Ascorbate amperometric determination using conducting copolymers from aniline and N-(3-propane sulfonic acid)aniline
|
|
- Victoria Summers
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Talanta 71 (2007) Ascorbate amperometric determination using conducting copolymers from aniline and N-(3-propane sulfonic acid)aniline Jorge Yánez Heras, Ana F. Forte Giacobone, Fernando Battaglini INQUIMAE, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina Received 30 May 2006; received in revised form 28 July 2006; accepted 30 July 2006 Available online 7 September 2006 Abstract The sequential electrochemical polymerization of aniline and N-(3-propane sulfonic acid)aniline (PSA) is proposed to construct a sensor able to detect ascorbate at physiological conditions. Compared to poly(aniline) modified electrode, a device with improved conducting and electrochemical properties at neutral ph is obtained. The electrochemical copolymerization of the same starting materials is also carried out. For a PSA:aniline ratio of 10:90, a polymer with a similar electrochemical behavior to the one grown in the sequential mode is observed. The detection of ascorbate was tested for both configurations at ph 7.2, the modified electrode is able to determine ascorbate at 0 mv versus Ag/AgCl; an optimized sensor constructed by sequential polymerization can easily detect ascorbate concentrations with a detection limit of 2.2 M. Uric acid and dopamine does not interfere in the ascorbate determination Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Poly(aniline); N-(3-Propane sulfonic acid)aniline; Ascorbate; Amperometric detection 1. Introduction Ascorbate is a relevant biomolecule involved in the immune response, wound healing and the absorption of iron [1]; its concentration can be used to assess the stress in human as well as in plants [2,3]. It is present in many fruits and vegetables, and used in pharmaceutical preparations; therefore, its determination is important in many areas. Ascorbic acid can be electrocatalytically oxidized at polyaniline electrodes; its detection using conducting polymer modified electrodes has been recently reviewed [4]. It has been shown that, in a slightly acidic solution, the anodic peak for electro-oxidation of ascorbic acid shifts from 0.36 V versus Ag/AgCl at a bare platinum electrode to 0.13 V versus Ag/AgCl at a polyaniline modified electrode [5]. Also, polyaniline modified electrodes can be used for ascorbate determination at neutral ph; an autocatalytic mechanism has been proposed to explain the ability of polyaniline to electrocatalyze the oxidation of ascorbate at ph conditions where PANI is present in its undoped and nonconducting form [6]. For this type of modified electrode, an Corresponding author. Tel.: ; fax: address: battagli@qi.fcen.uba.ar (F. Battaglini). operating potential window of V was used and a 50 M limit of detection was achieved, this detection limit is likely due to PANI protonation dependence with the analyte. Poly(aniline) behaves as a conductor only in the halfoxidized form (emeraldine) when it is protonated. Above ph 5, the emeraldine deprotonates becoming an insulator. For a poly(aniline) film, the deprotonation of the emeraldine form is associated with the egress of both, protons and the associated anions from the film. This is only possible if the anions are small and mobile, for example chloride or bisulfate anions. If instead of mobile ions, long chain polymeric counter ions are used, they become trapped within the poly(aniline) film, and the overall process changes. As a consequence of this change, the conductivity of poly(aniline) can be maintained at a much higher ph [7]. This strategy has been used with several negatively charged polymers [8 12]. In particular, Bartlett and Wallace presented a poly(vinylsulfonate)/polyaniline composite electrode able to oxidize ascorbate at neutral ph using a working potential of 0.14 V versus Ag/AgCl [10]. Another approach that may aid the detection at neutral ph would be to modify the N atom in the backbone with an alkyl sulfonate group. Our group have modified PANI with 3-propane sultone to obtain a copolymer, poly(aniline-co-n-propane sulfonic acid aniline), with good conducting and electrochemical /$ see front matter 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi: /j.talanta
2 J.Y. Heras et al. / Talanta 71 (2007) properties at physiological ph [13]. The synthesis of this copolymer involves two steps, the aniline electrochemical polymerization, followed by the chemical reaction between propane sultone and the PANI modified electrode. This second step could be troublesome if the reaction has to be carried out on small dimension electrodes. To overcome this drawback, it would be convenient to bind the propane sulfonate moiety to the polymer by electrochemical means. To achieve that goal, the synthesis of N-(3-propane sulfonic acid)aniline (PSA) from propane sultone and aniline was carried out. The new aniline derivative was electrochemical polymerized in different conditions, in contrast to previous works in which propane sultone is reacted with PANI in solution [14] or in heterogeneous phase [13]. Through the electrochemical polymerization of PSA with aniline, the construction of modified electrodes able to work at physiological ph was achieved. The construction was carried out in a sequential order, first the electrochemical polymerization of aniline followed by the electrochemical polymerization of PSA. The modified electrode obtained presents an improved conducting behavior at neutral ph compared with PANI modified electrodes. Also, the copolymerization from a solution containing PSA and aniline in a molar ratio of 10:90 is able to produce a modified electrode with improved properties compared to polyaniline at neutral ph. The modified electrodes are used as amperometric sensors for the detection of ascorbate. They are able to work at 0 mv versus Ag/AgCl with a limit of detection of 2.2 M in the case of the sequential electrochemical polymerization. Furthermore, the presence of other electroactive compounds, like uric acid or dopamine, does not interfere in the ascorbate determination. In the case of uric acid, no signal is observed. For dopamine a signal at higher potentials is obtained, which is easily distinguishable from the ascorbate signal. 