Gelatine a physical gel
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1 Gelatine a physical gel W. Babel, Chemie in unserer Zeit, 86 (1996) binder in jogurts, aspic, capsules for medical drugs silver halogenide photography preparation from fibrous collagen (from skin and bones) 1
2 From collagen to gelatine linearly linked amino acids carboxy group and α-amino group make intermolecular peptide bond tripel helical structure: 3 protein chains wind around each other from collagen to gelatine by thermal partial hydrolysis: cleavage within single collagen chains
3 Properties of gelatine thermoreversible sol-gel transition cooling of an aqueous solution of gelatine (0.5%) to C increase of viscosity at even lower temperatures gel formation three steps: 1. aggregation of individually dissolved chains via hydrophobic structure elements helical structures. crystallite formation by association of two or three ordered segments 3. stabilization of the structure by local formation of H-bonds within single helices and between the helices 3
4 Use of gelatine granulate or leaves from highly concentrated solution solidified and dried addition of cold water swelling up to 10 times its own volume heating to ~75 C particles dissolve cooling: gel forms again 4
5 3.6 Self-healing polymer gels rubber-like material soft high extensibility relaxes back completely when sample is cut into pieces and pieces are brought into contact for some time self-heal without need to heat or press strongly mended samples sustain large deformations the longer the healing time the better the healing healing also possible after some time after cutting P. Cordier, F. Tournilhac, C. Soulié-Ziakovic, L. Leibler, Nature (008) 5
6 Supramolecular rubber not made from long, cross-linked polymers but from small molecules which can form (blue) or 3 (red) hydrogen bonds a kind of polymer network H-bonds: weak but long-lived high number density of H-bonding groups red: H-bond donor C=O green: H-bond acceptor N-H, NH P. Cordier, F. Tournilhac, C. Soulié-Ziakovic, L. Leibler, Nature (008) 6
7 4. Thermoresponsive polymers 4.1 Conformational transition 4. Cooperative binding of water 4.3 Switchable polymer gels 4.4 Kinetics of switching of gels 4.5 Micro- and nanogels 4.6 Co-nonsolvency There is no book yet on this class of materials. 7
8 4.1 Conformational transition apolar polar n apolar T < 3 C T > 3 C aqueous solutions of poly(n-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) become abruptly turbid at the cloud point (3 C) thermoresponsive (switchable) behavior M. Philipp, personal communication R. Pamies et al., Polym. Bull.6, 487 (009) 8
9 LCST-type phase behavior low molar mass PNIPAM low concentrations high molar mass PNIPAM (n = 5400) low concentrations cloud point independent of concentration in wide range R. Pamies et al., Polym. Bull.6, 487 (009) Y. Okada, F. Tanaka, Macromolecules38, 4465 (005) 9
10 The role of H-bonding δ - δ + hydrogen bonds: below the cloud point: H-bonds with H O (cage structure) above the cloud point: H-bonds with adjacent side groups zipper effect cloud point T chain conformation: swollen collapsed sharp transition at the cloud point collapsed chains form large aggregates turbid solution lower critical solution temperature, LCST behavior H. G. Schild, Prog. Polym. Sci S.-Y. Lin et al., Polymer Y. Katsumoto et al., J. Phys. Chem. A10 00
11 4. Cooperative binding of H O PNIPAM in H O: H O molecules bind to PNIPAM in long sequences hydration is cooperative phenomenon steric reason: if one H O binds to the polar part of the side group, space is created for next H O molecule, it is favorable to bind to the PNIPAM monomer which is next to the first H O dehydration of entire sequences of H O at once F. Tanaka et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 3, (011). 11
12 Cooperative binding of H O along the chain: hydrated coils collapsed globules binding free energy of a water molecule: -ε interaction energy between nearest-neighboring bound water molecules: - ε statistical weight for appearance of sequence of length ζ: η = σ η(t ) ς ζ cooperativity parameter: σ = ε exp k B T σ = 1 for random hydration σ < 1 for cooperative hydration association constant of H-bonding: η( T ) = ε + ε exp kbt 1
13 Cooperative binding of H O minimization of free energy average degree of hydration mean end-to-end distance expansion factor α R α R = R R 0 C 1/ the stronger the cooperativity, the sharper the transition degree of hydration expansion factor line: theory symbols: experiment experiments: 11 water molecules per PNIPAM monomer 1st hydration layer: H-bonding to amide group nd hydration layer: bridges between bound water molecules 3rd hydration layer: weakly bound hydrophobic hydration layers cooperativity: result of clustering and percolation in these layers 13
