APPLICATION OF IONIC LIQUID DISPERSIVE LIQUID- LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION FOR ANALYSIS OF N-NITROSODIPROPYLAMINE IN SALTED FISH
|
|
- Frank Oliver
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal Aning of Chemical Purwaningsih, Technology Yanuardi and Metallurgy, Raharjo, Hendarta 52, 6, 2017, Agasi APPLICATION OF IONIC LIQUID DISPERSIVE LIQUID- LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION FOR ANALYSIS OF N-NITROSODIPROPYLAMINE IN SALTED FISH Aning Purwaningsih, Yanuardi Raharjo, Hendarta Agasi Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia Received 05 January 2017 Accepted 20 July 2017 ABSTRACT An ionic liquid (IL) is a compound, composed of a cation, an anion and an alkyl, which has low volatility and good extraction properties. The combination of an ionic liquid and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with a GC-FID instrument, used for the determination of n-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA), is an appropriate, accurate, easy and fast method. The following optimal parameters of the analysis have been established: ionic liquid [C 6 ], dispersing solvent volume 6 μl, 6 μl volume of solvent extract and sample volume 8 ml. The correlation coefficient of this method for concentrations from 2.0 to 10.0 g/l was The detection limit for this method is 123 g/ml with an average accuracy of % and coefficient of variation of 0.03 % %. The method is developed to detect NDPA in salted fish samples of 1.12 g/l. Keywords: ionic liquid, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, nitrosodipropylamine, salted fish. INTRODUCTION The solvent is a very important component in the process analysis. Solvents like the aliphatic hydrocarbons hexane and gasoline are widely used in the extraction of oil, tires, paint, aerosol carrier substance and disinfectants. Arene hydrocarbons as benzene, toluene and xylene, are used as solvents in the paint industry, for insecticides and agricultural chemicals, and alcohols are also widely used organic solvents. Generally, these solvents may cause many problems, since some of them are toxic, volatile, corrosive and carcinogenic [1]. Therefore, it is necessary to use solvents that can reduce the problems. The current trend is to develop ionic liquids as solvents. The advantages of an ionic liquid are its high capability as extractor of organic compounds and metal ions, insolubility in water, low volatility and non-flammability [2].. Based on these properties the ionic liquid has the potential to replace organic solvents for the preparation and analysis of a compound [3]. DLLME (Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction) is a microextraction technique being developed by the researchers, because it has some advantages for sample preparation. DLLME is an easy, fast, economical process with a high recovery percentage, and a high concentration factor [3]. The combination between DLLME and an ionic liquid can be used in sample preparation for NDPA assay, contained in the food, being an accurate, safe, environmentally friendly method that does not generate a lot of waste and replacing organic solvents that are harmful. The aims for this paper is to introduce a new sample preparation for detection and analysis of carcinogenic compounds, especially nitrosamines, in diet. The production of the traditional salted fish generally employs fresh fish dipped into a solution of concentrated salt (NaCl), then dried in the sun. In addition to the use of salt, it is common to add potassium nitrite 1051
2 Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 52, 6, 2017 and sodium nitrite as preservatives [4]. Compounds containing nitrite are precursors of nitrosamines, which are known as carcinogens. Nitrosamines can be formed in a reaction between nitrite and amine compounds in protein. The combination of an ionic liquid and DLLME with optimized ionic liquid type, volume of ionic liquid solution, volume of dispersing solvent and volume of NDPA are have been studied for NDPA analysis in salted fish, using a GC-FID instrument. EXPERIMENTAL Ionic Liquid-DLLME Method A 3 ml NDPA standard solution is put in a glass tube closed with a rubber cap. Six µl ionic liquid and 2 µl dispersant solvent (e.g. acetonitrile) are injected into the glass tube with a microsyringe, and centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 5 minutes. After the extraction process is complete, the ionic liquid, containing the analyte, is pulled back into the syringe (Fig. 1) and injected directly into the GC. Calibration curve without extraction A total of 5 types NDPA standard solutions with concentrations of respectively 2; 4; 6; 8; and 10 g/l were prepared and analyzed with GC to obtain chromatograms. The plots between area and concentration were used to obtain a calibration curve without extraction. Fig. 2. Diagram for the optimization of ionic liquid: a) [C 4 ]; b) [C 6 ]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Optimization of ionic liquid type In this study we used two types of ionic liquids, namely ([C 4 ]) and ([C 6 ]). Their selection was based on previous studies that extract a semi-polar target compound with a non-polar solvent.the longer chain results in a more nonpolar ionic liquid [2]. So it can be said that the ionic liquid ([C 6 ]) is more nonpolar than the ionic liquid ([C 4 ]). Based on the Fig. 2, it can be stated that the ionic liquid type ([C 6 ]) is the optimum ionic liquid and can be used in the next stage. Fig. 1. Scheme of the IL-DLLME procedure. 1052