2. Experimental 2.1. Reagents Aniline and propane sultone were from Aldrich. All other reagents used were analytical grade. Aniline was distilled prior to use Equipment Electrochemical measurements were performed using a PINE Instruments AFRDE 5 bipotentiostat. Signals were recorded in a computer using a LabPC 1200 data acquisition card (Texas Instruments). A Ag/AgCl electrode was used as reference and Pt as the counter electrode. Three millimeter diameter glassy carbon electrodes and home-built dual carbon band electrodes [13] were used as working electrodes Conductivity measurements The resistance of the polymers synthesized on the band electrodes was measured modifying a technique presented by Wrighton and co-workers [13,15]. A cell of two working electrodes, the dual carbon bands (WE), one reference electrode and one counter electrode is used. The two carbon bands are 12 m apart from each other, separated by an insulating gap. The polymer grows on both WE until the two bands are joined by it. Then, the modified electrodes are immersed in a solution at a given ph. One of the WE (let us say WE1) is kept at a constant potential with respect to the reference, while the potential of the other WE (WE2) is swept up and down by 20 mv with respect to WE1. The current flowing through the cell is the result of the electrochemical process plus the current that flows between the two WE due to the potential difference between them. By analogy with a physical transistor, the current flowing between the two working electrodes is called the drain current, the potential of WE1 with respect to the reference is the gate voltage, and the potential of WE2 referred to WE1 is the drain voltage. The current measured in any of the working electrodes is the sum of the current produced by a redox process and the current forced to flow between the two WE by the drain voltage (drain current). For such small potential changes (20 mv), the contribution to the current produced by the redox processes can be neglected with respect to the drain current. The current flowing through the polymer can be assumed to be the result of electronic conduction of the film, which is inversely proportional to the resistance. A source of error in the determination is the capacitive current, which can be avoided by stopping the voltage sweep in the positive (or negative) limit until the value of the current is constant Hydrodynamic techniques A wall jet cell was made in acrylic, with a 0.5 mm nozzle and 1 mm nozzle to electrode distance. A 3 mm diameter glassy carbon electrode was employed. The counter electrode was part of the stainless steel outlet tubing, and the reference electrode was a Ag/AgCl electrode placed downstream. The working potential was set at 0 mv versus Ag/AgCl. The sample (10 ml) circulated continuously through the cell at 1.5 ml min 1. For the flow injection system, a 200 L loop was used with the same flow rate Synthesis of PSA The synthesis of PSA was carried by dissolving 0.7 g of propane sultone in 2.5 ml of aniline under stirring at 30 C. After a few minutes a white precipitate is formed and the product is recrystalized from methanol/acetone, giving a white powder. 1 H NMR; 500 MHz, D 2 O; δ values were 2.15 (m, 2H), 2.95 (t, 2H), 3.55(t, 2H) and 7.5(m, 5H). M + : Polymerization Sequential polymerization was carried out by cyclic voltammetry between 0.2 and 0.85 V versus Ag/AgCl at 50 mv s 1. The first step was carried out by cycling the electrode in a solution of 0.09 M aniline in 1.8 M H 2 SO 4 for five times, unless stated otherwise; then, the electrode was rinsed with water and
3 1686 J.Y. Heras et al. / Talanta 71 (2007) immersed in a solution of 0.01 M PSA in 1.8 M H 2 SO 4 and cycled at 50 mv s 1 ; the number of cycles for this step is indicated in each experiment. Electrochemical copolymerizations were carried out by cyclic voltammetry between 0.2 and 0.85 V versus Ag/AgCl at 50 mv s 1, from a solution of PSA and recently distilled aniline in 1.8 M H 2 SO 4 with a total concentration of co-monomers equal to 0.1 M. The growth of the polymer on dual band electrodes was carried out by immersing the electrode in a 0.52 M aniline in 1.8 M H 2 SO 4 solution at fixed potential of 0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl for 3 min. The union of the band was checked by conductance measurements in acid medium and then, the electrochemical polimerization of PSA was carried out Ascorbate detection The determination of ascorbate was carried out in different ways. Cyclic voltammetry at 2 mv s 1 was used to establish the response and sensitivity to ascorbate and the effect of potential interferences of the different modified electrodes prepared. The results of these studies were used to choose the type of sensor and the working potential for the determinations carried out in the hydrodynamic techniques. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Sensor construction and properties The reaction of aniline with propane sultone produces the aniline derivative (Scheme 1) in a few minutes. The compound is soluble in water and methanol giving a colorless solution. The electrochemical response of this compound in acid medium is depicted in Fig. 1. It presents peak currents at 0.52 and 0.7 V and the signal increases with continuous cycling until the 8th cycle; then, the current begins to decay and the solution turns green, like emeraldine, which can be attributed to the formation of a soluble polymer. Copolymerization of PSA with aniline was carried out from solutions with the following ratios of PSA:aniline: 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 10:90. The electrochemical polymerization of the three first solutions leads to cyclic voltammetries with peaks at 0.52 and 0.7 V, similar to the pure PSA. The growth rate of the polymer depends on the ratio of PSA:aniline; the higher is the proportion of PSA, the faster is the growth rate of the polymer. In all the cases the signal increases until the 12th cycle. However, unlike pure PSA, the signal remains stable, suggesting that the joint polymerization of PSA and aniline produces a Fig. 1. Cyclic voltammetry of electropolymerized PSA on a glassy carbon electrode in 1.8 M sulfuric acid at 50 mv s 1. polymer that remains anchored to the electrode surface. In none of these cases, the typical current peak for the first oxidation process of PANI, at 0.24 V, is observed. When a solution with a PSA:aniline ratio equal to 10:90 is used, the voltammogram shows two peaks in the first scans at 0.52 and 0.7 V versus Ag/AgCl; then, a peak at 0.25 V begins to grow faster than the others. The electrochemical response of this polymer after 20 scans is shown in Fig. 2. The presence of a broad new peak compared to the typical voltammogram of PANI indicates the incorporation of PSA as part of the electrically conducting polymer. In the sequential polymerization method, PANI was grown by cycling the potential five times at 50 mv s 1 between 0.20 and 0.85 V (Fig. 3, gray line). Then, the electrode was immersed in a 10 mm PSA solution in 1.8 M sulfuric acid and cycled four times between the same potentials (Fig. 3, thin black line). It can be observed that the peak current at 0.25 V increases from 60 A to practically 80 A and a broad anodic peak around 0.5 V develops. If cycling is continued, after 7 cycles (Fig. 3, bold black line), the first anodic peak shifts to a higher potential Scheme 1. Structure of N-(3-propane sulfonic acid)aniline (PSA). Fig. 2. Cyclic voltammetry in 1.8 M sulfuric acid of the polymerization product obtained from a solution containing 90 mm aniline and 10 mm PSA in 1.8 M H 2 SO 4. Sweep rate: 10 mv s 1.
