Chapter 8. Biology. Energy Processing. Metabolism & ATP. Slide 1 / 142 Slide 2 / 142. Slide 3 / 142. Slide 4 / 142. Slide 5 / 142.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 8. Biology. Energy Processing. Metabolism & ATP. Slide 1 / 142 Slide 2 / 142. Slide 3 / 142. Slide 4 / 142. Slide 5 / 142."

Transcription

1 Slide 1 / 142 Slide 2 / 142 Biology Energy Processing Acetyl Co-A aerobic anabolic pathway anaerobic synthase Calvin Cycle catabolic pathway cellular respiration chlorophyll citric acid cycle cyclic energy transport electron acceptor Slide 3 / 142 Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. Energy Processing Unit Topics electron transport chain ethanol fermentation facultative anaerobe FADH2 fermentation glycolysis Krebs cycle lactic acid fermentation light dependent reactions light independent reactions metabolism NADH NADPH Slide 5 / 142 Click on the topic to go to that section noncyclic energy transport obligate aerobe obligate anaerobe oxidation oxidative phosphorylation phosphorylation photosynthesis photosystem I photosystem II pyruvate pyruvate decarboxylation reduction thylakoid Slide 4 / 142 Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. Slide 6 / 142 Chapter 8 Metabolism & Metabolism & Cellular Respiration Fermentation Photosynthesis Return to Table of Contents

2 Slide 7 / 142 Metabolic Pathways Slide 8 / 142 Metabolic Pathways Metabolism is the totality of an organism s chemical reactions. Metabolism is a property of all life. A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme Without enzymes, metabolic pathways would proceed very slowly. enzyme 1 enzyme 2 enzyme 3 A B C D Reaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3 Starting Molecule Product Slide 9 / 142 Metabolic Pathways Slide 10 / 142 Catabolic Pathways There are two types of metabolic pathways: Catabolic pathways Anabolic pathways Catabolic pathways break down molecules from the environment. Living things use the energy derived from breaking the bonds in these molecules to build structures and drive cell processes. Slide 11 / 142 Exergonic Reaction Catabolic pathways are exergonic reactions; the change in Gibbs free energy is negative. Thus, they release energy and occur spontaneously Slide 12 / 142 Anabolic Pathways Anabolic pathways synthesize complex organic molecules and power cell processes using the energy derived from catabolic pathways. Free energy Reactants Energy Products Amount of free energy released (ΔG<0) Examples: building bones building muscle building starch powering active transport Click here for a pneumonic device Progress of the reaction

3 Slide 13 / 142 Endergonic Reaction Anabolic pathways are endergonic reactions; the change in Gibbs free energy is positive. Thus, they require an input of energy and do not occur spontaneously Slide 14 / 142 Spontaneous Processes A process will occur spontaneously if the result is a reduction of the Gibbs Free Energy (G) of the system. G takes into account the resulting change in the energy of a system and the change in its entropy. Free energy Reactants Energy Products Amount of free energy required (ΔG > 0) If the effect of a reaction is to reduce G, the process will proceed spontaneously. If G is negative, the reaction will occur spontaneously. If G is zero or positive, it will not occur spontaneously. Progress of the reaction Slide 15 / 142 Free Energy and Metabolism Slide 16 / 142 Adding Coupled Reactions Biological systems often need an endergonic reaction to occur, but on it's own, it won't proceed spontaneously. To be able to occur, the endergonic reaction is coupled to a reaction that is exergonic, so that together, they are exergonic. Non-spontaneous reaction: G is positive Glu Glutamic acid + NH 3 Ammonia NH 2 Glu Spontaneous Reaction: G is negative + H 2O ADP G = +3.4 kcal/mol G = -7.3 kcal/mol + P i together, reactions are spontaneous G = 3.9 kcal/mol Slide 17 / A spontaneous reaction. A occurs only when an enzyme or other catalyst is prese B cannot occur outside of a living cell C releases free energy when proceeding in the forward direction D is common in anabolic pathways E leads to a decrease in the entropy of the universe Slide 18 / Anabolic pathways are and catabolic pathways are. A B C D spontaneous, non-spontaneous endergonic, exergonic exergonic, endergonic endothermic, endergonic

4 Slide 19 / Which of the following correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways? A B C Degradation of organic molecules by anabolic pathways provides the energy to drive catabolic pathways. Energy derived from catabolic pathways is used to drive breakdown of organic molecules in anabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathw Slide 20 / 142 Cell Energy A cell does three main kinds of work: Mechanical (motion) Transport (crossing a barrier) Chemical (changing a molecule) To do work, cells manage energy resources by energy coupling, using an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic one Slide 21 / 142 Cells can store the energy from catabolic pathways in a molecule called (adenosine triphosphate). can be broken down later to fuel anabolic reactions. Slide 22 / 142 (adenosine triphosphate) includes three phosphate groups (PO 4-3 ). Each Phosphate group has an ionic charge of -3e. In this model of, each PO 4-3 is circled in blue. Slide 23 / 142 The phosphate groups repel each other, since they each have a negative charge. Therefore it requires Work to add the second phosphate group; to go from AMP (monophosphate) to ADP (diphosphate). To add the third group, to go from ADP to (triphosphate), requires even more work since it is repelled by both of the other phosphate groups. Slide 24 / 142 This is like the work in compressing a spring. The energy from the work needed to bring each phosphate group to the molecule is stored in that phosphate bond. When the bond is broken to go from to ADP, significant energy is released. Going from ADP to AMP releases less energy, since there is less total charge in ADP than.

5 Slide 25 / 142 The bonds between the phosphate groups of s tail can be broken by hydrolysis. Energy is released from when the terminal phosphate bond is broken. The released energy is equal to the work that was done to form the bond. That work overcame the electrostatic repulsion between the last phosphate group and the initial ADP molecule. Slide 26 / 142 In the living systems, the energy from the exergonic reaction of hydrolysis can be used to drive an endergonic reaction. Overall, the coupled reactions are exergonic. The result is a chemical change to a state of lower free energy. Slide 27 / 142 Slide 28 / 142 Performs Work drives endergonic reactions by phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant. The recipient molecule is now "phosphorylated". The three types of cellular work are powered by the hydrolysis of. Performs Work P Motor protein Mechanical work: phosphorylates motor proteins Membrane protein P Solute P i Protein moved P i Solute transported ADP + P i Transport work: phosphorylates transport proteins P Glu NH2 + NH3 + Glu P i Reactants: Glutamic acid and ammonia Product (glutamine) made Chemical work: phosphorylates key reactants Slide 29 / 142 The Regeneration of is a renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to ADP The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell Slide 30 / 142 The Regeneration of The chemical potential energy temporarily stored in drives most cellular work Each cell is converting millions of to ADP and back again every second. Energy from catabolism (exergonic, energy yielding processes) ADP + P i Energy for cellular work (endergonic, energy consuming processes)

6 Slide 31 / In general, the hydrolysis of drives cellular work by. A releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reacti B releasing heat C acting as a catalyst D lowering the free energy of the reaction Slide 32 / What best characterizes the role of in cellular metabolism? The release of free energy during the hydrolysis of AT A heats the surrounding environment. B C D The free energy released by hydrolysis may be c to an endergonic process via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate. It is catabolized to carbon dioxide and water. The ΔG associated with its hydrolysis is positive. Slide 33 / Which of the following is not an example of the cellular work accomplished with the free energy derived from the hydrolysis of? A B C D Mechanical work, such as the movement of the cell Transport work, such as the active transport of an ion into cell. Chemical work, such as the synthesis of new proteins. The production of heat, which raises the temperature of cell. Slide 34 / 142 Cellular Respiration Return to Table of Contents Slide 35 / 142 Equilibrium and Metabolism Reactions in a closed system eventually reach equilibrium and then stop. Life is an open system materials and energy. Life is not in equilibrium, experiencing a constant flow of Life cannot survive without connection to the environment. Slide 36 / 142 The Production of Catabolic Pathways Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway that consumes organic molecules and yields. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all fuel cellular respiration. We'll look first at the simplest case, the breakdown of the sugar - glucose. But before doing that we have to learn about two molecules that are essential to respiration.