3 Aning Purwaningsih, Yanuardi Raharjo, Hendarta Agasi Optimization of the Ionic Liquid Volume In the optimization of ionic liquid type, we used a concentration of 2 g/l NDPA, centrifugation speed of 4500 rpm for 5 minutes, 8 ml volume of the sample, ionic liquid ([C 6 ]) and dispersant solvent acetonitrile, with volume of 6 μl. The procedure was the same as the optimization of the ionic liquid volume (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 μl). It can be seen in Fig. 3, that the optimum volume of the ionic liquid is 6 μl. From extraction results, it is observed that the increasing of the volume of the ionic liquid is followed by an increase in area generated, but when the volume is 8 ml, the area decreases, because the excess volume of ionic liquid leads to a decrease in the extraction efficiency. Higher volume of the ionic liquid, extracts more NDPA, but the increasing volume of ionic liquid causes decrease of the solubility in the dispersant solvent, so that a smaller area of NDPA is generated. These results are consistent with research conducted by Liu [5] and He [6], which show that the increasing volume of ionic liquid will increase the number of the extracted analyte, but at a certain amount the ionic liquid will saturate the analyte and the increase in the volume of ionic liquid decreases the concentration factor, so that the extraction efficiency is reduced. Therefore, the volume of 6 ml ionic liquid has been used for parameter optimization and subsequent analysis. Optimization of the Dispersant Solvent Volume The mixture of dispersant solvent with ionic liquid after introducing the target compound and the solvent generates a cloudy solution. This suggests that the role of the dispersant solvent is already underway, namely as a link between the solvents with different polarity. The dispersant solvents used in the optimization are ethanol, acetonitrile and acetone. Wherein the dispersant solvents of the three types represent the semi-polar nature solvent needed, while testing the capabilities of the dispersant solvents with different polarity. Based on previous research, we have concluded that acetonitrile is able to help the ionic liquid ([C 6 ]) to extract the NDPA compound well [7]. It is seen on Fig. 4 that for the methanol dispersant solvent, the amount of the extracted NDPA is very small. This is because the dispersant has a polarity which is almost the same as the solvent of the target compound, so that in both solutions, the ionic liquid and the target compound cannot function properly. Similar things happened in the solution of the acetone nonpolar dispersant. Because of its non-polar nature, acetone is not able to function as the solvent media for the ionic liquid and the target compound, because the ionic liquid has the same polarity as acetone. Thus, it can be concluded that the nature of the semi-polar acetonitrile as a dispersant solvent is appropriate and can be used in later stages. The extraction results for the optimization of the dispersant solvent volume can be seen in the Fig. 5. The excess volume of dispersant solvent causes a decrease in the extraction efficiency. This is because the excess volume of the dispersant solvent can cause the solution is not able to extract NDPA optimally. This shows that if the volume of ionic liquid is too much, then the amount Fig. 3. Ionic liquid volume optimization curve ([C 6 ]). Fig. 4. Optimization of dispersant solvent type. 1053
4 Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 52, 6, 2017 Fig. 5. Optimization of dispersant solvent volume curve (Acetonitrile). of NDPA extracted is small. The results are consistent with research conducted by Liu [5] and He [6] which demonstrate that the increasing volume of ionic liquid will increase the amount of extracted analyte, but at a certain amount, the ionic liquid will saturate the analyte and the increase in volume of ionic liquid will make the concentration factor getting decreased, so that the extraction efficiency is reduced. Therefore, the volume of 6 ml ionic liquid has been used for parameter optimization and subsequent analysis. Optimization of the NDPA Volume After knowing the optimum volume of the dispersant solvent, we can proceed to the optimization of the volume of NDPA. As in the optimization of the volume of the dispersant solvent, the conditions remain the same in the optimization of the volume of dispersant solvent - Fig. 6. Volume optimization with NDPA. concentration of NDPA 2 g/l, centrifugation speed 4500 rpm for 5 minutes, volume of acetonitrile 2 μl, ionic liquid ([C 6 ]), volume of the Ionic liquid 6 ul. The procedure was the same as when in the optimization of the sample volumes (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ml). The extraction results for the optimization of the sample volumes can be seen in Fig. 6. Increasing the volume of the sample produces greater areas in the GC chromatogram, but if the volume of the sample is too high, the extraction efficiency is reduced. Enrichment Factor The Enrichment Factor shows the concentration that occurs during the extraction process, using IL-DLLME. The concentration of the analyte during the extraction process, using IL-DLLME, can be seen in Fig. 7. Fig. 7. Comparison between the NDPA extraction with IL-DLLME and without IL-DLLME. 1054