4 J.Y. Heras et al. / Talanta 71 (2007) the conducting potential region follows the oxidation process for the formation of emeraldine. The maximum conductivity of this polymer decreases 25 times from acid to neutral medium Ascorbate determination Fig. 3. Cyclic voltammetries in 1.8 M H 2 SO 4 of PANI modified electrode (gray line), PANI + 4 cycles of PSA (thin black line) and PANI + 7 cycles of PSA (bold black line). Sweep rate: 10 mv s 1. but it does not increase further, suggesting that the oxidation process becomes slightly slower. In addition, a broader peak is observed in the range of V. If the cycling of the potential in presence of PSA continues after 15 cycles, the first anodic peak does not change, while the broad peak between 0.4 and 0.6 increases and the voltammogram shows a larger capacitive response (data not shown). The modified electrodes obtained either by copolymerization from a PSA:aniline solution (10:90) or by sequential polymerization, show a quasi-reversible behavior at ph 7.2. In both cases, the electrodes show a stable signal; the peak currents are around 70% of the original values for both types of electrodes after 40 min of cycling between 0.2 and 0.6 V at 50 mv s 1. Fig. 4 depicts the quasi-reversible response of an electrode modified in sequential order (PSA 7 cycles). The resistance of the same polymer grown between two band electrodes can also be observed; The equilibrium potential of the couple ascorbate dehydroascorbate is V versus Ag/AgCl, but oxidation at bare glassy carbon or platinum electrodes requires potentials of 0.4 and 0.6 V, respectively. These high over potentials result in electrode fouling, poor reproducibility and low selectivity when these materials are used for analytical applications. Due to these problems several groups have developed modified electrodes to catalyze the electrochemical oxidation of ascorbate; among them, Bartlett and Wallace have shown that it is possible to oxidize ascorbate at lower potentials using a polyaniline polyvinylsulfonate composite coated electrode [10]. For all the electrode configurations presented in this work, a catalytic response to the presence of ascorbate can be observed. As an example, Fig. 5 shows a cyclic voltammogram in buffer at ph 7.2, for a modified electrode constructed in a sequential mode (dotted line). When ascorbic acid is added to a final concentration of 125 M, a new peak at 25 mv appears due to its oxidation (solid line), while the cathodic wave of PANI dramatically decreases due to its reduction by ascorbate. Cyclic voltammetry was also used to study the sensitivity of the ascorbate response for the different electrode configurations. The electrode modified by copolymerization of aniline and PSA shows the poorest response and worst linear range (white squares in Fig. 6). The response improves in the case of the electrodes modified by subsequent polymerizations. In all of them, PANI was grown by cycling the potential five times between 0.2 and 0.85 V at 10 mv s 1 ; then, different amounts of PSA were polymerized. The best sensitivity and linear range is observed in those electrodes where the polymerization of PSA was carried Fig. 4. Cyclic voltammetry of a modified electrode by subsequent polymerization of aniline and PSA (7 cycles) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer ph 7.2 at 10 mv s 1 (currents on left axis); and resistance behavior of the same polymer in 0.1 M phosphate buffer ph 7.2, grown between two band electrodes at a distance of 12 m (right axis). Fig. 5. Cyclic voltammetry for a modified electrode by subsequent polymerization of aniline and PSA (7 cycles) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer ph 7.2 (dotted line), in the presence of 125 M ascorbate (solid line). Sweep rate: 2 mv s 1.
5 1688 J.Y. Heras et al. / Talanta 71 (2007) Fig. 6. Ascorbate response for different electrode configurations: copolymer from aniline and PSA (90:10) (white squares); PANI + 4 PSA cycles (diamonds); PANI + 7 PSA cycles (black squares); PANI + 15 PSA cycles (triangles). The values plotted are the currents observed at 20 mv vs. Ag/AgCl from a cyclic voltammetry at 2 mv s 1. Fig. 7. Cyclic voltammetry for a modified electrode by subsequent polymerization of aniline and PSA (7 cycles) in the presence of 125 M ascorbate (solid line) and 125 M dopamine (dotted line). Sweep rate: 2 mv s 1. out by 7 and 15 cycles (circles and triangles in Fig. 6). It can be observed for the last two electrodes that the response is practically the same. This is probably due to the fact that the addition of PSA to the polymer does not scale linear with the number of cycles. As it is was stated before, after 7 cycles the peak corresponding to 0.25 V does not increase further, indicating that the electroactive part of the polymer that takes part in the ascorbic detection remains the same. The effect of possible interferences was studied, the response to ascorbate in the presence of uric acid and dopamine was determined. The modified electrode constructed by the polymerization of aniline (5 cycles) followed by the polymerization of PSA (7 cycles) was used in these experiments. The presence of uric acid did not affect the response of the modified electrode in a working potential range from 0.2 to 0.5 V, in spite of uric acid presents an oxidation peak potential at 0.4 V on a bare carbon electrode. A similar result was obtained by O Connell et al. [16] using only polyaniline. These authors suggested that the polyaniline layer is acting as a permselective membrane avoiding the oxidation of uric acid on the electrode surface. In Fig. 7, the cyclic voltammogram for ascorbate at ph 7.2 (solid line) is compared to the response for ascorbate plus dopamine, at the same concentrations (dotted line). Dopamine is oxidized at higher potentials, with no effect on the ascorbate signal, allowing the possibility of simultaneous determination of both species, e.g. by means of square wave voltammetry [17]. A similar modified electrode than the one used for the interferences studies was tested for ascorbate determinations at low concentrations. In this case the working potential was fixed at 0 mv. The electrode was part of a wall jet cell with the sample continuously circulating. The calibration curve presents a linear range from 5 to 50 M(Fig. 8). Table 1 shows the equation obtained for the calibration graph and the regression coefficient. The detection limit was calculated on the basis of 3σ (σ being the residual standard deviation of the intercept), yielding a value of 2.2 M. Fig. 8. Ascorbate amperometric response in a flow system. Applied potential: 0 mv vs. Ag/AgCl, flow rate 1.5 ml min 1. Sensor constructed by consecutive electrochemical polymerization of aniline and PSA (7 cycles). The response in a flow injection system with a 200 L loop was also studied. For this experiment PANI was grown by cycling the electrode three times at 10 mv s 1, and then in presence of PSA four times more. The sensor, constructed in these conditions, shows good stability at ph 7.2 and the time response is faster than for the other electrodes previously shown, since a Table 1 Parameters for the calibration curve shown in Fig. 8 Parameter Value Slope (na M 1 ) 1.96 Intercept (na) 2.7 Correlation coefficient Limit of detection ( M) 2.2 Linear range ( M) 5 50