7 Slide 37 / 142 NAD + and FAD The molecules NAD + and FAD are used to store, and later release, energy during respiration; they are key to respiration. Each molecule has two forms, each form stores a different amount of energy. So moving between those two forms either stores chemical potential energy or releases it. Here are the reactions: NAD + + 2H + + 2e - + Energy NADH + H + Slide 38 / 142 NAD + and FAD NAD + + 2H + + 2e - + Energy NADH + H + FAD + 2H + + 2e - + Energy FADH 2 The amount of energy that is useable when the reaction goes to the left, depends on the availability of electron acceptors. Without a molecule, such as O2, to accept the excess electrons the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 cannot be used to make. FAD + 2H + + 2e - + Energy FADH 2 The double arrows indicate that each reaction is reversible, they can proceed in either direction. When the reaction goes to the right, energy is stored. When it goes to the left, energy is released Slide 39 / 142 Electron Acceptors Oxygen is the best electron acceptor because it generates the greatest free energy change (#G) and produces the most energy. In the absence of oxygen, other molecules, such as nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide can be used as electron acceptors. Slide 40 / NADH is converted to NAD +. During this process, A energy is released B energy is stored C no energy is stored or released If O2 is present, 1 NADH stores enough energy to create about 3 s 1 FADH2 stores enough energy to make about 2 s Slide 41 / FADH 2 is converted to FAD. During this process, A energy is stored B energy is released C no energy is stored or released Slide 42 / 142 Reduction and Oxidation NAD + + 2H + + 2e - + Energy NADH + H + FAD + 2H + + 2e - + Energy FADH 2 When we go from left to right we are adding electrons to a molecule. That is called reducing the molecule, or the process of reduction. Going from right to left, we are taking electrons from a molecule. That is called oxidizing the molecule, or the process of oxidation.

8 Slide 43 / 142 Oxidation Slide 44 / 142 Reduction and Oxidation The reason for the term oxidation is that this is the effect that oxygen usually has: it takes electrons from a molecule, oxidizing the molecule The rusting of iron is an example of oxidation: oxygen is taking electrons from the metal, oxidizing it. 4 Fe + 3 O 2 2 Fe 2 O 3 Since it doesn't seem right that adding electrons is called "reduction"; here's a way to remember these two terms. LEO says GER Losing Electrons is Oxidation Gaining Electrons is Reduction Slide 45 / Which of the following cannot act as an electron acceptor? A sulfate B oxygen C ammonia D nitrate Slide 46 / The loss of an electron is and the gain of an electron is. A oxidation, reduction B reduction, oxidation C catalysis, phosphorylation D phosphoroylation, catalysis Slide 47 / NADH is the reduced form of NAD +. True False Slide 48 / 142 Types of Cellular Respiration Cells follow different paths of cellular respiration depending on the presence or absence of oxygen. Cells can be classified into 3 categories based on their response to oxygen. Obligate Anaerobes - which cannot survive in the presence of oxygen Obligate Aerobes - which require oxygen Facultative Anaerobes - which can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen.

9 Slide 49 / 142 The Stages of Respiration Cellular respiration consists of four stages: Slide 50 / 142 Glycolysis Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration. It involves the breakdown of glucose, a 6 carbon sugar, into 2 molecules of pyruvate, a 3 carbon sugar. Glycolysis Pyruvate Decarboxylation The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Oxidative Phosphorylation 2 NAD + 2 NADH C 6H 12O 6 (Glucose) Gycolysis 2 4 Glycolysis means the splitting of glucose Some is needed to start the process (E a) 2 C 3H 4O 3 (Pyruvate) The net result is: a net of 2 s are formed along with 2 NADHs and the 2 pryuvates. Slide 51 / Until 2.5 billon years ago there was no oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. Which of the following was also not present? A facultative anaerobes B obligate anaerobes C obligate aerobes D bacteria Slide 52 / How much activation energy is required to start glycolysis? A 0 B 1 C 2 D 4 Slide 53 / The net products of glycolysis are: A 2 pyruvate B 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate C 2, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate D 4, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate Slide 54 / 142 Pyruvate Decarboxylation (PD) The Citric Acid Cycle can only process 2-carbon molecules, and pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule: C 3H 4O 3 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 C 3H 4O 3 (Pyruvate) PDC 2 Acetyl Co-A 2 CO2 PD is an enzyme catalyzed reaction that takes the 2 pyruvate molecules and converts them to 2 Acetyl Co- A molecules: these are 2-carbon molecules. Energy is stored during PD by the converting 2 NAD + to 2 NADH and the extra pyruvate carbons are expelled as CO 2.

10 Slide 55 / 142 The Citric Acid Cycle Slide 57 / 142 The Citric Acid Cycle This shows one cycle, which is due to one Acetyl Co-A molecule. To account for one glucose molecule, two cycles are needed. Let's tally up the output for one cycle to confirm our results. The citric acid cycle is sometimes called the Krebs cycle. The cycle breaks down one Acetyl-CoA for each turn, generating 1, 3 NADH, 2 CO 2 and 1 FADH 2 per Acetyl-CoA. Since 2 Acetyl-CoA molecules were created from each glucose, the Citric Acid Cycle creates 2 ; 6 NADH; 4CO 2, and 2 FADH 2 for each glucose molecule. Slide 56 / 142 The Citric Acid Cycle Click here for a video of the Citric Acid Cycle Slide 58 / Glycolysis produces. This is one turn of the cycle, due to 1 Acetyl Co- A. Note the production of: 1 3 NADH 1 FADH 2 But 1 glucose molecule, yields 2 Acetyl Co-A molecules, (therefore, 2 turns of the cycle) yielding : 2 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 Pyruvate Decarboxylation produces. The Citric Acid Cycle produces. A 1, 1, 2 B 4, 0, 2 C 4, 0, 4 D 2, 0, 2 Slide 59 / During pyruvate decarboxylation, 3-carbon pyruvate is converted to 2-carbon Acetyl-CoA. What happens to the excess carbons atoms in this process? A They are expelled in molecules of CH 4 B They are expelled in molecules of CO 2 C They are covalently bonded to NADH D They are recycled to reform glucose Slide 60 / In total, the first 3 stages of cellular respiration produce how many molecules of carbon dioxide? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 6