5 Aning Purwaningsih, Yanuardi Raharjo, Hendarta Agasi From this figure we calculated that the theoretical Enrichment Factor (EF th ) of the NDPA extraction process, using IL-DLLME, is 1200 times. While the real enrichment or True Enrichment Factor (EF tr ) is times. We can conclude that enrichment process using IL-DLLME is better, because the EF th result is close to the EF tr result. NDPA Analysis of Salted Fish Sample The analysis procedure for the NDPA concentration in salted fish has been similar to the procedure for the creation of the standard calibration curve of NDPA with the ionic liquid-dllme method. For the sample analysis, the constant sample volume was 8 ml, the ionic liquid used ([C 6 ]) was with volume of 6 μl, the dispersant solvent used was acetonitrile, with a volume of 6 μl, and the centrifugation was at 4500 rpm for 5 minutes. Measuring the NDPA concentration in the sample was done by using the average area from NDPA standard calibration curve, obtained with the ionic liquid-dllme method, as an Y-axis. The Equation of NDPA standard calibration curve with ionic liquid DLLME method is y = 10485x The calculation with the experimentally obtained area showed that the concentration of NDPA in the sample was 1.12 g/l. CONCLUSIONS The combination of an ionic liquid and DLLME technique can be used in sample preparation for NDPA analysis by GC-FID. The optimal parameter values for this analysis are: ionic liquid ([C 6 ]) solution volume of 6μL, volume of the dispersant solution (acetonitrile) 6μL, and 8 ml sample volume. The studied combination gives good results when applied to the analysis of NDPA in salted fish with GC-FID. The NDPA concentration in the sample is determined to be 1.12 g/l. The detection limit for this method is 123 ppb with an accuracy range % % and coefficient of variation up to %. Acknowledgements The authors express gratitude to the Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, and the Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, for the research facility provided. REFERENCES 1. M.F. Kerton, Alternative Solvents for Green Chemistry, The Royal Societyof Chemistry, United Kingdom, 2011, p M. Koel, C.H.Lochmuller, Ionic Liquid in Chemical Analysis: Practical and IndustrialApplications, 2 nd Analytical Chemistry Series CFC Duke University Press,13, 2009, M. Rezaee, Y. Assandi, M. Reza, E. Aghaee, F. Ahmadi, S. Berijani, Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, Journal of Chromatography A, 1116, 2006, T. Margono, D. Suryati, S. Hartinah, Handbook of Food Technology, Information Center of Women in Development WWII-LIPI, Swiss Development Cooperation, Y. Liu, E. Zhao, W. Zhu, H. Gao, Z. Zhou, Determination of four heterocyclic insecticides by ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in water samples, J. Chrom. A, 1216, 2009, L. He, X. Luo, H. Xie, C. Wang, X. Jiang, K. Lu, Ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed-high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples, Anal.Chim.Acta, 655, 1-2, 2009, A. Purwaningsih, Y.Raharjo, Applications of Microextraction Ionic Liquid-Based Green Chemistry for Analysis of Nitrosamines compounds, Report of Research, Department of Chemistry, Airlangga University, Surabaya,
Application of Cone Shaped Membrane-Liquid Phase Microextraction for Analysis Nitrosodipropylamine in Salted Fish
ISBN 978-602-285-049-6 Application of Cone Shaped Membrane-Liquid Phase Microextraction for Analysis Nitrosodipropylamine in Salted Fish Yanuardi Raharjo a, Usreg Sri Handajani, Eko Aryo Wijaksono Abstract
More informationDETERMINATION OF CHLORPYRIFOS PESTICIDE BY EFFERVESCENCE LIQUID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION HPLC UV-VIS
Journal Journal of Chemical of Chemical Technology Technology and Metallurgy, and Metallurgy, 52, 6, 52, 2017, 6, 2017 1056-1061 DETERMINATION OF CHLORPYRIFOS PESTICIDE BY EFFERVESCENCE LIQUID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION
More informationJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(5): Research Article
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 214, 6(5):1274-128 Research Article ISSN : 975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 The application of hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction
More informationSolutions. Experiment 11. Various Types of Solutions. Solution: A homogenous mixture consisting of ions or molecules
Solutions Solution: A homogenous mixture consisting of ions or molecules -Assignment: Ch 15 Questions & Problems : 5, (15b,d), (17a, c), 19, 21, 23, 27, (33b,c), 39, (43c,d),45b, 47, (49b,d), (55a,b),
More informationChem 1075 Chapter 14 Solutions Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 14 Solutions Lecture Outline Slide 2 Solutions A solution is a. A solution is composed of a dissolved in a. Solutions exist in all three physical states: Slide 3 Polar Molecules When
More informationCHEM340 Tutorial 4: Chromatography
CHEM340 Tutorial 4: Chromatography 1. The data in the table below was obtained from a chromatogram obtained with a 10 cm liquid chromatography column. Under the conditions used, the compound uracil is
More informationLecture 1 Chapter 12 Sections 1-2. Solutions Solubility
Lecture 1 Chapter 12 Sections 1-2 Solutions Solubility Chapt 12: Nature of Solutions Solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, in which one is called the solvent and the other is the solute
More informationAnalysis of BTEX in Natural Water with SPME
Analysis of BTEX in Natural Water with SPME Application Note Environmental Author Giordano Vassalli Sezione Protezione Aria Introduction Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) isomers are monocyclic
More information2. a) R N and L N so R L or L R 2.
