PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

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1 MIXTURES

2 PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

3 PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES No Chemical Changes in a Mixture No chemical changes happen when a mixture is made. So, each substance has the same chemical makeup it had before the mixture was formed. Making a mixture is a physical change.

4 TYPES OF MIXTURES There are three types of mixtures: Homogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures Colloids

5 HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES The different components can be seen as individual substances. We can almost separate the components with our eyes. The particles are visible (bigger particles)

6 HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES Have the same composition throughout. Any one region of the mixture has the same ratio of substance as any other region The components can t be seen as individual indentifiable entities Mixed as much finer level, not readily distinguished

7 TYPES OF HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES SOLUTIONS solution is a mixture that appears to be a single substance. The process in which particles of substances separate and spread evenly throughout a mixture is known as dissolving. In a solution, the solute is the substance that is dissolved. The solvent is the substance in which the solute is dissolved.

8 TYPES OF HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES Examples of Solutions Liquid solutions include soft drinks, gasoline, and tap water. Solutions may also be gases, such as air. Solutions may also be solids, such as steel. Alloys are solid solutions of metals or nonmetals dissolved in metals.

9 Dissolving Gases in Liquids Gases become less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised. Dissolving Solids Faster in Liquids Three ways to make a solute dissolve faster are mixing the solution, heating the solution, and crushing the solute into smaller particles.

10 TYPES OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES SUSPENSIONS A suspension is a mixture in which particles of a material are dispersed throughout a liquid or a gas but are large enough that they settle out.

11 PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES Separating Mixtures Through Physical Methods Mixtures can be separated by using physical changes. Physical changes do not change the identities of the substances. Some methods could be distillation, evaporation, filtration, dissolve, use of magnets, centrifugation,and chromatography.

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13 What is Chromatography? Chromatography is a technique for separating mixtures into their components in order to analyze, identify, purify, and/or quantify the mixture or components. Mixture Separat e Component s Analyze Identify Purify Quantify

14 Uses for Chromatography Real-life examples of uses for chromatography: Pharmaceutical Company determine amount of each chemical found in new product Hospital detect blood or alcohol levels in a patient s blood stream Law Enforcement to compare a sample found at a crime scene to samples from suspects Environmental Agency determine the level of pollutants in the water supply Manufacturing Plant to purify a chemical needed to make a product

15 Definition of Chromatography Simplified Definition: Chromatography separates the components of a mixture by their distinctive attraction to the mobile phase and the stationary phase. Explanation: Compound is placed on stationary phase Mobile phase passes through the stationary phase Mobile phase solubilizes the components Mobile phase carries the individual components a certain distance through the stationary phase, depending on their attraction to both of the phases

16 Principles of Paper Chromatography Capillary Action the movement of liquid within the spaces of a porous material due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. The liquid is able to move up the filter paper because its attraction to itself is stronger than the force of gravity. Solubility the degree to which a material (solute) dissolves into a solvent. Solutes dissolve into solvents that have similar properties. (Like dissolves like) This allows different solutes to be separated by different combinations of solvents. Separation of components depends on both their solubility in the mobile phase and their differential affinity to the mobile phase and the stationary phase.

17 Illustration of Chromatography Stationary Phase Separation Mixture Mobile Phase Components Components Affinity to Stationary Phase Affinity to Mobile Phase Blue Insoluble in Mobile Phase Black Red Yellow

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19 Using Rf to identify an unknown Rf = distance solute moved distance solvent moved Compare your calculated Rf to known values for Rf

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