11 Slide 61 / 142 Oxidative Phosphorylation (OP) So far we've done a lot of work to just get a net gain of 4 s. But we have stored a lot of potential energy in the form of NADH and FADH 2. The big energy payoff is in oxidative phosphorylation, where we convert the energy stored in those molecules to. Slide 62 / 142 Oxidative Phosphorylation (OP) We're now going to convert all the NADH and FADH 2 into, so the energy can be stored throughout the cell. Here's what we start this cycle with. Stage NADH FADH2 Glycolysis PD CAC Total When O 2 is present, we get about 3 s per NADH and 2 s per FADH 2. So how many s would we have at the end of this next stage? Slide 63 / 142 Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by thelectron transport chain. One way to think of the ETC is as a proton pump. The ETC transports electrons, through chemical reactions, out and then back through a plasma membrane. The net effect is to pump protons from the inside to the outside of a plasma membrane, creating a proton gradient which is used to power oxidative phosphorylation. Slide 64 / 142 Electron Transport Chain (ETC) The proton path in red. The electron path is shown in black. The ETC generates no, but enables Oxidative Phosphorylation, which accounts for most of the produced. Slide 65 / 142 Anaerobic ETC For the first 2 billion years of life on Earth, anaerobic (no O 2) respiration was the only means of obtaining energy from food. 2- These organisms used the electron acceptors, NO 3-, SO 4, or CO 2 to pull the electrons through the ETC. These molecules would accept the electrons at the end of the chain forming 2, N H 2S, and CH 4 respectively. Slide 66 / 142 Aerobic ETC But then, the Oxygen Revolution occurred about 2.5 BYA, flooding the planet with oxygen. In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is O 2; forming water (H 2O). Oxygen strongly attracts electrons in order to fill its outer shell. This stronger pull makes much more energy available to life, enabling the more complex food chains we see today. Click here for a video of the ETC

12 Slide 67 / Which of the following is created during the electron transport chain in human cells? Slide 68 / Obligate aerobes use which of the following as their final electron acceptor? I II NADH III proton gradient A B C D I, II, III, IV I, II only III only III, IV only A CO 2 B NO 3 - C O 2 D SO 4 2- IV H 2O Slide 69 / 142 Oxidative Phosphorylation (OP) The ETC creates a positive electrostatic potential outside the plasma membrane and a negative potential inside. The excess protons outside, are strongly attracted to the inside, but are blocked by the membrane. One path is open to the protons, but they must do work to use it. Synthase is essentially a motor, constructed of proteins. The protons must travel through that motor in order to return to the cell, creating an electric current that powers the motor. As the motor turns, it adds a phosphate group to ADP, creating. Electrical energy is transformed to chemical energy. Slide 70 / 142 Oxidative Phosphorylation The Hydroelectric Analogy The Hoover Dam is a massive structure that holds back the potential energy of 9 trillion gallons of water Click here for a video of Synthase Slide 71 / 142 Oxidative Phosphorylation The Hydroelectric Analogy Slide 72 / 142 Oxidative Phosphorylation The Hydroelectric Analogy Like oxidative phosphorylation, it creates a gradient then exploits the stored energy by allowing water to pass through a small pipeline, transforming it to kinetic energy. Massive turbines are spun, causing the kinetic energy to be turned into mechanical energy which is utilized to make electrical energy.

13 Slide 73 / 142 Aerobic Respiration We calculated earlier that we would expect to get 38 molecules by the time we'd converted all the NADH and FADH 2 to. The actual yield is between molecules per glucose molecule. 20 synthase... A synthesizes B is an enzyme C is a protein complex D all of the above Slide 74 / 142 The reason for the small variance is that in some cases energy is needed to transport the NADH molecules to the site of the ETC. Slide 75 / Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? A Outside the membrane B Inside the membrane Slide 76 / What is the maximum number of produced from a breakdown of a glucose molecule? A 4 B 18 C 36 D 38 Slide 77 / 142 The Versatility of Catabolism Slide 78 / 142 The Versatility of Catabolism Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration. Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle Fats are digested to glycerol which is used in glycolysis. An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate

14 Fermentation Slide 79 / 142 Slide 80 / 142 Fermentation When no electron acceptors are available, obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes can still break down glucose to release energy through a process called fermentation. Fermentation begins just as cellular respiration does, with glycolysis. Return to Table of Contents Slide 81 / 142 Fermentation Slide 82 / 142 Fermentation Glycolysis results in 2 pyruvate molecules and 2 NADH2 molecules. Without an electron acceptor, the energy stored in these molecules can't be used. The net energy gain is just 2 s. (Remember 2 were invested and 4 were produced, netting 2) 2 NAD + 2 NADH C 6H 12O 6 (Glucose) Gycolysis 2 C 3H 4O 3 (Pyruvate) 2 4 However, the Pyruvate still needs to be cleared from the cell, and the NADH converted back to NAD + to begin another cycle. The process of doing this is called fermentation. No additional energy is released during this process. 2 NAD + 2 NADH C 6H 12O 6 (Glucose) Gycolysis 2 C 3H 4O 3 (Pyruvate) 2 4 There are two types of fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation Ethanol fermentation Slide 83 / 142 Types of Fermentation 2 NADH 2 C 3H 4O 3 (Pyruvate) Fermentation 2 NAD + OR Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 Lactic Acid Ethanol Fermentation 1 glucose molecule had yielded 2 s, 2 Pyruvates and 2 NADHs. That is the input to the fermentation stage of anaerobic respiration. The pyruvates and NADHs are fermented into 2 NAD and + either Lactic Acid or CO2 & Ethanol. Slide 84 / 142 Fermentation Fermentation breaks down the products of glycolysis so that glycolysis can be repeated with another glucose molecule. 2 NADH 2 NAD + Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 C3H4O3 (Pyruvate) 2 Lactic Acid Fermentation OR Ethanol Fermentation CO 2 & 2 Ethanol CO2 & 2 Ethanol

15 Slide 85 / 142 Fermentation The result of the combined steps of glycolysis and fermentation is: The input is 1 Glucose + 2 molecules The output is 4 molecules (for a net gain of 2 's) In addition, Slide 86 / 142 Cellular Respiration vs. Fermentation The big difference is that for each glucose molecule: aerobic cellular respiration yields 36 to 38 s fermentation yields only 2 s Lactic Acid fermentation results in lactic acid Ethanol fermentation results in ethanol and CO2 Slide 87 / 142 Examples of Fermentation Slide 88 / When a cell has completed glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation, the final products are: Some anaerobic bacteria rely soley on fermentation, such as lactobacillus, which is used to make cheese and yogurt. I Lactic acid The alcohol in wine, beer, etc. results from yeast (a facultative anaerobe) undergoing ethanol fermentation. Bread rises due to the release of CO 2 bubbles by fermenting yeast. Your muscles burn after a strenuous workout because they can't get enough O 2, so they perform lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid results in soreness. II Ethanol III Carbon dioxide IV NADH V A B C D I, II, III, IV, V I, II, III, V I, IV, V I, V Slide 89 / Bread rises due to the production of during fermentation. A ethanol B carbon dioxide C lactic acid D pyruvate Slide 90 / Muscles produce lactic acid during strenuous exercise. Therefore, muscles are an example of what kind of cell? A facultative anaerobe B facultative aerobe C obligate anaerobe D obligate aerobe

16 Slide 91 / 142 Photosynthesis Slide 92 / 142 Photosynthesis Respiration gets energy from glucose and stores it as. But what is the source of glucose? And, where did the oxygen that flooded Earth 2.5 BYA come from? Return to Table of Contents Slide 93 / 142 Aerobic Respiration vs. Photosynthesis Slide 94 / 142 Aerobic Respiration vs. Photosynthesis Here's the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration: C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + And here's the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis: 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + Light Energy C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 Aerobic respiration uses oxygen (O2) and glucose (C6H12 O6) to create carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)...and release energy. 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + Light Energy C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 Photosynthesis is the exact opposite, it takes carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) plus energy to make glucose (C6H12 O6) and oxygen (O2) Slide 95 / 142 Photosynthesis and Respiration Slide 96 / 142 Photosynthesis and Respiration Summing these two equations reveals that the used by cells is derived from light energy, from the sun. That is the source of energy for most life on Earth. Light Energy (Energy) C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + (Energy) 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + Light Energy C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 Except for a small number of bacteria that live on chemical reactions in challenging environments, the energy for all life on Earth comes from thes processes...from the energy of sunlight. Even though not every organism undergoes photosythesis, the products that plants produce are used in reactions that consumers use. In this way, you can say that... Light Energy (Energy) You are solar powered!