1. Use the formulae on the Some Key Equations and Definitions for Chromatography sheet. a) 0.74 (remember that w b = 1.70 x w ½ ) b) 5 c) 0.893 (α always refers to two adjacent peaks) d) 1.0x10 3 e) 0.1
More informationUNIT 12: Solutions Lesson 1: Factors Affecting Solubility
Work hard. Be nice. Name: Period: Date: UNIT 12: Solutions Lesson 1: Factors Affecting Solubility Do Now: By the end of today, you will have an answer to: What determines whether or not something will
More informationApplication. Gas Chromatography February Introduction
Ambient Headspace Analysis with the Agilent 7683 Automatic Liquid Sampler Application Gas Chromatography February 1998 Authors Matthew S. Klee and Chin Kai Meng Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2850 Centerville
More informationExperiment 5 Reactions of Hydrocarbons
Experiment 5 Reactions of ydrocarbons ydrocarbons are compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen. ydrocarbons can be classified further by the type of bonds they contain. If a hydrocarbon contains
More informationExtraction. A useful technique for purification of mixture. Dr. Zerong Wang at UHCL. Separation processes
Extraction A useful technique for purification of mixture Separation processes Liquid-liquid extraction Adsorption Filtration Solid-liquid extraction (leaching) Elution chromatography Membrane separation
More informationDetermination of Volatile Substances Proof of Food Adulteration
ANALYSIS OF FOOD AND NATURAL PRODUCTS LABORATORY EXERCISE Determination of Volatile Substances Proof of Food Adulteration (method: gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection) Exercise guarantor:
More informationHYDROCARBONS: STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES
YDROARBONS: STRUTURE & PROPERTIES PURPOSE: To discover the physical and chemical properties of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. To identify an unknown hydrocarbon by comparing it to known samples.
More informationHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography
Updated: 3 November 2014 Print version High Performance Liquid Chromatography David Reckhow CEE 772 #18 1 HPLC System David Reckhow CEE 772 #18 2 Instrument Basics PUMP INJECTION POINT DETECTOR COLUMN
More informationHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography
Updated: 3 November 2014 Print version High Performance Liquid Chromatography David Reckhow CEE 772 #18 1 HPLC System David Reckhow CEE 772 #18 2 1 Instrument Basics PUMP INJECTION POINT DETECTOR COLUMN
More informationChapter 13 Properties of Solutions
Section 13.1 The Solution Process Chapter 13 Properties of Solutions SOLVENT - any substance that has other substances dissolved in it (often a liquid) ie. The dissolving medium - often the substance present
More informationSPIKING ANALYSIS OF DRY GAS
SPIKING NLYSIS OF DRY GS L GC 3 From Juniata College SIM INTRODUCTION There are many different brands of gasoline additives, sometimes referred to as dry gas, on the market and at least as many different
More informationLab 3: Solubility of Organic Compounds
Lab 3: Solubility of rganic Compounds bjectives: - Understanding the relative solubility of organic compounds in various solvents. - Exploration of the effect of polar groups on a nonpolar hydrocarbon
More informationChemical Analysis Problem
Chemical Analysis Problem Hair analysis is frequently used for the long-term monitoring of drug and alcohol users. You are working at a forensics laboratory and have been given the task of developing a
More informationClassification of Mystery Substances
Classification of Mystery Substances This document supports the safety activity Mystery Substance Identification: The Identification of Unlabeled Chemicals Found on School Premises from Flinn Scientific.
More informationCHAPTER 6 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 6 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Expected Outcomes Explain the principles of gas chromatography Able to state the function of each components of GC instrumentation Able to state the applications of GC 6.1
More informationHeadspace Technology for GC and GC/MS: Features, benefits & applications
Headspace Technology for GC and GC/MS: Features, benefits & applications Karima Baudin Oct 2015 Why use Headspace? Very Simple no to minimum sample prep Robust enhance uptime Non-detectable carry-over
More informationChromatography. What is Chromatography?
Chromatography What is Chromatography? Chromatography is a technique for separating mixtures into their components in order to analyze, identify, purify, and/or quantify the mixture or components. Mixture
More informationSolutions are HOMOGENEOUS mixtures and can be gases, liquids, or solids.