6 J.Y. Heras et al. / Talanta 71 (2007) thinner layer is used. Using this system and a linear range up to 100 M was obtained. 4. Conclusions The sequential polymerization of aniline and PSA produces a polymer with improved conducting and electroactive properties compared to PANI at ph 7. These properties make them very suitable to determine ascorbate at physiological conditions, which reacts with the polymer at lower potentials compared to glassy carbon, platinum or other modified electrodes presented in the literature. The low potential value for the ascorbate oxidation allows its determination in presence of uric acid and dopamine. In contrast to our previous report where PANI was chemically modified with propane sultone [13], these modified electrodes can be built completely by electrochemical means. Therefore their size can be severely reduced and they can be part of an array of different modified electrodes. For the last, the construction of the modified electrode would not even require the handling of small volumes, since it will only need to impose the right potential to the element of the array which is going to be modified. Acknowledgements The financial support of Universidad de Buenos Aires and ANPCyT is acknowledged. References [1] R. Berkow, A.J. Fletcher (Eds.), El Manual Merck de Diagnóstico y Terapéutica, 9th ed., Mosby/Doyma Libros, Barcelona, Spain, 1996, p (in Spanish). [2] P.L. Conklin, E.H. Willlams, E.L. Last, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1996) [3] I. Koshiishi, T. Imanari, Anal. Chem. 69 (1997) [4] A. Malinauskas, R. Garjonyte, R. Mazeikiene, I. Jureviciute, Talanta 64 (2004) [5] S.L. Mu, J.Q. Kan, Synth. Meth. 132 (2002) [6] I. Jurevciute, K. Brazdziuviene, L. Bernotaite, B. Salkus, A. Malinauskas, Sens. Actuators B 107 (2005) [7] P.N. Bartlett, Y. Astier, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (2000) [8] J. Liu, S. Tian, W. Knoll, Langmuir 21 (2005) [9] O.A. Raitman, E. Katz, A.F. Bückmann, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) [10] P.N. Bartlett, E.N.K. Wallace, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 3 (2001) [11] P.N. Bartlett, E. Simon, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2 (2000) [12] P.N. Bartlett, E.N.K. Wallace, J. Electroanal. Chem. 486 (2000) [13] D. Raffa, K.T. Leung, F. Battaglini, Anal. Chem. 75 (2003) [14] S.A. Chen, G.-W. Hwang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (1995) [15] E.W. Paul, A.J. Ricco, M.S. Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem. 89 (1985) [16] P.J. O Connell, C. Gormally, M. Pravda, G.G. Guilbault, Anal. Chim. Acta 431 (2001) [17] P.R. Roy, T. Okajima, T. Ohsaka, Bioelectrochemistry 59 (2003)
Supporting Information. Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Nitrogen-Doped Carbons: Insights from Isotopic Labeling Studies
Supporting Information Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Nitrogen-Doped Carbons: Insights from Isotopic Labeling Studies Dorottya Hursán 1,2 and Csaba Janáky 1,2* 1 Department of Physical
More informationCarbon nanotubes and conducting polymer composites
University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year 4 Carbon nanotubes and conducting polymer composites May Tahhan University of Wollongong
More informationRedox Coupled Ion Exchange in Copolymers of Aniline with Aminobenzoic Acids
Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta 21 (2003) 245-254 PORTUGALIAE ELECTROCIMICA ACTA Redox Coupled Ion Exchange in Copolymers of Aniline with Aminobenzoic Acids.J. Salavagione, D.F. Acevedo, M.C. Miras, C.
More informationCharge Percolation in Redox-Active Thin Membrane Hybrids of Mesoporous Silica and Poly(viologens)
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. This journal is the Owner Societies 2019 Electronic Supplementary Information for Charge Percolation in Redox-Active Thin
More informationsensors ISSN by MDPI
Sensors 003, 3, 3-50 sensors ISSN 1-80 003 by MDPI http://www.mdpi.net/sensors Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid using Poly (Acridine red) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode Yuzhong
More informationElectrochemical synthesis and characterization of chloride doped polyaniline
Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 26, No. 3, April 2003, pp. 329 334. Indian Academy of Sciences. Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of chloride doped polyaniline A M PHARHAD HUSSAIN and A KUMAR* Department
More informationmolecules ISSN
Molecules 2000, 5, 1379 1385 molecules ISSN 1420-3049 http://www.mdpi.org The Relationship between Redox Potentials and Torsional Angles in 4,4 -Dimethyl N, N -Alkylidene 2,2 -Bipyridinium Salts Yijun
More informationPreparation of Prussian blue-modified screen-printed electrodes via a chemical deposition for mass production of stable hydrogen peroxide sensors
Procedure 7 Preparation of Prussian blue-modified screen-printed electrodes via a chemical deposition for mass production of stable hydrogen peroxide sensors Francesco Ricci, Danila Moscone and Giuseppe
More informationSupporting Information. Electropolymerization of aniline on nickel-based electrocatalysts substantially
Supporting Information Electropolymerization of aniline on nickel-based electrocatalysts substantially enhances their performance for hydrogen evolution Fuzhan Song, Wei Li, Guanqun Han, and Yujie Sun*
More informationLecture 4. Conductance sensors. ChemFET. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. py Practical consideration for electrochemical biosensors.