14 Phase diagram free energy of mixing in dependence on the number of polymer-water complexes of length ζ their partition function the Flory-Huggins parameter chemical potentials for hydrated polymer and water spinodal lines LCST behavior the lower σ, i.e. the more cooperativity, the flatter the bottom line of the spinodal UCST behavior (but below freezing point of water) 14
15 Theoretical and experimental phase diagram lower part of LCST spinodal theoretical curve: σ = 0.3 experimental curve: PNIPAM in H O the lower σ, the stronger the cooperativity and the sharper the dehydration curve Y. Okada, F. Tanaka, Macromolecules 38, 4465 (005). 15
16 4.3 Switchable gels chemical cross-linking macroscopic volume change for very small temperature change T. Tanaka Discover Magazine
17 Switchable valves test molecule: tryptophan (TRY) open 0 C: 40 C: Absorbance closed swollen network permeable for TRY collapsed network less permeable for TRY Time (h) strongly temperature-dependent permeability applications in microfluidics, lab on a chip, Y.S. Park et al., Langmuir14, 910 (1998) 17
18 Application in microfluidics valve in microfluidics controlled by local heating K.-F. Arndt, TU Dresden 18
19 Applications in ophthalmology ocular diseases: age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy use anti-vegf therapy RT major drawback: treatment must be repeated every 4 to 6 weeks desire: develop a relatively noninvasive delivery method which is more effective and longer lasting idea: use PNIPAM hydrogels with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) better thermoresponsive characteristics homogeneous pores encapsulate and release protein 37 C homogeneous pore size J.J. Kang Derwent, W.F. Mieler, Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc.106, 06 (008) 19
20 protein release rate is governed by compression of hydrogel in response to temperature pore size: the finer, the longer the release time but also stiffer (difficult to inject through needle) protein molar mass ~ 100 kg/mol initially fast release, then leveling off still a lot of protein in hydrogel use degradable hydrogel injected hydrogel on rat retina no movement for months no inflammation 0
21 4.4 Kinetics of swelling of a PNIPAM gel gel spheres in solution in sealed microslide mounted in cell holder fast temperature change, within ~10 s measurement of volume change with optical microscope and video camera measurement of radius as a function of time Ø 500 µm τ 100 s T. Tanaka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.55, 455 (1985) 1
22 Kinetics of swelling of a PNIPAM gel relative radius change: diverges at T c relaxation time: very low at T c τ R 1.75 the smaller the gel, the faster the switching equilibrium radius: sharp collapse at T c
23 Kinetics of swelling of a PNIPAM gel not diffusion of water into polymer network but diffusion of polymer network into water! collective diffusion of the gel : local motion of polymer network described by diffusion equation diffusion coefficient: D = K f K: elastic modulus of network f: frictional coefficient between network and fluid D can also be measured by dynamic light scattering critical kinetics and critical dynamics correspond to each other T. Tanaka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.55, 455 (1985) 3
24 Kinetics of swelling of a PNIPAM gel displacement of point on network along radius of spherical network r u(, t) = u( r, t) r r r at t = 0: start of swelling u r,0) = R0 R at t : u( r, ) 0 for all r ( R: final equilibrium radius R 0 : total radius change r collective diffusion equation: ( ) t 1 = D r r u r u with boundary condition: (stress-free gel surface) K ( r u) = 0 r 4
25 Kinetics of swelling of a PNIPAM gel solution: with ( n / τ ) n ( 1) X n cos X n sin X n u( r, t) = 6 R exp 0 1 nπ X t n= n nπr R X n =, τ = R π D radius change of the gel: R( t) = u( r = R, t) = 6 π ( n t τ ) R 0 exp / n= 1 n 6 R 0 t π at times t > τ: R t) exp( / τ ) ( relaxation time of the volume change of a spherical gel: R τ = π D 5
26 Collective diffusion coefficient same values for collective diffusion coefficient of the polymer network obtained from (a) kinetic experiments, i.e. swelling/shrinking during T-jump, determination of τ (b) dynamic experiments, observation of fluctuations using dynamic light scattering D is minimum at T c 6
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