UNIT 4 Solutions and Solubility Chapter 8 Solutions and Concentration Types of Solutions The simplest solutions contain 2 substances: 1. SOLVENT o any substance that has another substance o dissolved in
More informationBasic Concepts of Chemistry Notes for Students [Chapter 12, page 1] D J Weinkauff - Nerinx Hall High School. Chapter 12 Properties of Solutions
Basic Concepts of Chemistry Notes for Students [Chapter 12, page 1] Chapter 12 Properties of Solutions Section 12 1: The Nature of Aqueous Solutions 1) Sec 12 1.1 Mixtures of Two Liquids When two liquids
More information*Author for Correspondence
SEPARATION AND PRECONCENTRATION OF ULTRA TRACE AMOUNTS OF Cr (III) IN ENVIROMENTAL WATER SAMPLES BY DISPERSIVE LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION AND ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY * Jafar Burromandpiroze
More informationWhat is a solution? 22.1
22 22.1 How Solutions Form What is a solution? Solution= homogeneous mixture- same composition throughout Can be: liquids, gases and even solids Worlds Largest= Ocean Solute: is dissolved Solvent: does
More informationChapter 9: Solutions
9.1 Mixtures and Solutions Chapter 9: Solutions Heterogeneous mixtures are those in which the mixing is not uniform and have regions of different composition. Homogeneous mixtures are those in which the
More informationChapter 5. Chemical Extraction
Chapter 5. Chemical Extraction 1. Solid-liquid extraction 2. Liquid-liquid extraction 1 Introduction - Extraction is a physical process by which a compound is transferred from one phase to another : -
More informationExperiment 6 Alcohols and Phenols
Experiment 6 Alcohols and Phenols Alcohols are organic molecules that contain a hydroxyl (-) group. Phenols are molecules that contain an group that is directly attached to a benzene ring. Alcohols can
More informationExperiment 1 SOLUBILITY. TIME ESTIMATE: Parts A-D (3 hours); Part E (1 hour); Part F (1 hour) CHEMICALS AND SUPPLIES PER 10 STUDENTS:
Experiment 1 SOLUBILITY TIME ESTIMATE: Parts A-D (3 hours); Part E (1 hour); Part F (1 hour) CHEMICALS AND SUPPLIES PER 10 STUDENTS: Part A Benzophenone (Grind up the flakes into a powder) Malonic acid
More informationOpen Column Chromatography, GC, TLC, and HPLC
Open Column Chromatography, GC, TLC, and HPLC Murphy, B. (2017). Introduction to Chromatography: Lecture 1. Lecture presented at PHAR 423 Lecture in UIC College of Pharmacy, Chicago. USES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
More informationEvaporation and Intermolecular Forces
Evaporation and Intermolecular Forces In this experiment, temperature probes are placed in various liquids. Evaporation occurs when the probe is removed from the liquid's container. This evaporation is
More informationPhysical Separations and Chromatography
Lab #5A & B: Physical Separations and Chromatography Individual Objectives: At the end of these experiments you should be able to: Ø Distinguish between Rf and tr; chromatograph and chromatogram; adsorption
More informationAbstract: An minimalist overview of chromatography for the person who would conduct chromatographic experiments, but not design experiments.
Chromatography Primer Abstract: An minimalist overview of chromatography for the person who would conduct chromatographic experiments, but not design experiments. At its heart, chromatography is a technique
More informationH 2 O WHAT PROPERTIES OF WATER MAKE IT ESSENTIAL TO LIFE OF EARTH? Good solvent High Surface tension Low vapor pressure High boiling point
Unit 9: Solutions H 2 O WHAT PROPERTIES OF WATER MAKE IT ESSENTIAL TO LIFE OF EARTH? Good solvent High Surface tension Low vapor pressure High boiling point Water is a polar molecule. It experiences hydrogen
More informationThe Characteristics of a Soln
Goal 1 The Characteristics of a Soln Define the term solution, and, given a description of a substance, determine if it is a solution. The Characteristics of a Soln Solution (as used in chemistry) A homogenous
More informationSolutions. Heterogenous Mixture (Not a Solution) Ice Water (w/ Ice Cubes) Smog Oil and Water
Solutions Unit 6 1 Solutions Homogenous Mixture (Solution) two or more substances mixed together to have a uniform composition, its components are not distinguishable from one another Heterogenous Mixture
More informationEXPERIMENT 20. Solutions INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENT 20 Solutions INTRODUCTION A solution is a homogeneous mixture. The solvent is the dissolving substance, while the solute is the dissolved substance. A saturated solution is one in which the
More informationChromatographic Methods of Analysis Section: 5 Gas Chromatography (GC) Prof. Tarek A. Fayed
Chromatographic Methods of Analysis Section: 5 Gas Chromatography (GC) Prof. Tarek A. Fayed Gas Chromatography (GC) In gas chromatography, the sample is vaporized and injected onto the head of a chromatographic
More informationMethod Development in Solid Phase Extraction using Non-Polar ISOLUTE SPE Columns for the Extraction of Aqueous Samples
Technical Note 101 Method Development in Solid Phase Extraction using Non-Polar ISOLUTE SPE Columns for the Extraction of Aqueous Samples This technical note includes by specific information on the extraction
More informationPhysical Pharmacy PHR 211. Lecture 1. Solubility and distribution phenomena.
