Page 17a. Objective: We will identify different types of radioactive decay. Warm-up:

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1 Page 17a Objective: We will identify different types of radioactive decay. Warm-up: What are the three subatomic particles? Where is each particle located in the atom? What is an isotope?

2 Page 17a (again) Warm-up: 1. List layers oldest to youngest. 2. What happens to an atom when you add or remove a proton?

3 Stratigraphy worksheet Work individually List the layers from youngest to oldest Use you knowledge of stratigraphy principles and different rock features Track the principles/laws you used in order to defend your answer.

4 Nuclear Reactions Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay

5 CS 4.2 State what is meant by alpha, beta and gamma decay of radionuclides. CS 4.3 Identify the processes occurring in nuclear reactions written in symbolic form.

6 The Atom The atom consists of two parts: 1. The nucleus which contains: protons neutrons 2. Orbiting electrons.

7 The Atom All matter is made up of elements (e.g. carbon, hydrogen, etc.). The smallest part of an element is called an atom. Atom of different elements contain different numbers of protons. The mass of an atom is almost entirely due to the number of protons and neutrons.

8 Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons A Z X Element symbol Atomic number = number of protons

9 A Z X A Z = number of protons + number of neutrons = number of protons A Z = number of neutrons Number of neutrons = Mass Number Atomic Number

10 There are many types of uranium: U U A Z Number of protons Number of neutrons A Z Number of protons Number of neutrons

11 There are many types of uranium: U U A 235 Z 92 Number of protons 92 Number of neutrons 143 A 238 Z 92 Number of protons 92 Number of neutrons 146 Isotopes of any particular element contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

12 Most of the isotopes which occur naturally are stable. A few naturally occurring isotopes and all of the manmade isotopes are unstable. Unstable isotopes can become stable by releasing different types of particles. This process is called radioactive decay and the elements which undergo this process are called radioisotopes/radionuclides.

13 Radioactive Decay Radioactive decay results in the emission of either: an alpha particle (a), a beta particle (b), or a gamma ray(g).

14 Alpha Decay An alpha particle is identical to that of a helium nucleus. It contains two protons and two neutrons.

15 Alpha Decay A X Z A - 4 Z - 2 Y 4 + He 2 unstable atom more stable atom alpha particle

16 Alpha Decay Ra Rn He 4 2

17 Alpha Decay A Z X A - 4 Y + He Z Ra Rn + He

18 Alpha Decay 222 A Rn Y + 86 Z 4 He Rn Po + He

19 Alpha Decay A X Th + He Z U Th + He

20 Alpha Decay 230 A Th Y + 90 Z 4 He Th Ra + He 88 2

21 Alpha Decay A X Pb + He Z Po Pb + He 82 2

22 Beta Decay A beta particle is a fast moving electron which is emitted from the nucleus of an atom undergoing radioactive decay. Beta decay occurs when a neutron changes into a proton and an electron.

23 Beta Decay As a result of beta decay, the nucleus has one less neutron, but one extra proton. The atomic number, Z, increases by 1 and the mass number, A, stays the same.

24 Beta Decay Po At 0 b -1

25 Beta Decay A Z X A 0 Y + b Z Po Rn + b

26 Beta Decay 234 A Th Y b Z Th Pa + b

27 Beta Decay A Z X Pb + b Tl Pb + b

28 Beta Decay 210 A Bi Y b Z Bi Po + b

29 Beta Decay A Z X Bi + b Pb Bi + b

30 Gamma Decay Gamma rays are not charged particles like a and b particles. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation with high frequency. When atoms decay by emitting a or b particles to form a new atom, the nuclei of the new atom formed may still have too much energy to be completely stable. This excess energy is emitted as gamma rays (gamma ray photons have energies of ~ 1 x J).

31 Page 17a (one more time...) Have Penny Lab Graph out on table Warm-up: 1. In the simplest terms, what is radioactive decay? 2. Use your graph from the penny lab to predict how many undecayed (heads up) pennies would remain after 25 seconds.

32 How old is President Obama? Two ways to answer: 1. Older than you but younger than your grandma. 2. He was born on August 4, 1961 and is now 51 years old.

33 Two ways of dating things Relative Dating Tells us the sequence in which events occurred, not how long ago they occurred. Absolute Dating Tells us an approximate age of geologic events.

34 Relative Dating

35 Absolute Dating

36 Relative or Absolute Everyone stand up! A house built in 1805 The oldest tomb in the Valley of the Kings Charred wood from the Great Chicago Fire Barn before the one currently standing Bronze Age Axe head from England The oldest rock layer in the Grand Canyon

37 Radioactive Decay The process by which an unstable isotope emits particles often changing the element of the atom.

38 Radioactive Decay

39 Half-life The amount of time it takes a radioactive material to decay to half of its starting amount.

40 Half-life graph

41 Half-life graph

42 Successive Half-Lives Time Passed (in halflives) Amount of Original Material Remaining 0 100% or % or ½ 2 25% or ¼ % or 1/ % or % or 6?

43 Successive Half-Lives (C-14) The half life for C-14 is 5,700 years. Time Passed (in years) Time Passed (in half-lives) Amount of Original Material Remaining % or 1 5, % or ½ 11, % or ¼ 17, % or 1/ % or 1/ % or 6?

44 Calculating Time If a substance contains 25 parent atoms and 75 daughter atoms and the half-life is 25 years, how old is the substance?

45 Steps 1. Find the ratio of parent to daughter. 2. Find the fraction of original material remaining. 3. Find out how many half-lives this fraction represents. 4. Multiply the number of half-lives by the half-life of the material.

46 Practice 1. How old is a sample of Th-232 that contains 25% of its original Th-232? (The half-life of Th-232 is 14.1 billion years)

47 Practice 2. How old is a sample that contains 50% of its original C-14? (The half-life of C-14 is 5730 years)

48 Practice 3. What fraction of the original U-235 remains in a sample after 1,426 million years? (The half-life of U-235 is 713 million years)

49 Applications Carbon Neutron changes into proton

50 Cosmic Rays (radiation) Collision with atmosphere (N14) Forms C-14 C-14 combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (CO 2 )

51 Applications Carbon-14 When a living thing dies, we can compare the ratio of C-14 to N-14 to figure out age

52 Applications Dating Rocks Uranium-Lead Decay

53 Assumptions 1. The rate of decay has remained constant throughout the past. (Uniformitarianism) 2. The original amount of both mother and daughter elements is known. 3. The sample has remained in a closed system.

54 Quick Questions 1. A sample of a radioactive substance is heated up, what will be the affect on the halflife of the substance?

55 Quick Questions 2. If the half-life for our radioactive pennies was 1 shake, and we started with 100 pennies, how many pennies will be left unchanged after 2 shakes? a. 75 b. 60 c. 50 d. 25

56 Quick Questions 3. The chart at the right contains the amount of C-14 left after successive half-lives. What is the half-life of C-14?

57 Quick Questions 4. The chart at the right contains the amount of C-14 left after successive half-lives. What portion of the original C-14 will remain after 34,200 years?

58 Quick Questions 5. The graph at right shows the rate of decay for a radioactive material. After 2 halflives, what is the ratio of parent atoms to daughter atoms?

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