Accucore HPLC
More informationG a s C h r o m a t o g r a p h y Determination of Ethanol in Wine by Head-Space Gas Chromatography
G a s C h r o m a t o g r a p h y Determination of Ethanol in Wine by Head-Space Gas Chromatography Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University Department of Agro-Industry Faculty of Food and Agricultural Technology
More informationCHEM340 Tutorial 4: Chromatography
CHEM340 Tutorial 4: Chromatography 1. The data in the table below was obtained from a chromatogram obtained with a 10 cm liquid chromatography column. Under the conditions used, the compound uracil is
More informationHach Method Spectrophotometric Measurement of Free Chlorine (Cl 2 ) in Finished Drinking Water
Hach Method 1041 Spectrophotometric Measurement of Free Chlorine (Cl ) in Finished Drinking Water Hach Company Method 1041 Revision 1. November 015 Spectrophotometric Measurement of Free Cl in Finished
More informationPhysical Separations and Chromatography
Lab #5A & B: Physical Separations and Chromatography Individual Objectives: At the end of these experiments you should be able to: Ø Distinguish between Rf and tr; chromatograph and chromatogram; adsorption
More informationMethods of pollution control and waste management - laboratory. Adsorptive removal of volatile organic compounds from gases streams
Methods of pollution control and waste management - laboratory Adsorptive removal of volatile organic compounds from gases streams Manual for experiment 17 dr Hanna Wilczura-Wachnik and dr inż. Jadwiga
More informationSimultaneous Estimation of Residual Solvents (Isopropyl Alcohol and Dichloromethane) in Dosage Form by GC-HS-FID
Asian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 21, No. 3 (2009), 1739-1746 Simultaneous Estimation of Residual Solvents (Isopropyl Alcohol and Dichloromethane) in Dosage Form by GC-HS-FID PRAVEEN KUMAR BALIYAN*, R.P.
More informationChemical Safety. Peter Yeung D.G. Manager. Safety Office The University of Hong Kong
Chemical Safety Peter Yeung D.G. Manager Safety Office The University of Hong Kong Lesson Learned 1. Laboratory fire 2. Chemical spill 3. Incompatibles in waste disposal Lab. Fire Sodium/Solvent Chemical
More informationHIPPURIC ACID and o-m-p- METHYLHIPPURIC ACIDS IN URINE BY UV CODE Z06010
HIPPURIC ACID and o-m-p- METHYLHIPPURIC ACIDS IN URINE BY UV CODE Z06010 Biochemistry The determination of Hippuric Acid ( HPA ) in urine is important to determine the risk due to the exposition to Toluene.
More informationAnalysis of Trace (mg/kg) Thiophene in Benzene Using Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography and Flame Ionization Detection Application
Analysis of Trace (mg/kg) Thiophene in Using Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography and Flame Ionization Detection Application Petrochemical Authors James D. McCurry and Bruce D. Quimby Agilent Technologies
More informationHAZARD COMMUNICATION PROGRAM
HAZARD COMMUNICATION PROGRAM UNIVERSITY RISK MANAGEMENT Occupational Safety and Health Programs 19 Hagood Avenue, Suite 908 Charleston SC 29425 843-792-3604 Revised: January, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Safety
More informationMedia blank result for a single-section sampler (e.g., membrane filter). Media blank result for back section of a sampler.
IV. GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS, DEFINITIONS, AND SYMBOLS AAS Acceptable range (biological) Accuracy ACGIH Ashing ASV B B b B f Bias Bioaerosol Biological monitoring Blank Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
More informationResearch Report. Validation of Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) using SKC Passive Sampler Abstract
Research Report Validation of using SKC Passive Sampler 575-002 Abstract A sampling method for Methyl Methacrylate in air has been validated for concentration levels from 10 to 200 ppm and for exposure
More informationAUTOMATED ONLINE IDENTIFICATION AND MONITORING OF IMPURITIES IN GASES
JPACSM 127 AUTOMATED ONLINE IDENTIFICATION AND MONITORING OF IMPURITIES IN GASES Trace Analytical Inc. Menlo Park, CA ABSTRACT GC based gas analyzers with Reduction Gas Detector (RGD) and Flame Ionization
More informationHPLC. GRATE Chromatography Lab Course. Dr. Johannes Ranke. September 2003
HPLC GRATE Chromatography Lab Course Dr. Johannes Ranke Organisation The groups Start at 9:00 am End at 18:00 pm at the latest Friday, 19th we will finish at 2:00 pm Thursday, 11th: Lecture at 08:15 am
More informationHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) of Three Analgesics
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) of Three Analgesics OVERVIEW/THEORY Real-life samples are often complex mixtures of many substances (e.g., sea water contains many salts and other impurities
More informationSimultaneous dual capillary column headspace GC with flame ionization confirmation and quantification according to USP <467> Application Note
Simultaneous dual capillary column headspace GC with flame ionization confirmation and quantification according to USP Application Note Joseph M. Levy Michael Kraft Abstract Agilent Equipment 7890A
More informationGas Chromatography. Introduction
Gas Chromatography Introduction 1.) Gas Chromatography Mobile phase (carrier gas) is a gas - Usually N 2, He, Ar and maybe H 2 - Mobile phase in liquid chromatography is a liquid Requires analyte to be
More informationUniversity of Tennessee Safety Procedure
University of Tennessee Safety Procedure Program Subject: Chemicals Requiring Review Prior to Use Procedure Review/Revised: 12/15/08 Affected Area/Department: Laboratories at the University Date Effective:
More informationFast Analysis of Aromatic Solvent with 0.18 mm ID GC column. Application. Authors. Introduction. Abstract. Gas Chromatography
Fast Analysis of Aromatic Solvent with.8 mm ID GC column Application Gas Chromatography Authors Yun Zou Agilent Technologies (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. Ying Lun Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 3 P.R.
More informationDetermination of Caffeine by HPLC
Determination of Caffeine by HPLC Introduction It was a long history before real high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) had evolved. The very first indication of a chromatographic separation was
More informationCh.28 HPLC. Basic types of Liquid Chromatography Partition (LLC) Adsorption (LSC) Ion Exchange (IC) Size Exclusion (SEC or Gel Chromatography)
Ch.28 HPLC 28.1 Basic types of Liquid Chromatography Partition (LLC) Adsorption (LSC) Ion Exchange (IC) Size Exclusion (SEC or Gel Chromatography) High Performance (Pressure) LC Glass column st.steel (high
More informationCOMPLIANCE EMISSIONS TEST California Dept. of Public Health Standard Method Version 1.1 and FloorScore Flooring Evaluation
COMPLIANCE EMISSIONS TEST California Dept. of Public Health Standard Method Version 1.1 and FloorScore Flooring Evaluation SAMPLE DESCRIPTION & TESTING PARAMETERS Tesoro Woods submitted exemplars of their
More information