Physical Pharmacy PHR 211 Lecture 1 Solubility and distribution phenomena. Course coordinator Magda ELMassik, PhD Assoc. Prof. of Pharmaceutics 1 Objectives of the lecture After completion of thislecture,
More informationPhysical Properties of Solutions
Physical Properties of Solutions Physical Properties of Solutions Types of Solutions (13.1) A Molecular View of the Solution Process (13.2) Concentration Units (13.3) Effect of Temperature on Solubility
More informationBushra Javed Valencia College CHM 1046 Chapter 12 - Solutions
Bushra Javed Valencia College CHM 1046 Chapter 12 - Solutions 1 Chapter 12 :Solutions Tentative Outline 1. Introduction to solutions. 2. Types of Solutions 3. Solubility and the Solution Process: Saturated,
More informationName Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
Assessment Chapter Test A Chapter: Solutions In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1. Agitation prevents settling
More informationRegents Chemistry Unit 3C Solutions Text Chapter 13 Reference Tables F, G & T. Chemists have Solutions!
Regents Chemistry Unit 3C Solutions Text Chapter 13 Reference Tables F, G & T Chemists have Solutions! SOLUTIONS homogeneous mixture (uniform composition throughout) Solute - substance being dissolved
More informationBackground on Solubility
CHEM254 01 Open Notebook Science Solubility Challenge 1 For the first laboratory exercise of this semester we are going to participate in the Open Notebook Science (ONS) solubility challenge http://onschallenge.wikispaces.com/.
More informationFLUDEOXYGLUCOSE ( 18 F) INJECTION: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (January 2009)
January 2009 FLUDEOXYGLUCOSE ( 18 F) INJECTION: Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (January 2009) This monograph was adopted at the Forty-third WHO Expert Committee on Specifications
More informationVirtual Solution Lab::
Name A Solution is a type of homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another. The particles of the mixing substances are evenly spread throughout. The substance that is dissolved is
More informationSolvent does the dissolving (acetone) Solute the substance being dissolved (Styrofoam ) Soluble able to be dissolved
Solvent does the dissolving (acetone) Solute the substance being dissolved (Styrofoam ) Soluble able to be dissolved Like dissolves Like Ionic & polar compounds dissolve each other. Nonpolar dissolves
More informationCHAPTER 7: Solutions & Colloids 7.2 SOLUBILITY. Degrees of Solution. Page PHYSICAL STATES of SOLUTIONS SOLUTION
CHAPTER 7: Solutions & Colloids Predict the relative solubility of materials on the basis of polarity Describe solution formation in terms of solutesolvent interactions Calculate solution concentrations
More informationProperties of Solutions and Kinetics. Unit 8 Chapters 4.5, 13 and 14
Properties of Solutions and Kinetics Unit 8 Chapters 4.5, 13 and 14 Unit 8.1: Solutions Chapters 4.5, 13.1-13.4 Classification of Matter Solutions are homogeneous mixtures Solute A solute is the dissolved
More informationExperiment 2 - Using Physical Properties to Identify an Unknown Liquid
Experiment 2 - Using Physical Properties to Identify an Unknown Liquid We usually think of chemists as scientists who do things with chemicals. We can picture a chemist's laboratory with rows of bottles
More informationChapter 13. Solution Dynamics
Chapter 13 Solution Dynamics Chapter Map Where we re headed: Separation of U, Pu, and Fission Products An organic solvent composed of 30% tributyl phosphate (TBP) in a hydrocarbon solvent, such as kerosene,
More informationLesson 01 and 02: Solutions, Solubility and Conductivity. 01 What is a Solution?
Solid Solvent Liquid Gas Chemistry 11, Solution Chemistry, Unit 08 1 Lesson 01 and 02: Solutions, Solubility and Conductivity 01 What is a Solution? Before we can talk about solubility it is important
More informationLab 7: Metathesis Reactions. Pre-lab: Pages Post-Lab: Pages 164
Lab 7: Metathesis Reactions Pre-lab: Pages 159-160 Post-Lab: Pages 164 Lab Objectives Careful observation and detailed description of chemical reactions in solution Inferring from observation and from
More informationSolutions. Solution Formation - Types of Solutions - Solubility and the Solution Process - Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility
Solutions Solutions Solution Formation - Types of Solutions - Solubility and the Solution Process - Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility Colligative Properties - Ways of Expressing Concentration
More informationSolutions and Their Properties
Chapter 11 Solutions and Their Properties Solutions: Definitions A solution is a homogeneous mixture. A solution is composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent. When two compounds make a solution, the
More informationUnit 10 Solution Chemistry 1. Solutions & Molarity 2. Dissolving 3. Dilution 4. Calculation Ion Concentrations in Solution 5. Precipitation 6.
