PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION REACTION RATES BY REFLECTANCE REAL TIME INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: APPLICATION TO STEREOLITHOGRAPHY RESINS
|
|
- Derek Amos Jennings
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION REACTION RATES BY REFLECTANCE REAL TIME INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: APPLICATION TO STEREOLITHOGRAPHY RESINS By: Richard P. Chartoff and JinDu University of Dayton Rapid Prototype Development Laboratory and Center for Basic and Applied Polymer Research Dayton, Ohio ABSTRACT An advanced real time infrared technique for studying the isothermal in-situ cure of ultra-fast photopolymerization reactions has been developed. The method, referred to as reflectance real time infrared (RRTIR), involves time resolved IR analysis by reflected IR radiation while a resin sample is being exposed to a UV laser beam. The effect of factors such as chemical composition, radiation intensity, and temperature on reaction rate were determined for multifunctional acrylate resins exposed to a HeCd laser (325 nm). Isothermal cure profiles were monitored quantitatively through disappearance of the 810 cm- 1 acrylate IR absorbance band. The dark reaction after the UV radiation was turned off also was monitored. The RRTIR method is shown to be highly effective for quantifying photopolymerization reactions in the millisecond time range. The rate data indicate that quantitative comparisons between reactivities and conversions for different stereolithography resins are possible using this method under conditions that simulate the SLA process. Also, the data show conclusively that the reaction continues for long periods of time after initial laser exposure. This is expected to be a significant factor in the development of warpage and curl during the SLA building process. INTRODUCTION A reflectance real time infrared (RRTIR) technique has been developed to analyze UV curing reactions that occur in a fraction of a second. Thus it is well suited for analyzing the cure of stereolithography resins. Cure profiles are determined directly from the data that give a quantitative measure of reaction rates.' The method is unique in that 298
2 cure can be carried out isothermally. In this paper we consider the effect of various factors on reaction rates such as resin composition, temperature, UV exposure intensity, and exposure time. We also explore the reaction rate after termination of exposure, the so-called dark reaction. Two acrylate resins which have very different cure characteristics were analyzed. The measurements cover three different temperatures in the range from 25 to 55 C. EXPERIMENTAL Reflectance-Real-Time Infrared Spectroscopy Real-time Infrared Spectroscopy (RTIR) is a relatively new method used to study the extremely fast kinetics of the laser-induced polymerization of multifunctional acrylates [1-3]. Using this method, the sample is simultaneously exposed to the photopolymerizing ultraviolet (UV) beam and to the analyzing infrared (IR) beam so that the degree of conversion can be determined at any time during and after the exposure. The RTIR method described here is a reflectance method (referred to as reflectance-rtir or RRTIR, where the resin rests on a reflecting substrate. The initial light intensity is reduced to a smaller value after passing through the resin. The method requires thin film samples that are optically transparent. With RRTIR it is possible to quantify a change in concentration of a reactive, functional group by monitoring the change in its IR absorbance intensity with time. For multifunctional acrylates the most convenient absorbance is the acrylate vinyl unsaturation band at 810 cm- I As reaction proceeds the absorbance intensity decreases. For quantifying the change the standard method is to ratio the unsaturation absorbance to an internal reference band that does not change and remains constant throughout the reaction. A feature of RRTIR is that it is possible to characterize reactions that occur in a few milliseconds. The RRTIR method described here is unique because it measures accurately from 0.5 msec at I msec intervals and is capable of maintaining the sample at constant temperature, providing quantitative rather than semi-quantitative kinetic data. The exact systematic delay time can be measured precisely to within 25 Jlsec. The vinyl unsaturation band does not need to be completely isolated but can be deconvoluted if there are overlapping bands, a feature that proves important in analyzing most stereolithography resins. All data collection and analysis functions are computerized. Experimental Apparatus The reflectance-rtir (RRTIR) system was constructed on an optics table. The system configuration is described in reference 4. The sample stage, shown in FigureI consists of a brass block, teflon spacer, NaCI window (a UV/IR transparent material), and an aperture. The resin sample is placed between the NaCI window and the brass block. The brass block is a I-inch diameter right-cylinder with a mirror-finished reflecting top surface. An aluminum block containing cooling coils with a circulating thermostatically 299
3 controlled fluid is used to maintain isothermal conditions. A thermocouple attached to the center of the lower surface determines the temperature. The teflon spacers are 15 f.1m (0.6 mils) thick and the aperture has a 0.36 cm inside diameter. The experimental and data analysis procedures are also described in reference 4. During an experiment reference and vinyl band spectra of the empty sample stage (including the NaCI window but not the resin) are collected. Then the "before" exposure reference and vinyl band spectra are collected. After this, a contact closure triggers the shutter to open. When the shutter opens the data acquisition board is activated. Thus the sample is exposed to UV normal to the surface using a focused HeCd laser. The laser has a wavelength of 325 nm. The "during" exposure vinyl absorbance maximum spectrum are collected at a fixed wave number (810 cm- I ) while the resin is continuously exposed to UV. After the "final" exposure spectra of the vinyl and reference bands are collected. Materials and Reaction Conditions Data