Lecture 4 Conductance sensors. ChemFET. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. py Practical consideration for electrochemical biosensors. Conductivity I V = I R=, L - conductance L= κa/, l Λ= κ /[ C]
More informationSpecific Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide With A Catalase Biosensor Based on Mercury Thin Film Electrodes
Turk J Chem 24 (2000), 95 99 c TÜBİTAK Specific Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide With A Catalase Biosensor Based on Mercury Thin Film Electrodes Nil ERTAŞ Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department
More informationElectrochemistry and Detection of Organic and Biological Molecules Such as Catechol and Ascorbic Acid at Conducting Poly (2,2-bithiophene) Electrode
Electrochemistry and Detection of Organic and Biological Molecules Such as Catechol and Ascorbic Acid at Conducting Poly (2,2-bithiophene) Electrode Suzanne K. Lunsford a*, Jelynn Stinson a, and Justyna
More informationSupplementary Material
Supplementary Material Digital Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Biosensor for the Determination of Multiple Proteins Based on Boolean Logic Gate Honglan Qi*, Xiaoying Qiu, Chen Wang, Qiang Gao, Chengxiao
More informationElectronic Supporting Information for
Electronic Supporting Information for An efficient long fluorescence lifetime polymer-based sensor based on europium complex as chromophore for the specific detection of F -, CH 3 COO - -, and H 2 PO 4
More informationChapter 2. Materials and Methods
Chapter 2 Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods This chapter describes the chemicals, reagents and instruments used for carrying out this study. A brief discussion of the methods used for the
More informationCHAPTER-5 CYCLIC VOLTAMETRIC STUDIES OF NOVEL INDOLE ANALOGUES PREPARED IN THE PRESENT STUDY
CHAPTER-5 CYCLIC VOLTAMETRIC STUDIES OF NOVEL INDOLE ANALOGUES PREPARED IN THE PRESENT STUDY Page No. 175-187 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Theoretical 5.3 Experimental 5.4 References 5. 1 Introduction Electrochemical
More informationConducting Polymer-Polyaniline
Conducting Polymer-Polyaniline Collect Multimeter w/ connecting wire 1 set DC power supply w/ connecting wire 1 set Connecting wire w/ two alligator clips 1 30 ml beaker 3 50 ml beaker 3 Timer (from TA)
More informationChemistry 325 Instrumental Methods of Analysis March 13, Final Exam. Name
Final Exam Name Instructions: This exam is worth 100 points. Some questions allow a choice as to which parts are answered. Only answer the number of parts requested. 1. (32 points) Circle the best answer
More informationElectrochemical Template-Free Synthesis of Nanofibrous Polyaniline Modified Electrode for Ascorbic Acid Determination
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 10 (2015) 1208-1220 International Journal of ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE www.electrochemsci.org Electrochemical Template-Free Synthesis of Nanofibrous Polyaniline Modified Electrode
More informationPortugaliae Electrochimica Acta 2010, 28(5), DOI: /pea
Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta 2010, 28(5), 336-348 DOI: 10.4152/pea.201005336 PORTUGALIAE ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA ISSN 1647-1571 Electrochemical Deposition and Characterization of Poly(3,4- ethylene dioxythiophene),
More informationShort Communication Electrochemical Polymerization of Methylene Blue on Glassy Carbon Electrode
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 12 (2017) 9907 9913, doi: 10.20964/2017.10.49 International Journal of ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE www.electrochemsci.org Short Communication Electrochemical Polymerization of Methylene
More informationStudy of Electrode Mechanism by Cyclic Voltammetry
Study of Electrode Mechanism by Cyclic Voltammetry Please note that this experiment is NT in the P. Chem lab in Mergenthaler. Students doing this experiment should go directly to Dunning Hall 14. Purpose
More informationJohary Rivera (Chemistry - University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus)
SUNFEST 2010 Evaluation of Composite Electronic Materials Based on Poly (3, 4 propylenedioxythiophene/poly (p Naptheleneethynylene) Wrapped Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes for Supercapacitors Johary Rivera
More informationElectro Analytical Methods
CH 2252 Instrumental Methods of Analysis Unit II Electro Analytical Methods Dr. M. Subramanian Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering Kalavakkam
More informationSupporting Information Reagents. Physical methods. Synthesis of ligands and nickel complexes.
Supporting Information for Catalytic Water Oxidation by A Bio-inspired Nickel Complex with Redox Active Ligand Dong Wang* and Charlie O. Bruner Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Biomolecular
More informationSupporting Information
Gold Nanoparticle-Modified ITO Electrode for Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence: Well-Preserved Transparency and Highly-Enhanced Activity Zuofeng Chen and Yanbing Zu * Department of Chemistry, The University
More informationCorrelating Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity in Alkaline Electrolyte to Hydrogen Binding Energy on Monometallic Surfaces
Supplemental Materials for Correlating Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity in Alkaline Electrolyte to Hydrogen Binding Energy on Monometallic Surfaces Wenchao Sheng, a MyatNoeZin Myint, a Jingguang G.
More informationScientific report Regarding the implementation of the project184/2011 during the period 1 January- 12 December 2016
Scientific report Regarding the implementation of the project184/211 during the period 1 January- 12 December 216 This scientific report is presented in corelation with the milestones M4 - M6 and with
More informationChemically-Resolved Transient Collision Events of Single Electrocatalytic Nanoparticles. Zhihui Guo, Stephen J. Percival, and Bo Zhang*
Supporting Information for Chemically-Resolved Transient Collision Events of Single Electrocatalytic Nanoparticles Zhihui Guo, Stephen J. Percival, and Bo Zhang* Department of Chemistry, University of
More informationTable S1. Electrocatalyst plating conditions Metal Anode (foil) Plating Potential (V versus Ag/AgCl) Rh Pt 1 M HCl/HPLC.