Unit 10 Solution Chemistry 1. Solutions & Molarity 2. Dissolving 3. Dilution 4. Calculation Ion Concentrations in Solution 5. Precipitation 6. Formula, Complete, Net Ionic Equations 7. Qualitative Analysis
More informationChapter 7 Solution Chemistry. 7.1 The Nature of Solutions. Warm Up (p. 364) and Quick Check (p. 365)
Chapter 7 Solution Chemistry 7.1 The Nature of Solutions Warm Up (p. 364) and Quick Check (p. 365) Car exhaust Tap water Carbon dioxide Freshly squeezed orange juice Stainless steel Tea Diamond Cigarette
More informationShe adds the mixture to water in a beaker and then carries out the three stages shown. stage 1 stage 2 stage 3
1 The diagram shows the apparatus a student uses to separate a mixture of salt and sand. She adds the mixture to water in a beaker and then carries out the three stages shown. X Y stage 1 stage 2 stage
More information3 Mixtures. How do mixtures differ from elements and compounds? How can mixtures be separated? What are solutions, and how are they characterized?
CHAPTER 5 3 Mixtures SECTION Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do mixtures differ from elements and compounds?
More informationMethods of purification
Methods of purification Question Paper 1 Level IGSE Subject hemistry (0620/0971) Exam oard ambridge International Examinations (IE) Topic Experimental techniques Sub-Topic Methods of purification ooklet
More informationCHEMISTRY - MCMURRY 7E CH.12 - SOLUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: LATTICE ENERGY APPLICATION Lattice Energy represents the energy released when 1 mole of an ionic crystal is formed from its gaseous ions. Mg 2+ (g) + O 2 (g) MgO (s) ΔH =
More informationChapter 13 Properties of Solutions
Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr., and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 13 Properties of John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Chapter
More informationPhase Equilibrium of Ionic Liquid/Organic/CO 2 Systems
Phase Equilibrium of Ionic Liquid/Organic/CO 2 Systems Bang-Hyun Lim, Hoa Van Nguyen, and Jae-Jin Shim* School of Display and Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk
More informationADVANTAME. Not less than 97.0% and not more than 102.0% on the anhydrous basis. Sweetener, flavour enhancer
ADVANTAME SYNONYMS INS No. 969 Prepared at the 80 th JECFA (2015), published in FAO JECFA Monographs 17 (2015), superseding tentative specifications prepared at 77 th JECFA (2013). An ADI of 0-5 mg/kg
More informationCHAPTER 12 REVIEW. Solutions. Answer the following questions in the space provided. b. sea water. c. water-absorbing super gels
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW Solutions SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Match the type of mixture on the left to its representative particle diameter on the right. c
More informationResidual Solvents in Pharmaceuticals by USP Chapter <467> Methodology
APPLICATION NOTE Gas Chromatography Author: David Scott PerkinElmer, Inc. Shelton, CT Residual Solvents in Pharmaceuticals by USP Chapter Methodology Introduction The synthesis of active pharmaceutical
More informationSOLUTIONS. Homogeneous mixture uniformly mixed on the molecular level. Solvent & Solute. we will focus on aqueous solutions
SOLUTIONS Homogeneous mixture uniformly mixed on the molecular level Solvent & Solute we will focus on aqueous solutions SOLUTE-SOLVENT SOLVENT INTERACTIONS Why do solutions form? Processes occur spontaneously
More informationSOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS
SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS The amount of solute in a solution (concentration) is an important property of the solution. A dilute solution contains small quantities of solute relative to the solvent, while
More informationLATEST TECHNOLOGY IN Safe handling & Recovery OF Solvents in Pharma Industry
LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN Safe handling & Recovery OF Solvents in Pharma Industry TYPICAL SOLVENT USE IN Pharma Industry Usage of solvents in an API process development is for: Diluent to carry out reaction
More informationAnalysis of Metals, Halides, and Inorganic Ions Using Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography
Application Note Inorganic Ions, Water Testing, Minerals, Metals, Basic Chemicals Analysis of Metals, Halides, and Inorganic Ions Using Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Authors Anne Mack, Adam Bivens
More informationPhysical Properties and Structure of Solids
49 Physical Properties and Structure of Solids INTRODUCTION: Depending on whether the kind of bonding in a pure substance is primarily ionic, covalent or metallic in character, a substance may be described
More information- Let's look at how things dissolve into water, since aqueous solutions are quite common. sucrose (table sugar)
68 HOW THINGS DISSOLVE - Let's look at how things dissolve into water, since aqueous solutions are quite common. sucrose (table sugar)... what happens? - Water molecules pull the sugar molecules out of
More informationADVANTAME (TENTATIVE)
ADVANTAME (TENTATIVE) SYNONYMS INS No. 969 New tentative specifications prepared at the 77th JECFA (2013) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 14 (2013). An ADI of 0-5 mg/kg body weight was established
More informationChemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture
Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture Dr. Namphol Sinkaset Chapter 14 Study Guide Concepts 1. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances. 2. solute: substance present in smaller
More informationSolution. Types of Solutions. Concentration and Solution Stoichiometry
Concentration and Solution Stoichiometry Solution homogenous mixture of 2 or more pure substances only one perceptible phase species do not react chemically Types of Solutions solid liquid gas Solutions
More informationPAHs in Parking Lot Sealcoats. Performance Study. Asphalt Based. Coal Tar Sealcoat Sealcoat. Sealcoat. Scrapings. Asphalt Based.