17 Slide 97 / What are the reactants of cellular respiration? Slide 98 / What are the products of photosynthesis? A Oxygen and Water A Glucose and Oxygen B Glucose and Carbon Dioxide B Oxygen and Water C Glucose and Water C Glucose and Carbon Dioxide D Glucose and Oxygen D Carbon Dioxide and Water Slide 99 / 142 Slide 100 / What are the reactants of photosynthesis? A Carbon Dioxide and Water B Oxygen and Water C Glucose and Oxygen D Glucose and Carbon Dioxide 29 Photosynthesis energy, whereas cellular respiration energy. A B C D consumes, produces produces, consumes produces, produces consumes, consumes Slide 101 / 142 Our Original Questions Slide 102 / 142 Photosynthesis What is the source of glucose? Where did the oxygen that flooded Earth 2.5 BYA come from? The products of photosynthesis are: oxygen (O2) glucose (C 6H12O6) Photosynthesis produces the glucose that feeds respiration, and eventually, all of us. Photosynthesis also produces the oxygen that filled the atmosphere and made complex life, as we know it possible.

18 Slide 103 / 142 The Oxygen Catastrophe Photosynthesis and the addition of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere, began about 2.5 BYA, and was having a major impact by 2.0 BYA. This is called the Oxygen Catastrophe because it spelled the extinction of a vast number of obligate anaerobes. Some survive today, but only in locations where they are not exposed to the atmosphere. Slide 104 / 142 Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + Light Energy C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 This simple equation sums up the result of photosynthesis: its reactants and products. However, the processes that make photosynthesis possible are not very simple. Just like the four stages of respiration result in a simple equation, the process itself is complicated. Similarly, the process of photosynthesis is complicated. And in some ways similar to the steps of respiration, but backwards. Slide 105 / In the comparison of aerobic respiration to photosynthesis, which statement is true? Slide 106 / 142 NADPH A B C D oxygen is a waste product in photosynthesis but not in respiration glucose is produced in respiration but not in photosynthesis carbon dioxide is formed in photosynthesis but not in respiration water is formed in photosynthesis but not in respiration During respiration the molecules NAD + and FAD are used to store energy. Photosynthesis uses the molecule NADP +, which is a lot like NAD +, to store energy, and convert it between its two stages. The reduced form of NADP + is NADPH. Slide 107 / 142 Chlorophyll Slide 108 / 142 Thylakoids Photosynthesis also depends on chlorophyll, a molecule that absorbs red and violet-blue light and uses it to energize electrons to a higher energy level. Chlorophyll is housed in thylakoids, membrane-bound structures within photosynthetic cells. Chlorophyll gives plants their green color.

19 Slide 109 / NAD + is to NADP + as NADH is to. A NADP 2+ B NADP C NADPH D NADPH 2 Slide 110 / Which of the following is found stored in the thylakoid? A B chlorophyll C NADH D NADPH Slide 111 / 142 Two Types of Photosynthesis Slide 112 / 142 Cyclic Energy Transport There are two types of photosynthesis: Cyclic Energy Transport Non-CyclicEnergyTransport Cyclic Energy Transport was probably the first type of photosynthesis to originate. It does not create glucose, it just converts solar energy to. Slide 113 / 142 Cyclic Energy Transport Cyclic Energy Transport uses Photosystem I, a protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane to convert light energy to. Photosystem I Electron Transport Chain Slide 114 / Noncyclic energy transport arose before cyclic energy transport. True False Energy of molecules e - e- e - chlorophyll Synthase e - ADP + P i This process is "cyclic" because the final electrons return to chlorophyll after is generated. photon

20 Slide 115 / Which of the following statements about cyclic energy transport is true? A Cyclic energy transport requires water. B Glucose is produced by cyclic energy transport. C Cyclic energy transport reduces NADP + Light energy is converted to chemical energy during D cyclic energy transport. Slide 116 / 142 Noncyclic Energy Transport There are two major stages to Noncyclic Energy Transport: Light Dependent Reactions Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) Slide 117 / 142 Light Dependent Reactions Light Dependent Reactions occur in membrane bound structures called thylakoids. It's necessary to have a membrane surface separating the inside from the outside on an enclosed volume, thylakoids provide that. The inside is called the lumen; the outside is called the stroma. Slide 118 / 142 Light Dependent Reactions The Light Dependent Reactions use light energy and water to form, NADPH, and oxygen gas. 2 H 2O + 2 NADP ADP + 3 P i O 2 + 2NADPH + 3 This process requires 2 photosystems, Photosystem II and Photosystem I. They occur in this order (they were named in the order in which they were discovered). Slide 119 / 142 Thylakoid This shows the membrane, separating the stroma from the lumen, the two photosystems and the enzymes, Synthase and NADP Reductase. The light reactions will use Photosystem II and Photosystem I to create an excess of protons in the stroma, and a deficit in the lumen. The only way protons can get back to the lumen, is through Synthase, to produce. Slide 120 / 142 Photosystem II First, Photosystem II absorbs light and energizes electrons, splitting a water molecule in the process. Those are used to pump protons across the membrane, creating an electrical potential difference which is used to create. Energy of molecules H 2O O 2+2H + Photosystem II e - e - e - chlorophyll Electron Transport Chain Synthase e - ADP + P i to Photosystem I photon

21 Slide 121 / 142 Photosystem I Then, Photosystem I absorbs more light and re-energizes those electrons. They are used to store energy by using NADP Reductase to reduce NADP + to NADPH (adding electrons to NADP +, instead of returning them to chlorophyll as in cyclic energy transport). Energy of molecules e - from Photosystem II Photosystem I e - e - e - chlorophyll photon Slide 123 / 142 NADP Reductase NADP+ NADPH 36 Light dependent reaction produce and NADPH for each O 2 produced. A 1, 1 B 2, 3 C 3, 2 D 2, 4 Slide 122 / The inside of the thylakoid is called the and the outside is called the. A B lumen, stroma stroma, lumen Slide 124 / Water is split, releasing O 2, in which protein complex? A photosystem I B photosystem II C synthase D NADP reductase Slide 125 / 142 Light Independent Reactions The and NADPH created during the light dependent reactions proceed to the Light Independent Reaction. The light independent reactions are also know as the Calvin Cycle or Dark Reactions. These reactions can occur in light or dark, thus dark reactions is not an accurate name. The Calvin Cycle uses the and NADPHto convert CO2 into Glucose (C6H12 O6) in a multi step process. In 3 turns of the cycle we use 9 and 6 NADPH and 3 CO 2 to make a 3-carbon sugar Slide 126 / 142 Light Independent Reactions

22 Slide 127 / 142 Light Independent Reactions Slide 128 / 142 The Carbon Cycle To make one 6-carbon glucose molecule: 18 and 12 NADPH and 6 CO2 are required. The Calvin Cycle is also called Carbon Fixing. This means that carbon, a gas in the atmosphere, in the form of CO2, is turned into a solid as a glucose. When glucose is used in respiration, that carbon is then released back into the atmosphere. This process of fixing and releasing carbon is called the Carbon Cycle. Carbon is not being created or destroyed, but cycles through the environment. Slide 129 / 142 Cyclic vs. Noncyclic Energy Transport The Light Reactions produce equal amounts of and NADPH, but the Calvin Cycle use more (18) than NADPH (12) to make a glucose molecule. Slide 130 / Carbon dioxide is fixed in the form of glucose in A Krebs cycle B light-dependent reactions C Calvin cycle D cyclic energy transport To have enough, photosynthetic organisms use Cyclic Energy Transport to create the needed. Slide 131 / During what stage of photosynthesis are and NADPH coverted to ADP + P i and NADP +? A light dependent reactions B light independent reactions C photosystem I D photosystem II Slide 132 / Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true? The light dependent reactions can only occur in the A light, the light independent reactions can only occur in the dark. Cyclic energy transport is more efficient at B producing glucose than noncyclic energy transport. The light dependent reactions produce which is C used to power the Calvin cycle. D Cyclic energy transport occurs only in bacteria.