1 Materials and Methods Electrode Preparation All chemicals and supplies were high purity (> 999%) and supplied from Alfa Aesar or Fisher Scientific For anodic catalyst selection, 5 cm 2 titanium foil
More informationElectrochemical Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide Using Silver Nanoparticle Poly (Celestine Blue) Nanohybrid Modified Electrode
Electrochemical Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide Using Silver Nanoparticle Poly (Celestine Blue) Nanohybrid Modified Electrode N.S. Sangeetha, M. Devendiran, S. Sriman Narayanan* Department of Analytical
More informationCyclic Voltammetry. Fundamentals of cyclic voltammetry
Cyclic Voltammetry Cyclic voltammetry is often the first experiment performed in an electrochemical study of a compound, biological material, or an electrode surface. The effectiveness of cv results from
More informationSupporting Information. Electrochemical Vapor Deposition (E-CVD) of Semiconductors from Gas. Phase with a Solid Membrane Cell
Supporting Information Electrochemical Vapor Deposition (E-CVD) of Semiconductors from Gas Phase with a Solid Membrane Cell Sung Ki Cho 1, Fu-Ren F. Fan, and Allen J. Bard * Center for Electrochemistry,
More informationVoltammetric Comparison of the Electrochemical Oxidation of Toluene on Monolithic and Reticulated Glassy Carbon Electrodes in Aqueous Medium
Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta 2010, 28(6), 397-404 DOI: 10.4152/pea.201006397 PORTUGALIAE ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA ISSN 1647-1571 Voltammetric Comparison of the Electrochemical Oxidation of Toluene on Monolithic
More informationHigh-Performance Blend Membranes Composed of An Amphoteric Copolymer Containing Supramolecular Nanosieves for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Electonic Supplementary Information (ESI) for Chemical Communications High-Performance Blend Membranes Composed of An Amphoteric Copolymer Containing Supramolecular Nanosieves for Direct Methanol Fuel
More informationN-doped Carbon-Coated Cobalt Nanorod Arrays Supported on a Titanium. Mesh as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Electronic Supplementary Information N-doped Carbon-Coated Cobalt Nanorod
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Information Uniform and Rich Wrinkled Electrophoretic Deposited Graphene Film: A Robust Electrochemical Platform for TNT Sensing Longhua Tang, Hongbin Feng, Jinsheng Cheng and
More informationHomogeneous Electrochemical Assay for Protein Kinase Activity
Homogeneous Electrochemical Assay for Protein Kinase Activity Ik-Soo Shin,,, Rohit Chand, Sang Wook Lee, Hyun-Woo Rhee, Yong-Sang Kim, * and Jong-In Hong* Corresponding Author *Prof. Dr. J.-I. Hong, Department
More informationSingle Catalyst Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 in Water to H 2 :CO Syngas Mixtures with Water Oxidation to O 2
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Energy & Environmental Science. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supporting Information Single Catalyst Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2
More informationSUPPORTING INFORMATION. Direct Observation on Reaction Intermediates and the Role of. Cu Surfaces
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Direct Observation on Reaction Intermediates and the Role of Bicarbonate Anions in CO 2 Electrochemical Reduction Reaction on Cu Surfaces Shangqian Zhu, Bei Jiang, Wen-Bin Cai, Minhua
More informationSelective Determination of Epinephrine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and Dopamine Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Valine
Vol. 2, No. 1 International Journal of Chemistry Selective Determination of Epinephrine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and Dopamine Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Valine Xia Li Tel: 86-530-591-9816
More informationSupporting Information. 13 Pages, 9 Figures. Mechanisms of Humic Acid Fouling on Capacitive and Insertion Electrodes for Electrochemical Desalination
Supporting Information 13 Pages, 9 Figures Mechanisms of Humic Acid Fouling on Capacitive and Insertion Electrodes for Electrochemical Desalination Xitong Liu, 1 Jay F. Whitacre, 2,3,4 and Meagan S. Mauter
More informationUnit 2 B Voltammetry and Polarography
Unit 2 B Voltammetry and Polarography Voltammetric methods of Analysis What is Voltammetry? A time-dependent potential is applied to an electrochemical cell, and the current flowing through the cell is
More informationOne polymer for all: Benzotriazole Containing Donor-Acceptor Type Polymer as a Multi-Purpose Material
One polymer for all: Benzotriazole Containing Donor-Acceptor Type Polymer as a Multi-Purpose Material Abidin Balan a, Derya Baran a, Gorkem Gunbas a,b, Asuman Durmus a,b, Funda Ozyurt a and Levent Toppare
More informationDirect Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide Based on Nafion and Microspheres MnO 2 Modified Glass Carbon Electrode
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 4 (2009) 407-413 www.electrochemsci.org Direct Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide Based on Nafion and Microspheres MnO 2 Modified Glass Carbon Electrode Li Zhang
More informationDeactivation of Poly(o-Aminophenol) Film Electrodes After their Interaction with Ferric Cations. A Study Applying Interfacial Resistance Measurements
4 The Open Physical Chemistry Journal, 2010, 4, 4-9 Open Access Deactivation of Poly(o-Aminophenol) Film Electrodes After their Interaction with Ferric Cations. A Study Applying Interfacial Resistance
More informationAnalytica Chimica Acta
Analytica Chimica Acta 687 (2011) 7 11 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Analytica Chimica Acta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aca Integrated electrochemical transistor as a fast recoverable
More informationAdsorption of Guanine, Guanosine, and Adenine at Electrodes Studied by Differential Pulse Voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance
2326 Langmuir 2002, 18, 2326-2330 Adsorption of Guanine, Guanosine, and Adenine at Electrodes Studied by Differential Pulse Voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance Ana Maria Oliveira-Brett,* Luís Antônio
More informationVoltammetry Detection of Ascorbic Acid at Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Zinc Oxide
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8 (2013) 10557-10567 International Journal of ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE www.electrochemsci.org Voltammetry Detection of Ascorbic Acid at Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by Single-Walled
More informationCyclic Voltametric Studies on the Interaction of Adrenaline With Formic Acid and Acetic Acid
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 6 (2011) 6662-6669 International Journal of ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE www.electrochemsci.org Cyclic Voltametric Studies on the Interaction of Adrenaline With Formic Acid and Acetic
More informationA Highly Miniaturized Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Using a Nanoporous Platinum Electrode Electroplated on Silicon
Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 58, No. 5, May 2011, pp. 1505 1510 A Highly Miniaturized Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Using a Nanoporous Platinum Electrode Electroplated on Silicon Yi Jae Lee and
More informationGoals. The laboratory instructor has already purged the solutions of dissolved. Purging the from these solutions prevents spurious
Goals 41 Cyclic Voltammetry XXGoals The goals of this experiment are to: Learn how to set up a screen-printed electrode Learn how to operate the Gamry potentiostat Determine the redox potential of potassium
More informationActivated Carbon/Polyaniline Electrode For Electrochemical Supercapacitor
CHAPTER SIX Activated Carbon/Polyaniline Electrode For Electrochemical Supercapacitor Outline Activated carbon/ Polyaniline (AC/PANI) composite prepared by in situ polymerization method. Deposition was
More informationMaterials. The three sulfonated calixarene host molecules, p- molecules, 5,6-dihydropyrazion[1,2,3,4-lmn][1,10]phenanthroline-4,7-diium (DP 2+ ) 4
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 214 Experimental Section Materials. The three sulfonated calixarene host molecules, p- sulfonatocalix[4]arene
More informationSupplementary Information. Carolyn Richmonds, Megan Witzke, Brandon Bartling, Seung Whan Lee, Jesse Wainright,
Supplementary Information Electron transfer reactions at the plasma-liquid interface Carolyn Richmonds, Megan Witzke, Brandon Bartling, Seung Whan Lee, Jesse Wainright, Chung-Chiun Liu, and R. Mohan Sankaran*,