PAHs in Parking Lot s Sitelab Corporation Visit: site-lab.com USA: 978-363-99 Performance Study PAHs in Parking Lot s Page 1 of 5 There is growing concern over the use of sealcoating products used on driveways,
More informationProperties of Compounds
Chapter 6. Properties of Compounds Comparing properties of elements and compounds Compounds are formed when elements combine together in fixed proportions. The compound formed will often have properties
More informationSOLUTIONS: A Study of Solubility
SLUTINS: A Study of Solubility INTRDUCTIN In this experiment, four effects involving solubility will be examined. Three of these effects influence the speed with which the solvent dissolves the solute.
More informationSolutions CHAPTER Solution Formation. Ch.16 Notes with notations. April 17, 2018
CHAPTER 16 Solutions 16.1 Solution Formation Solutions can be either solids, liquids, or gases Solutions are homogeneous mixtures that are grouped according to physical state. (mixtures = no bonding) The
More informationSection 6.2A Intermolecular Attractions
Section 6.2A Intermolecular Attractions As we know, molecules are held together by covalent bonds, but there are also attractive forces BETWEEN individual molecules (rather than within). These are called
More informationWHAT IS A SOLUTION? PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS SOLUTION TYPES. Possible answers BRAINSTORM: CH. 13
WHAT IS A SOLUTION? PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS BRAINSTORM: What do you already know about solutions? CH. 13 Possible answers SOLUTION TYPES Homogeneous Composed of solute and solvent Solvent is commonly the
More informationApplication Note GCMS-01 Comparison of Ionization Techniques for the Analysis of Trace-Level Pyrethroid Insecticides by GC-MS/MS
Application Note GCMS-01 Comparison of Ionization Techniques for the Analysis of Trace-Level Pyrethroid Insecticides by GC-MS/MS Abstract A study was carried out using the Bruker EVOQ GC-TQ to screen a
More informationMETHOD 3510B SEPARATORY FUNNEL LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
METHOD 3510B SEPARATORY FUNNEL LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method describes a procedure for isolating organic compounds from aqueous samples. The method also describes concentration
More informationLab.2. Thin layer chromatography
Key words: Separation techniques, compounds and their physicochemical properties (molecular volume/size, polarity, molecular interactions), mobile phase, stationary phase, liquid chromatography, thin layer
More informationCompound. Math Focus. What are compounds? What is a chemical reaction? How are compounds used in everyday life?
CHAPTER 3 2 Compounds SECTION Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are compounds? What is a chemical reaction?
More informationAcademia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Heydari Apparatus
Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(1): 46-55, October 216 DOI: 1.15413/ajmp.216.125 ISSN: 2315-7712 216 Academia Publishing Research Paper Application of Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and
More informationTitle Experiment 7: Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: Fuel Analysis
Title Experiment 7: Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: Fuel Analysis Name Manraj Gill (Partner: Tanner Adams, Lab Section: 102) Introduction In this experiment, we use chromatography and mass spectrometry
More informationLecture 25: Manufacture of Maleic Anhydride and DDT
Lecture 25: Manufacture of Maleic Anhydride and DDT 25.1 Introduction - In this last lecture for the petrochemicals module, we demonstrate the process technology for Maleic anhydride and DDT. - Maleic
More information8.2 Solubility and Concentration
Fresh lemonade is a solution of water, lemon juice, and sugar. There is a limit to the amount of sugar that can dissolve in a given amount of water. Once that limit is reached, you cannot make the solution
More informationUniform properties throughout! SOLUTE(S) - component(s) of a solution present in small amounts.
54 SOLUTIONS - a SOLUTION is a HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE. Uniform properties throughout! - parts of a solution: SOLUTE(S) - component(s) of a solution present in small amounts. SOLVENT - the component of a solution
More information5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY
5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY SUB-TOPIC 1.2 METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND ANALYSIS LEARNING
More informationSPE. Simply Efficient! Watchers bond Solid Phase Extraction by ISU. Ver
SPE Simply Efficient! Watchers bond Solid Phase Extraction by ISU Ver. 05-11 Solid Phase Extraction Basic principles of Solid Phase Extraction Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a powerful method for sample
More informationIGCSE (9-1) Edexcel - Chemistry
IGCSE (9-1) Edexcel - Chemistry Principles of Chemistry Element, Compounds and Mixtures NOTES 1.8: Understand how to classify a substance as an element, compound or mixture Classifications: S Class Element
More informationChemistry Gas Chromatography: Separation of Volatile Organics
Chemistry 3200 Gas chromatography (GC) is an instrumental method for separating volatile compounds in a mixture. A small sample of the mixture is injected onto one end of a column housed in an oven. The
More informationChemistry 20 Unit 3A Solutions FITB Notes. Topic A Classification of Solutions
Chemistry 20 Unit 3A Solutions FITB Notes General Outcome: Topic A Classification of Solutions Matter is a substance with and A substance is a type of matter with one definite formula (elements, compounds)
More information