23 Slide 133 / The Calvin cycle is an anabolic pathway. True False Slide 134 / 142 Global Climate Change The carbon cycle plays a key role in Global Climate Change. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the air, but also takes CO 2 out of the air. CO 2 is a greenhouse gas, it absorbs infrared light that would otherwise carry heat away from Earth, into space; cooling Earth. Slide 135 / 142 Global Climate Change If it were not for CO 2, and other greenhouse gases, Earth would be far colder, perhaps too cold to support life as we know it. Greenhouse gases are essential for life. However, the amount of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is critical to maintaining a constant average temperature for the planet. Slide 136 / 142 Global Climate Change A great deal of carbon was trapped under the surface of Earth by life forms that died over many millions of years; effectively taking that carbon out of the carbon cycle. That reduced the CO 2 in the atmosphere, reducing the temperature of Earth by allowing more heat to leave, leading to our current temperature. Slide 137 / 142 Global Climate Change Slide 138 / 142 Global Climate Change The hydrocarbons we use for energy (oil and natural gas) were formed from the breakdown of that long-dead plant and animal life. As we burn those fuels, we are releasing CO 2 back into the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As a result, more heat is being trapped in our atmosphere; the balance of energy brought to Earth by solar energy, and released from Earth in infrared radiation is being changed. This is causing Earth's average temperature to rise. The effect of this temperature rise is not that the temperature goes up in all places or in all years necessarily. But it is projected that there will be massive changes in climate in the future, with accompanying changes in sea level, crops, plant and animal life, etc.

24 Slide 139 / Greenhouses gases are dangerous and should be reduced as much as possible. True False Slide 140 / Carbon was used from the carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 in the air, as A the amount of life on Earth decreased B as animals died and were buried under earth C fermentation began D All of the above E None of the above Slide 141 / 142 Slide 142 / A very warm winter in New Jersey this year would indicate that global climate change is occurring. True False

Energy in the World of Life

Energy in the World of Life Cellular Energy Energy in the World of Life Sustaining life s organization requires ongoing energy inputs Assembly of the molecules of life starts with energy input into living cells Energy Conversion

More information

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. Molecules in food store chemical

More information

CP Biology Unit 5 Cell Energy Study Guide. Electron Carriers Electron Transport Chain Fermentation Glycolysis Krebs cycle Light-Dependent Reactions

CP Biology Unit 5 Cell Energy Study Guide. Electron Carriers Electron Transport Chain Fermentation Glycolysis Krebs cycle Light-Dependent Reactions Name: KEY CP Biology Unit 5 Cell Energy Study Guide Vocabulary to know: ATP ADP Aerobic Anaerobic ATP Synthases Cellular Respiration Chlorophyll Chloroplast Electron Carriers Electron Transport Chain Fermentation

More information

Cell Energy: The Big Picture. So, What Exactly is ATP. Adenosine Triphosphate. Your turn to Practice converting ATP to ADP:

Cell Energy: The Big Picture. So, What Exactly is ATP. Adenosine Triphosphate. Your turn to Practice converting ATP to ADP: Understanding How Living Things Obtain and Use Energy. Cell Energy: The Big Picture Most Autotrophs produce food (sugar) using light energy during Photosynthesis. Then, both Autotrophs and Heterotroph

More information

Energy and the Cell. All living things need energy to survive and do work.

Energy and the Cell. All living things need energy to survive and do work. Energy and the Cell EQ: How do cells acquire energy? EQ: Why is the relationship between plants and animals essential to life? All living things need energy to survive and do work. Organisms who depend

More information

The Life of a Cell. The Chemistry of Life. A View of the Cell. Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle. Energy in a Cell

The Life of a Cell. The Chemistry of Life. A View of the Cell. Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle. Energy in a Cell The Life of a Cell The Chemistry of Life A View of the Cell Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle Energy in a Cell Chapter 9 Energy in a Cell 9.1: The Need for Energy 9.1: Section Check 9.2: Photosynthesis:

More information

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2. sun. Occurs in chloroplasts ATP. enzymes CO 2 O 2 H 2 O. sugars

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2. sun. Occurs in chloroplasts ATP. enzymes CO 2 O 2 H 2 O. sugars 4.2 8.2 Overview Photosynthesis: of Photosynthesis An Overview Photosynthesis process by which plants make food using energy from the sun Plants are autotrophs that make their own source of chemical energy.

More information

ATP. Chapter 4. Photosynthesis. Cell Respiration. Energy of Life. All organisms need energy in order to survive

ATP. Chapter 4. Photosynthesis. Cell Respiration. Energy of Life. All organisms need energy in order to survive ATP Chapter 4 Photosynthesis Energy of Life All organisms need energy in order to survive 2 Major groups of organisms: A. autotrophs make their own food Ex: plants B. heterotrophs must eat others living

More information

ATP: Energy for Life ATP. Chapter 6. What Is ATP? What Does ATP Do for You? Photosynthesis. Cell Respiration. Chemical Structure of ATP

ATP: Energy for Life ATP. Chapter 6. What Is ATP? What Does ATP Do for You? Photosynthesis. Cell Respiration. Chemical Structure of ATP Chapter 6 Photosynthesis : Energy for Life Cell Respiration What Is? Energy used by all Cells Chemical Structure of Adenine Base Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing highenergy Phosphate

More information

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration All cellular activities require energy. Directly or indirectly nearly all energy for life comes from the sun. Autotrophs:

More information

Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism (Sections 1,3,5,6) KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism (Sections 1,3,5,6) KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. ! The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Starch molecule Glucose molecule

More information

PHOTOSYNTHESIS STARTS WITH

PHOTOSYNTHESIS STARTS WITH Name Date Period PHOTOSYNTHESIS STARTS WITH 1. Molecules that collect light energy are called _P. 2. Chlorophyll a and b absorb _B -_V and _R wavelengths of light best. 3. _C is the main light absorbing

More information

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Outline I. Energy and Carbon Cycle II. Photosynthesis A. Introduction B. Reactions II. Cellular Respiration A. Introduction B. Reactions Carbon Cycle All organisms

More information

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Unit

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Unit Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Unit All cellular activities require energy. Directly or indirectly nearly all energy for life comes from the sun. Autotrophs: organisms that can make their own

More information

Pre-AP Biology Energy Unit Study Guide Part I

Pre-AP Biology Energy Unit Study Guide Part I Pre-AP Biology Energy Unit Study Guide Part I The Law of conservation of matter/mass : matter can not be created or destroyed However, matter may be rearranged in space In chemical reactions, the mass

