Physical Science Semester 2 Final Exam 2013 STUDY GUIDE

Transcription

1 Physical Science Semester 2 Final Exam 2013 STUDY GUIDE Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Defining key terms: Motion Acceleration Balanced forces Simple machine Coefficient effort force power resistance force Velocity Constant speed Unbalanced forces Mechanical advantage Subscript efficiency actual mechanical advantage Skills: How to identify a balanced equation How to count atoms How to identify types of reactions (decomposition, synthesis, single and double replacement) Test Questions (will be multiple choice format) 1. A horizontal line on a velocity/time graph shows acceleration. 2. The upward force on an object falling through the air is. 3. A feather will fall through the air more slowly than a brick because of. 4. In the absence of air, a penny and a feather that are dropped from the same height at the same time will hit the ground. 5. The acceleration due to gravity is m/s/s. 6. The path of a projectile is called a and the shape is. 7. For any object, the greater the force that's applied to it, the greater its will be. 8. As you get farther from the center of Earth, your weight will. 9. A real car moving at 10 km/h has more momentum than a toy car moving at the same speed because the real car. 10. In the equation p = mv, the p represents. 11. The unit of momentum is 12. When two balls collide, the momentum of the balls after the collision is explained by which scientific law? 13. A 300-N force acts on a 25-kg object. The acceleration of the object is. 14. A 3,000-N force acts on a 200-kg object. The acceleration of the object is. 15. If gravity did NOT affect the path of a horizontally thrown ball, the ball would follow what kind of path? 16. The kinetic energy of an object increases as its increases.

2 17. Increasing the speed of an object its potential energy. 18. The SI (metric) unit for energy is the. 19. You can calculate kinetic energy by using the equation. 20. You can calculate gravitational potential energy by using the equation. 21. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total amount of energy in the universe. 22. If a weight lifter is holding barbells above his head, what does he have to do to perform work? 23. A device that does work with only one movement and changes the size or direction of a force is a(n). 24. The amount by which a machine multiplies an effort force is called the. 25. The unit of power is the. 26. a chemical formula, the number of each type of atom in the compound is shown by numbers called. 27. The elements that make up a compound and the exact number of atoms of each element in a unit of the compound can be shown in a. 28. A chemical bond that occurs when atoms share electrons is a(n) bond. 29. The tells you how many electrons an atom must gain, lose, or share to become stable. 30. How many electrons are needed in the outer energy levels of most atoms for the atom to be chemically stable? 31. What is the total number of atoms in the compound Ca(ClO 3 ) 2? 32. How many hydrogen atoms are present in one molecule of ammonium acetate, NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2? 33. What is the name of the compound with the formula NaCl? 34. Why do the noble gases NOT form compounds readily? 35. What is the number of potassium atoms compared to oxygen atoms in a binary compound made from these two elements? 36. What is the name of a binary compound made up of lithium and chlorine? 37. Which of the following is the correct formula for magnesium nitrate? 38. What is the correct name for K 2 SO 4? 39. What is the correct formula for magnesium oxide? 40. A(n) chemical equation has the same number of atoms of each element on each side of the equation. 41. Each substance on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation is a. 42. What type of reaction is shown in the following chemical equation: NH 3 + HCl NH 4 Cl? 43. Which of the following could represent a decomposition reaction? 44. The breaking down of a substance into two or more simpler substances is.

3 45. Each substance to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation is a(n). 46. A chemical reaction in which heat energy is released is. 47. Numbers that precede symbols and formulas in a chemical equation are. 48. According to the law of conservation of mass, how does the mass of the products in a chemical reaction compare to the mass of the reactants? 49. A chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form another substance is called a. 50. According to the law of conservation of mass, if two atoms of hydrogen are used as a reactant, how many atoms of hydrogen must be part of the product? 51. What type of reaction is shown in the following chemical equation: 2H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2? 52. When most chemical reactions take place, some in the reactants must be broken, a process that requires energy. 53. measures how acidic or basic a substance is. 54. change color in the presence of an acid or a base. 55. A bitter taste and a slippery feel are clues that a solution is probably a(n). 56. In a reaction, an acid and a base produce a salt and a water. 57. Coffee has a ph of about 5. Coffee is. True/False 58. Balanced forces acting on an object cause the object to accelerate. 59. Gravity causes all falling objects to accelerate at a rate of 98 m/s Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of position. 61. The momentum of a 5,000-kg truck that is standing still is greater than the momentum of a 3,000-kg truck that is also at rest. 62. The projectile velocity is the highest velocity that will be reached by a falling object. 63. When an object falls, it is reacting to the force of gravity. 64. Jane is on a merry-go-round that is moving at a constant speed. Her velocity is also constant. 65. Momentum is a property of an object and cannot be transferred from that object to another object. 66. Friction is a force that encourages motion between two surfaces that are touching each other. 67. Energy is measured in joules. 68. When you ride a playground swing, your potential energy is greatest at the highest point. 69. As mass decreases, kinetic energy increases. 70. Lowering an object decreases its potential energy.

4 71. The sum of potential and kinetic energy in a system is called the total energy. 72. As an object falls its potential energy is lost to the air around it. 73. Under certain conditions, it is possible to get more work out of a machine than you put into it. 74. In order for work to be done on an object, the object must move. 75. the ideal mechanical advantage of a machine is ALWAYS larger than the actual mechanical advantage. Match each of the models with the type of reaction it represents which type of chemical reaction are the following depicting? Match each option with the correct statement. a. an acid b. A base c. Could be either 80. In solution, it feels slippery. 81. It has a bitter taste. 82. It has the chemical formula HNO It reacts with an indicator to produce a change in its color. 84. It has a sour taste. 85. It has the chemical formula Ca(OH) It s corrosive to metals 87. has a ph of Interpret the following graphs: John left his home and walked 3 blocks to his school, as shown in the accompanying graph. What is one possible interpretation of each section of the graph? Up to point A From A to B? From B to C? From C to D?

5 GRAPH INTERPRETATIONS Interpret what is happening in each graph for the moving object.

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