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information. Facile synthesis of polypyrrole coated copper nanowire: new concept to engineered core-shell structures
Electronic Supplementary Information Facile synthesis of polypyrrole coated copper nanowire: new concept to engineered core-shell structures Yang Liu, a Zhen Liu, a Ning Lu, b Elisabeth Preiss, a Selcuk
More informationElectropolymerization of Methylene Blue on Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode and Its Electrocatalysis to 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid
158 Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 2009, 56, 158-163 Electropolymerization of Methylene Blue on Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode and Its Electrocatalysis to 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Rui-JunZhao(
More information~ nm. Nanomaterials in Bio-Sensors. Carbon Nanomaterials in Bio-Sensors. Stabilization in Confined Spaces. Stabilization: Protein and Cage Size
Nanomaterials in Bio-Sensors Nanomaterials must have unique and novel physical and/or chemical characteristics which can aid in the design of bio-sensors with improved analytical characteristics: High
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information D Nanoporous Ag@BSA Composite Microspheres As Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor Quanwen Liu a, *, Ting Zhang b, Lili Yu c, Nengqin Jia c, Da-Peng Yang d * a School of Chemistry and Materials
More informationPT/NI COUNTER-ELECTRODES WITH IMPROVED STABILITY FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS
PT/NI COUNTER-ELECTRODES WITH IMPROVED STABILITY FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS G. Syrrokostas, G. Leftheriotis and P. Yianoulis Energy and Environment Lab, Physics Department, University of Patras, Rion,
More informationElectronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Chemical Communications This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011
Supplementary Information for Selective adsorption toward toxic metal ions results in selective response: electrochemical studies on polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite Experimental Section
More informationdiamond ph electrode improving on
Development of a boron doped diamond ph electrode improving on current ph sensing technologies Zoë J Ayres University of Warwick ph sensing: industrial and environmental importance ph = - log ah+ Environmental
More informationSupporting information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supporting information Synthesis, Characterization and Photoelectrochemical properties of HAP Gang
More informationSolution Purging. Goals. 1. Purge both solutions with an inert gas (preferably N 2
Goals 43 Cyclic Voltammetry XXGoals The goals of this experiment are to: Learn how to set up a screen-printed electrode Learn how to operate the Gamry potentiostat Determine the redox potential of potassium
More informationSingle Molecule Electrochemistry on a Porous Silica-Coated Electrode
Supporting information for Single Molecule Electrochemistry on a Porous Silica-Coated Electrode Jin Lu, Yunshan Fan, Marco Howard, Joshua C. Vaughan, and Bo Zhang* Department of Chemistry, University of
More informationElectrochemical Detection of 2-Naphthol at a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Tosflex Film
1315 Full Paper Electrochemical Detection of 2-Naphthol at a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Tosflex Film Ming-Chih Tsai, Po-Yu Chen* Faculty of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical
More informationChapter - 8. Summary and Conclusion
Chapter - 8 Summary and Conclusion The present research explains the synthesis process of two transition metal oxide semiconductors SnO 2 and V 2 O 5 thin films with different morphologies and studies
More informationTransistor behavior via Au clusters etched from electrodes in an acidic gating solution: Metal nanoparticles mimicking conducting polymers
PHYSICAL REVIEW B 71, 035306 (2005) Transistor behavior via Au clusters etched from electrodes in an acidic gating solution: Metal nanoparticles mimicking conducting polymers Jacob E. Grose, Abhay N. Pasupathy,
More informationNitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous carbon derived from human hair as. highly efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Electronic Supplementary Information Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous
More informationConstruction and Application of Electrolytic Cell for Iodine Determination
Construction and Application of Electrolytic Cell for Iodine Determination Nasrullah Shah *1, Muhammad Bilal Arian 1, Wajid Ali Khan 1 1 Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
More informationResearch Article. Synthesis and characterisation of poly (pyrrole-co-isoniazid)
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(9):28-33 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Synthesis and characterisation of poly (pyrrole-co-isoniazid)
More informationSupporting Information for
Supporting Information for Effects of aqueous buffers on electrocatalytic water oxidation with an iridium oxide material electrodeposited in thin layers from an organometallic precursor Maxwell N. Kushner-Lenhoff,
More informationCyclic Voltammetric and Electrochemical Simulation Studies on the Electro-Oxidation of Catechol in the Presence of 4, 4-bipyridine
American Journal of Physical Chemistry 2016; 5(3): 45-55 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpc doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20160503.11 ISSN: 2327-2430 (Print); ISSN: 2327-2449 (Online) Cyclic Voltammetric
More informationNTEGRA for EC PRESENTATION
NTEGRA for EC PRESENTATION Application Purpose: In-situ control/modification of the surface morphology of single crystal and polycrystal electrodes (samples) during electrochemical process (in situ) in
More informationThe Application of Electrochromic Character of PANI Film in Hydrogen Phosphate Ion Detection
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8 (2013) 4142-4149 International Journal of ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE www.electrochemsci.org The Application of Electrochromic Character of PANI Film in Hydrogen Phosphate Ion
More informationRapid Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Fresh Vegetables and Fruits with Electrochemically Treated Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes
Rapid Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Fresh Vegetables and Fruits with Electrochemically Treated Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes Ling Xiang 1,2, Hua Ping 1,2, Liu Zhao 1,2, Zhihong Ma 1,2, and Ligang
More informationunperturbed QCR (b) Fig. 1.- (a) Equivalent circuit of a loaded quartz-crystal-resonator. (b) Circuit for simulating a quartz resonator sensor
CIRCUIT FOR CONTINUOUS MOTIONAL SERIES RESONANT FREQUENCY AND MOTIONAL RESISTANCE MONITORING OF QUARTZ CRYSTAL RESONATORS BY PARALLEL CAPACITANCE COMPENSATION. PACS REFERENCE: 4338FX Arnau Antonio; Sogorb
More informationABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION
Organic-inorganic hybrid of polyaniline-vanadium oxide nanocomposites and their electrorheological behaviour Sumita Goswami, Tiago Brehm, Sergej Filonovich, *Maria Teresa Cidade Departamento de Ciência
More informationNovel Supercapacitor Materials Including OLED emitters
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for New Journal of Chemistry. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2015 Supporting Information Novel
More informationRedox-switchable supramolecular polymers for responsive. self-healing nanofibers in water
Supporting Information Redox-switchable supramolecular polymers for responsive self-healing nanofibers in water Qiang Yan, Anchao Feng, Huijuan Zhang, Yingwu Yin, Jinying Yuan* Key Lab of rganic ptoelectronics
More informationSupporting Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Supporting Information Title: A sulfonated polyaniline with high density and high rate Na-storage
More informationPOLYPYRROLE FILMS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL OXIDATION OF PYRROLE IN AQUEOUS FeCl 3 SOLUTION
Journal of Science and Arts Year 10, No. 1 (12), pp. 53-58, 2010 POLYPYRROLE FILMS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL OXIDATION OF PYRROLE IN AQUEOUS FeCl 3 SOLUTION DRAGOŞ-VIOREL BREZOI Valahia University of Targoviste,130024,
More informationOxygen evolution reaction electrocatalyzed on a Fenton-treated gold surface. P. Esakki Karthik, C. Jeyabharathi and K. L. N.
Oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalyzed on a Fenton-treated gold surface P. Esakki Karthik, C. Jeyabharathi and K. L. N. Phani* Nanoscale Electrocatalysis & Sensor Research Group Electrodics & Electrocatalysis
More informationAnalysis of Hydroquinone/Quinone Redox Couple Through the Use of Cyclic Voltammetry
Analysis of Hydroquinone/Quinone Redox Couple Through the Use of Cyclic Voltammetry Adam Woodard and Katrin Henry Ta: Jie Ding Abstract: The hydroquinone/quinone redox couple was studied under various
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Electronic Supplementary Information Fig. S1 XRD patterns of a-nifeo x
More informationCharacterization of Films Immobilized on an Electrode Surface Using the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
haracterization of Films Immobilized on an Electrode Surface Using the Electrochemical Quartz rystal Microbalance drian W. ott, Ph.D. ioanalytical Systems, Inc. 2701 Kent venue West Lafayette, I 47906-1382
More informationNitric Oxide Electrochemical Sensors Based on Hybrid Films of Conducting Polymers and Metal Phtalocyanines
Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta 21 (2003) 235-243 PORTUGALIAE ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA Nitric Oxide Electrochemical Sensors Based on Hybrid Films of Conducting Polymers and Metal Phtalocyanines M.C. Miras,
More informationElectrochemical Water Splitting by Layered and 3D Cross-linked Manganese Oxides: Correlating Structural Motifs and Catalytic Activity
Electronic Supplementary Information Electrochemical Water Splitting by Layered and 3D Cross-linked Manganese Oxides: Correlating Structural Motifs and Catalytic Activity Arno Bergmann,* a Ivelina Zaharieva,*
More informationElectrocatalytic gas sensors based on Nasicon and Lisicon
Materials Science-Poland, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2006 Electrocatalytic gas sensors based on Nasicon and Lisicon G. JASINSKI 1*, P. JASINSKI 1, B. CHACHULSKI 2, A. NOWAKOWSKI 1 1 Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications
More informationANALYSIS OF LEAD IN SEAWATER
ANALYSIS OF LEAD IN SEAWATER BY DIFFERENTIAL PULSE POLAROGRAPHY Introduction Electrochemical methods of analysis can be used for the quantitative analysis of any electroactive species any species that
More informationSupplementary Materials
Atomic layer-deposited tunnel oxide stabilizes silicon photoanodes for water oxidation Yi Wei Chen 1, Jonathan D. Prange 2, Simon Dühnen 2, Yohan Park 1, Marika Gunji 1, Christopher E. D. Chidsey 2, and
More informationRapid Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Fresh Vegetables and Fruits with Electrochemically Treated Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes
Rapid Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Fresh Vegetables and Fruits with Electrochemically Treated Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes Ling Xiang 1, 2, Hua Ping 1, 2, Liu Zhao 1, 2, Zhihong Ma 1, 2, Ligang
More informationElectrochemistry and Characterization of Some Organic Molecules at Microsize Conducting Polymer Electrodes
Electrochemistry and Characterization of Some Organic Molecules at Microsize Conducting Polymer Electrodes Ahmed Galal + * Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, United Arab Emirates University,
More informationLithium-ion Batteries Based on Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotubes and Ionic Liquid
Electronic Supplementary Information Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotubes and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes Wen Lu, * Adam Goering, Liangti Qu, and Liming Dai * 1. Synthesis of
More informationElectrochemical detection of phenol in aqueous solutions
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology Vol. 11, November 2004, pp. 797-803 Electrochemical detection of phenol in aqueous solutions J Mathiyarasu*, James Joseph, K L N Phani & V Yegnaraman Electrodics &
More informationAnalytica Chimica Acta 409 (2000) Ageliki B. Florou, Mamas I. Prodromidis, Miltiades I. Karayannis, Stella M. Tzouwara-Karayanni
Analytica Chimica Acta 409 (2000) 113 121 Flow electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid in real samples using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a cellulose acetate film bearing 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
More informationBiosensors and Bioelectronics
Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24 (2009) 3073 3077 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biosensors and Bioelectronics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bios Enzyme immobilization on Ag nanoparticles/polyaniline
More informationCHEMICAL POLYMERIZATION OF SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES OF ANILINE IN OXALIC ACID MEDIUM
Sci. Revs. Chem. Commun.: 2(3), 2012, 387-391 ISSN 2277-2669 CHEMICAL POLYMERIZATION OF SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES OF ANILINE IN OXALIC ACID MEDIUM M. G. WANKHEDE * Department of Physics, Government Polytechnic,
More informationn. log a ox a red
Amperometry &Voltammetry Non-equilibrium electrochemistry! Based on Electrolytic Cells---apply external voltage to pair of electrodes to force rxn to occur--get current flow---current α [conc] o E elect
More informationNitroxide polymer networks formed by Michael addition: on site-cured electrode-active organic coating
Supporting information for: Nitroxide polymer networks formed by Michael addition: on site-cured electrode-active organic coating Takeshi Ibe, a Rainer B. Frings, b Artur Lachowicz, b Soichi Kyo, a and
More information