More information

Respiration and Photosynthesis

Respiration and Photosynthesis Respiration and Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chains Anabolic Pathway Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle Flow of Energy Energy is needed to support all forms

More information

Cellular Energetics. Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Cellular Energetics. Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation TEKS B.4 Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that

More information

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels 9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate 9.3 The citric acid

More information

Cell Energy Notes ATP THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY. CELL ENERGY Cells usable source of is called ATP stands for. Name Per

Cell Energy Notes ATP THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY. CELL ENERGY Cells usable source of is called ATP stands for. Name Per Cell Energy Notes Name Per THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY The Endosymbiotic theory is the idea that a long time ago, engulfed other prokaryotic cells by. This resulted in the first First proposed by Explains

More information

METABOLISM. What is metabolism? Categories of metabolic reactions. Total of all chemical reactions occurring within the body

METABOLISM. What is metabolism? Categories of metabolic reactions. Total of all chemical reactions occurring within the body METABOLISM What is metabolism? METABOLISM Total of all chemical reactions occurring within the body Categories of metabolic reactions Catabolic reactions Degradation pathways Anabolic reactions Synthesis

More information

4 GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP All cells need chemical energy.

4 GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP All cells need chemical energy. CHAPTER 4 Cells and Energy GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP All cells need chemical energy. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis The overall process of photosynthesis produces

More information

Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Reading Assignments Review Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, & Biosynthesis Read Chapter 13 How Cells obtain Energy from Food Read Chapter 14

More information

Energy Exchanges Exam: What to Study

Energy Exchanges Exam: What to Study Energy Exchanges Exam: What to Study Here s what you will need to make sure you understand in order to prepare for our exam: Free Energy Conceptual understanding of free energy as available energy in a

More information

Ch. 6 & 7 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Ch. 6 & 7 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Ch. 6 & 7 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration 6.1 Energy Reactions The Cycle of Energy Sun CO 2 H 2 O Photosynthesis (energy stored) Cellular Respiration (energy released) O 2 Glucose Obtaining Energy

More information

Activity: Identifying forms of energy

Activity: Identifying forms of energy Activity: Identifying forms of energy INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM Metabolism Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism Metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with

More information

Cellular Energy. How Organisms Obtain Energy Section 2: Photosynthesis Section 3: Cellular Respiration. Click on a lesson name to select.

Cellular Energy. How Organisms Obtain Energy Section 2: Photosynthesis Section 3: Cellular Respiration. Click on a lesson name to select. Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy Section 2: Photosynthesis Section 3: Cellular Respiration Click on a lesson name to select. Section 1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Transformation of Energy Energy

More information

PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Chapter 8

PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Chapter 8 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chapter 8 ENERGY & LIFE ENERGY The ability to do work. Can be stored in chemical bonds. Cells need energy to do things like active transport, dividing, moving, and producing and storing

More information

Energy for Life 12/11/14. Light Absorption in Chloroplasts

Energy for Life 12/11/14. Light Absorption in Chloroplasts Energy for Life Biochemical pathways A series of reactions where the products of one reaction is used in the next reaction Light Absorption in Chloroplasts Chloroplasts Two membranes Grana- layered stacks

More information

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Note-taking Guide

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Note-taking Guide Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Note-taking Guide Preview to Photosynthesis glucose, reactions, light-dependent, Calvin cycle, thylakoid, photosystem II, oxygen, light-harvesting, two, chloroplasts,

More information

Study Guide A. Answer Key. Cells and Energy

Study Guide A. Answer Key. Cells and Energy Cells and Energy Answer Key SECTION 1. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP 1. molecule; food molecules 2. high-energy; lower-energy 3. phosphate group 4. a; d; b; c 5. b; e 6. c; d 7. a; f 8. chemical energy; light

More information

Name Date Class. Photosynthesis and Respiration

Name Date Class. Photosynthesis and Respiration Concept Mapping Photosynthesis and Respiration Complete the Venn diagram about photosynthesis and respiration. These terms may be used more than once: absorbs, Calvin cycle, chlorophyll, CO 2, H 2 O, Krebs

More information

Cellular Energy: Respiration. Goals: Anaerobic respiration

Cellular Energy: Respiration. Goals: Anaerobic respiration Cellular Energy: Respiration Anaerobic respiration Goals: Define and describe the 3 sets of chemical reactions that comprise aerobic cellular respiration Describe the types of anaerobic respiration Compare

More information

Chapter 5. Table of Contents. Section 1 Energy and Living Things. Section 2 Photosynthesis. Section 3 Cellular Respiration

Chapter 5. Table of Contents. Section 1 Energy and Living Things. Section 2 Photosynthesis. Section 3 Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Table of Contents Section 1 Energy and Living Things Section 2 Photosynthesis Section 3 Cellular Respiration Section 1 Energy and Living Things Objectives Analyze

More information

Respiration and Photosynthesis. The Ying and Yang of Life.

Respiration and Photosynthesis. The Ying and Yang of Life. Respiration and Photosynthesis The Ying and Yang of Life. Why? You ve always been told that you must eat and breathe. Why? In this unit we will attempt to answer those questions. 1 st Law of Thermodynamics

More information

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Note-taking Guide

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Note-taking Guide Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Note-taking Guide Preview to Photosynthesis glucose, reectlons, light-dependent, Calvin cycle, thylakoid, oxygen, light-harvesting, two, chloroplasts, photosynthesis,

More information

UNIT 3: Cell Energy What is energy? energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms.

UNIT 3: Cell Energy What is energy? energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. UNIT 3: Cell Energy What is energy? energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. Energy can be found in a number of different forms. 1 Law

More information

2015 Biology Unit #3 Quiz 1 Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Week of November

2015 Biology Unit #3 Quiz 1 Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Week of November Name: Class: Date: 2015 Biology Unit #3 Quiz 1 Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Week of 02-09 November 1 Which of the following statements is true for all cells? a They use solar energy

More information

ENERGY = ATP ATP. B. How is Energy stored in our cells? 1. In the chemical bonds between the phosphates

ENERGY = ATP ATP. B. How is Energy stored in our cells? 1. In the chemical bonds between the phosphates I. What is energy in biology? ENERGY = Adenosine TriPhosphate Whoa! HOT stuff! 2009-2010 A. What is? Adenosine Triphosphate is similar to a nucleotide but has three phosphates instead of one B. How is

More information

METABOLISM CHAPTER 04 BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill.

METABOLISM CHAPTER 04 BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman  Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill. BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I CHAPTER 04 1 Please wait 20 seconds before starting slide show. Mouse click or Arrow keys to navigate. Hit ESCAPE Key to exit. CELLULAR METABOLISM Dr. Lawrence G. Altman

More information

CELL METABOLISM OVERVIEW Keep the big picture in mind as we discuss the particulars!

CELL METABOLISM OVERVIEW Keep the big picture in mind as we discuss the particulars! BIO 211: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I CHAPTER 04 CELLULAR METABOLISM 1 Please wait 20 seconds before starting slide show. Mouse click or Arrow keys to navigate. Hit ESCAPE Key to exit. Dr. Lawrence G. Altman

More information

All Cells need energy. (Ability to perform work) What do cells use energy for? Mitosis. Repair. Active transport. Movement.

All Cells need energy. (Ability to perform work) What do cells use energy for? Mitosis. Repair. Active transport. Movement. Cell Energetics All Cells need energy. (Ability to perform work) What do cells use energy for? Mitosis. Repair. Active transport. Movement. What Is ATP? ATP adenosine triphosphate is a chemical molecule

More information

Unit 5 Cellular Energy

Unit 5 Cellular Energy Unit 5 Cellular Energy I. Enzymes (159) 1.Are CATALYSTS: Speed up chemical reactions that would otherwise happen too slowly to support life. Catalysts DO NOT make reactions happen that couldn t happen

More information

Unit 3: Cell Energy Guided Notes

Unit 3: Cell Energy Guided Notes Enzymes Unit 3: Cell Energy Guided Notes 1 We get energy from the food we eat by breaking apart the chemical bonds where food is stored. energy is in the bonds, energy is the energy we use to do things.

More information

1/25/2018. Bio 1101 Lec. 5, Part A Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration

1/25/2018. Bio 1101 Lec. 5, Part A Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration 1 2 3 4 5 Bio 1101 Lec. 5, Part A Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration Energy is needed by cells to do work Chemical energy, a form of potential energy, is stored in bonds of food molecules (such as glucose)

More information

Be sure to understand:

Be sure to understand: Learning Targets & Focus Questions for Unit 6: Bioenergetics Chapter 8: Thermodynamics Chapter 9: Cell Resp Focus Q Ch. 10: Photosynthesis Chapter 8 (141-150) 1. I can explain how living systems adhere

More information

Center for Academic Services & Advising

Center for Academic Services & Advising March 2, 2017 Biology I CSI Worksheet 6 1. List the four components of cellular respiration, where it occurs in the cell, and list major products consumed and produced in each step. i. Hint: Think about

More information

AP Bio-Ms.Bell Unit#3 Cellular Energies Name

AP Bio-Ms.Bell Unit#3 Cellular Energies Name AP Bio-Ms.Bell Unit#3 Cellular Energies Name 1. Base your answer to the following question on the image below. 7. Base your answer to the following question on Which of the following choices correctly

More information

Cellular Energetics Review

Cellular Energetics Review Cellular Energetics Review 1. What two molecules are formed when a phosphate is removed from ATP? 2. Describe how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are reverse processes. 3. What is the function

More information

Ev e ry living c e l l needs a source of

Ev e ry living c e l l needs a source of 12 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Ev e ry living c e l l needs a source of energy. Without energy, metabolism all of the chemical reactions that occur within cells will not occur. In this activity,

More information

Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air

Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air 2007-2008 Energy needs of life All life needs a constant input of energy consumers producers Heterotrophs (Animals) get their energy from eating others eat food

More information

Chapter 5. The Chloroplast. 5.1 Matter and Energy Pathways in Living Systems. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Chapter 5. The Chloroplast. 5.1 Matter and Energy Pathways in Living Systems. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Chapter 5 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration 5.1 Matter and Energy Pathways in Living Systems Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis are examples of biological processes that involve matter &

More information

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Outline I. Energy and Carbon Cycle II. Photosynthesis A. Introduction B. Reactions II. Cellular Respiration A. Introduction B. Reactions Carbon Cycle All organisms

More information

Review Questions - Lecture 5: Metabolism, Part 1

Review Questions - Lecture 5: Metabolism, Part 1 Review Questions - Lecture 5: Metabolism, Part 1 Questions: 1. What is metabolism? 2. What does it mean to say that a cell has emergent properties? 3. Define metabolic pathway. 4. What is the difference

More information

AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism, Energy, and Life

AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Metabolism, Energy, and Life AN INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM Metabolism, Energy, and Life 1. The chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways 2. Organisms transform energy 3. The energy transformations of life are subject

More information

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Student Expectations: Cellular Energy Understand that cellular energy is temporarily stored in the nucleotide ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Describe how energy is released by ATP When the outer phosphate

More information

Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Guided Reading Questions (50 pts total)

Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Guided Reading Questions (50 pts total) AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Name: Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Guided

More information

A + B = C C + D = E E + F = A

A + B = C C + D = E E + F = A Photosynthesis - Plants obtain energy directly from the sun - Organisms that do this are autotrophs (make their own food from inorganic forms) - Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions where the

More information

This is an example of cellular respiration, which can be used to make beer and wine using different metabolic pathways For these reasons we call this

This is an example of cellular respiration, which can be used to make beer and wine using different metabolic pathways For these reasons we call this Chapter 6 Carvings from ancient Egypt show barley being crushed and mixed with water (left) and then put into closed vessels (centre) where airless conditions are suitable for the production of alcohol

More information

ATP, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

ATP, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis ATP, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Energy for Cells Free Energy: the energy available to do work Types of Reactions Endergonic Reactions: require an input of energy Exergonic Reactions: release

More information

Metabolism Review. A. Top 10

Metabolism Review. A. Top 10 A. Top 10 Metabolism Review 1. Energy production through chemiosmosis a. pumping of H+ ions onto one side of a membrane through protein pumps in an Electron Transport Chain (ETC) b. flow of H+ ions across

More information

Energy Transformation. Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells.

Energy Transformation. Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells. Energy Transformation Metabolism = total chemical reactions in cells. metabole = change Metabolism is concerned with managing the material and energy resources of the cell -Catabolism -Anabolism -Catabolism

More information

In Cellular Respiration, are removed from sugar and transferred to

In Cellular Respiration, are removed from sugar and transferred to 1 2 3 4 5 Bio 1101 Lec. 5, Part A (Guided Notes) Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration Energy is needed by cells to do work Chemical energy, a form of potential energy, is stored in bonds of food molecules (such

More information

2015 AP Biology PRETEST Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Week of October

2015 AP Biology PRETEST Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Week of October Name: Class: _ Date: _ 2015 AP Biology PRETEST Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Week of 19-23 October Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which

More information

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Test

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Test Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Test 1. When bonds are made energy is, when bonds are broken energy is. A. stored / released C. released / stored B. used / not used D. created / destroyed 2. Aerobic

More information

BIOLOGY SECOND QUARTER UNIT 3

BIOLOGY SECOND QUARTER UNIT 3 BIOLOGY SECOND QUARTER UNIT 3 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Energy for Life 4.1 Photosynthesis: Sugar as Food 4.2 Powering the Cell:Cellular Respiration 4.3 Anaerobic Respiration 4.4 Name Class

More information

Cellular respiration. How do living things stay alive? Cellular Respiration Burning. Photosynthesis. Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration. How do living things stay alive? Cellular Respiration Burning. Photosynthesis. Cellular Respiration How do living things stay alive? Cellular Respiration Burning Happens in ALL living things inside cells and has the main goal of producing ATP the fuel of life It does not matter whether the organisms

More information

Unit 4 Bioenergetics Test Review

Unit 4 Bioenergetics Test Review Section A: Adenosine Triphosphate Unit 4 Bioenergetics Test Review Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule used by all cells to do work. It is a nucleotide consisting of adenine (a base), ribose

More information

Section 8 1 Energy and Life (pages )

Section 8 1 Energy and Life (pages ) Bio07_TR_U03_CH08.QXD 4/25/06 2:51 PM Page 63 Name Class Date Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Section 8 1 Energy and Life (pages 201 203) Key Concepts Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?

More information

Transformation of Energy! Energy is the ability to do work.! Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

Transformation of Energy! Energy is the ability to do work.! Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe. Section 1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Transformation of Energy! Energy is the ability to do work.! Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe. Section 1 How Organisms

More information

Energy Metabolism exergonic reaction endergonic reaction Energy of activation

Energy Metabolism exergonic reaction endergonic reaction Energy of activation Metabolism Energy Living things require energy to grow and reproduce Most energy used originates from the sun Plants capture 2% of solar energy Some captured energy is lost as metabolic heat All energy

More information

Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1

Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1 Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1 Agenda I. Overview (Big Pictures) of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration II. Making Glucose - Photosynthesis III. Making ATP - Cellular

More information

Draw, label, and color

Draw, label, and color Vocab Cell Energy 1. Autotroph 2. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 3. Chloroplast 4. Photosynthesis 5. Pigment 6. Chlorophyll 7. Thylakoid 8. Photosystem 9. Stroma 10. Light-dependent reactions 11. Calvin

More information

Unit 8 Cell Metabolism. Foldable Notes

Unit 8 Cell Metabolism. Foldable Notes Unit 8 Cell Metabolism Foldable Notes Silently read pages 94-96 of your biology textbook Middle Inside Top Vocabulary 1. ATP 2. ADP 3. Product 4. Reactant 5. Chloroplast 6. Mitochondria 7. Heterotroph

More information

UNIT 2: CELLS Chapter 4: Cells and Energy

UNIT 2: CELLS Chapter 4: Cells and Energy CORNELL NOTES Directions: You must create a minimum of 5 questions in this column per page (average). Use these to study your notes and prepare for tests and quizzes. Notes will be stamped after each assigned

More information

1. How is a partially charged battery like ADP?

1. How is a partially charged battery like ADP? Name The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the chart by writing a strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been done for you. Term Definition

More information

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Practice Test Name

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Practice Test Name Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Practice Test Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which H+ has just passed through the

More information

Metabolism. AP Biology Chapter 8

Metabolism. AP Biology Chapter 8 Metabolism AP Biology Chapter 8 Energy Energy management Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resources. Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy exists in various forms Cells

More information

Chapter 8.1. How Organisms Obtain Energy

Chapter 8.1. How Organisms Obtain Energy Chapter 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Main Idea All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes. Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Quick Review: Heterotrophs are organisms

More information

Biology Chapter 8 Test: Cellular Energy

Biology Chapter 8 Test: Cellular Energy Class: Date: Biology Chapter 8 Test: Cellular Energy True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. During the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, light energy is used to split

More information

Cell Energetics - Practice Test

Cell Energetics - Practice Test Name: Class: _ Date: _ Cell Energetics - Practice Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is the source of energy used

More information

Cellular Respiration. Anaerobic vs Aerobic

Cellular Respiration. Anaerobic vs Aerobic Cellular Respiration Anaerobic vs Aerobic What is Cellular Respiration? Process where organisms use GLUCOSE (sugar) to create ENERGY! The energy that is released from chemical bonds during Cellular Respiration

More information

Photosynthesis and cellular respirations

Photosynthesis and cellular respirations The Introduction of Biology Defining of life Basic chemistry, the chemistry of organic molecules Classification of living things History of cells and Cells structures and functions Photosynthesis and cellular

More information

Honors Biology Test Review Ch. 7 & 8 Fall 2015

Honors Biology Test Review Ch. 7 & 8 Fall 2015 Honors Biology Test Review Ch. 7 & 8 Fall 2015 Modified True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement

More information

Cellular Energy. The cell will store energy in molecules like sugars and ATP

Cellular Energy. The cell will store energy in molecules like sugars and ATP Cellular Energy Cellular Energy The cell will store energy in molecules like sugars and ATP Most cells have small stores of ATP that only last a few seconds, but cannot store energy there long-term. Cells

More information

Cellular Energy (Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration)

Cellular Energy (Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration) (Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration) Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.

More information

Photosynthesis. Dr. Bertolotti

Photosynthesis. Dr. Bertolotti Photosynthesis Dr. Bertolotti Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air How do plants and other organisms capture energy from the sun? What is ATP and why is it useful in cells? Plants are energy producers

More information

Draw, label, and color

Draw, label, and color Vocab Cell Energy 1. Autotroph 2. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 3. Chloroplast 4. Photosynthesis 5. Pigment 6. Chlorophyll 7. Thylakoid 8. Photosystem 9. Stroma 10. Light-dependent reactions 11. Calvin

More information

2.A.2- Capture and Storage of Free Energy

2.A.2- Capture and Storage of Free Energy 2.A.2- Capture and Storage of Free Energy Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. EU 2.A- Growth, reproduction

More information

Biology Unit 4 Energy and Life. 4:1 Energy All living things require a constant supply of ENERGY.

Biology Unit 4 Energy and Life. 4:1 Energy All living things require a constant supply of ENERGY. Biology Unit 4 Energy and Life 4:1 Energy All living things require a constant supply of ENERGY. GLUCOSE: (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) the form of energy used for fuel by ALL living cells It requires energy to form

More information

Ch. 4 Cells and Energy. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Ch. 4 Cells and Energy. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Ch. 4 Cells and Energy Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1 2 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Living organisms need energy Most comes indirectly from sun! Some change sunlight into organic compounds Others

More information

CHAPTER 6 STUDY GUIDE. phosphate work. energy adenosine In order for organisms to carry out life processes their cells need (1).

CHAPTER 6 STUDY GUIDE. phosphate work. energy adenosine In order for organisms to carry out life processes their cells need (1). CHAPTER 6 STUDY GUIDE THE FLOW OF ENERGY Section 6.1 Energy for Cells In your textbook, read about ATP. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage: released exergonic endergonic ATP

More information

Metabolism, Energy and Life

Metabolism, Energy and Life BSC 2010 - Exam I Lectures and Text ages I. Intro to Biology (2-29) II. Chemistry of Life Chemistry review (30-46) Water (47-57) Carbon (58-67) Macromolecules (68-91) III. Cells and Membranes Cell structure

More information

RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES. Bio 107 Week 6

RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES. Bio 107 Week 6 RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Bio 107 Week 6 Procedure 7.2 Label test tubes well, including group name 1) Add solutions listed to small test tubes 2)

More information

Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air

Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi60tqa8jfe Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air 2011-2012 Energy needs of life All life needs a constant input of energy consumers producers Heterotrophs (Animals) obtain

More information

AP Biology. Warm-up. Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air. Energy needs of life. Energy needs of life. Objective: Warm-up:

AP Biology. Warm-up. Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air. Energy needs of life. Energy needs of life. Objective: Warm-up: Warm-up Objective: Explain how photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy. Warm-up: In the light reactions, what is the electron donor? Where do the electrons end up? 2006-2007 Photosynthesis:

More information

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration What you will learn: GPS Standard SB3a Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. IN OTHER WORDS Photosynthesis and Cellular

More information

Chapter 5: Photosynthesis: The Energy of Life pg : Pathways of Photosynthesis pg

Chapter 5: Photosynthesis: The Energy of Life pg : Pathways of Photosynthesis pg UNIT 2: Metabolic Processes Chapter 5: Photosynthesis: The Energy of Life pg. 210-240 5.2: Pathways of Photosynthesis pg. 220-228 Light Dependent Reactions Photosystem II and I are the two light capturing

More information

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Name Date Class CHAPTER 5 TEST PREP PRETEST Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each

More information

State state describe

State state describe Warm-Up State the products of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis, state which product has chemical energy, and describe how that product is made. KREBS ETC FADH 2 Glucose Pyruvate H 2 O NADH

More information

AP Biology Energy Exam Study Guide. Enzymes, Cellular Respiration, Metabolic Patterns, and Photosynthesis

AP Biology Energy Exam Study Guide. Enzymes, Cellular Respiration, Metabolic Patterns, and Photosynthesis AP Biology Energy Exam Study Guide Enzymes, Cellular Respiration, Metabolic Patterns, and Photosynthesis 1. In which orientation must these two amino acids be brought together to form a dipeptide bond?

More information