were recorded for two acrylate resins for the purpose of illustrating the utility of the RRTIR method in comparing cure characteristics. In this paper we report primarily on experimental resin F61.1, a fast curing, "tough" photopolymer developed at the University of Dayton. The data for this resin are also compared with those for Cibatool XB , a relatively slow curing resin. Reaction conditions considered included various exposure times ranging from 25 to 200 msec, different laser power levels from 95 to 238 mw/cm 2, and three temperatures from 25 to 55 C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data in Figure 2 are typical conversion vs. time plots showing fraction cure (fraction of acrylate groups reacted) vs. time for resin F61.1. Each curve represents the results for a different exposure time at constant laser intensity (25 mw). As expected the cure level increases with exposure time. However, most of the cure occurs through "dark" reaction after laser exposure is terminated (referred to as after the cutoff time). This is illustrated more clearly in the reaction rate curves of Figure 3,which show that the rate peaks at times approaching the cutoff time but continues to be appreciable, approaching zero asymptotically at long times. We note also that the maximum chemical conversion is well below 100%, which is typical in photopolymers, particularly under short term light exposures. Data for different light intensities at a constant exposure time show the same trend. It is well known in photopolymerizations that total exposure intensity relates to ultimate conversion with laser power and exposure time both combining to contribute to total intensity. The corresponding rate curves of show that in this case the rate curves all peak ataround the same time. The effect of cure temperature is that conversion and conversion rate both increase as temperature increases. The data of Figure 4 compare dark reaction cure profiles for F61.1 and the Cibatool XB resin, indicating that for given exposure cutoff times the expected 300
4 extent of cure is appreciably less than that recorded for resin F61.1 under comparable conditions. These data suggest that, particularly for slow curing resins, initial UV exposure results in a relatively low degree of cure. Most of this occurs after light exposure. The initial degree of cure is most likely "boosted" in the stereolithography process by the local temperature rise in the region of the laser spot [5]. Considerable additional cure occurs on subsequent exposures during hatch formation and through overcure when the next layer is being formed. Since vectors are attached at these stages, the additional cure will contribute to warpage and curl resulting from cure shrinkage occurring after vector attachment. Further shrinkage and warpage can occur during postcure. Resins that cure more fully on initial exposure will shrink less after vector attachment and can be expected to exhibit less warpage and curl. These conclusions are consistent with shrinkage results presented previously [6-8]. Cure Rates for Other Resins RRTIR can be used for cure rate studies of other acrylates using methods similar to those discussed in this paper based on analysis of the acrylate vinyl IR absorbance at 810 cm- t Epoxy or vinyl ester resins also can be analyzed by keying into the appropriate reactive functional groups. In the case of epoxies, for example, disappearance of the epoxy group absorbance at cm- t can be followed. We plan in future studies to demonstrate the RRTIR method with other types of resins. CONCLUSIONS Reflectance-RTIR is a useful method for obtaining quantitative cure rate data for photopolymers as a function of controlled light exposure and temperature. The data obtained show that most of the cure obtained in laser scanning of stereolithography resins occurs in the dark after the laser has passed. Relatively low degrees of cure may be achieved with an initial exposure. Resins that cure quickly and achieve a high degree of cure in the initial exposure probably will exhibit less warpage and curl. RRTIR provides quantitative comparisons of cure rates for different resins. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of Christopher Schmidt, John Murphy, and Dr. Shwn-Meei Linden who helped to set up the RRTIR equipment and to perform initial experiments leading to those reported here. REFERENCES 1. C. Decker and K. Moussa, Makromol. Chern., 189,2381 (1988). 301
5 2. C. Decker and K. Moussa, in "Radiation Curing of Polymeric Materials," ed. C.E. Hoyle and J.F. Kinstle, Amer. Chern. Soc. Symposium Series, p. 439 (1990). 3. C. Decker, Macromolecules, 23, 5217 (1990). 4. R.P. Chartoff and J. Du, in "Proceedings of The Sixth Int. Conf. on Rapid Prototyping," Univ. of Dayton, p. 103 (1995). 5. L. Flach and R. Chartoff, Polymer Eng. and Sci., 35,493 (1995). 6. P. Weissman, R. Chartoff, S. Rodrigues, and S. Linden, in "Proceedings of the Fourth Int. Conf. on Rapid Prototyping," Univ. of Dayton, p. 263 (1993). 7. L. Flach and R. Chartoff, in "Proceedings of the Fifth Int. Conf. on Rapid Prototyping," Univ. of Dayton, p. 181 (1994). 8. J. Ullett, S. Rodrigues, and R. Chartoff, "Linear Shrinkage of Stereolithography Resins," in "Proceedings of the Sixth Int. Conf. on Rapid Prototyping, Univ. of Dayton, p. 57 (1995). 302
6 uv / Cooling Coils Sample Figure 1 Reflectance RTIR sample stage configuration. 0.8 LaJ «:t:: :J 0.8 o z o i= o <C «:t:: L& msec msec msec....-.// :: /' i, r TIME ( second ) Figure 2 RRTIR dark reaction fraction cure vs. time profiles for resin F61.1 at 45 C for 3 exposure times; laser power output 25mW. 303
7 ' C 25mW ma.c. - - I 0 W 3.0. U) ma.c W ~ \ ce -100m-ea \ :. ~ a: d\ \ z. : \ ~ i= \ \ \ c(, W \.. a: '., TIME ( second ) Figure 3 RRTIR reaction rate vs. time curves corresponding to data of Figure Temp.45 C Power 25mW 0.7 -F61.1 1: 100m-ea CT : 50m-ea. 0.6 Id:J 1 ~ 0.5 ~ U 0.4 Z E-t U -< 0.2 ~ ~ - ~ TIME ( second ) Figure 4 Comparison of RRTIR dark reaction profile curves for resins F61.1 and Cibatool
Novel Liquid Crystal Monomers for Stereolithography: Reaction Rates and Photopolymerization Conversion
Novel Liquid Crystal Monomers for Stereolithography: Reaction Rates and Photopolymerization Conversion Robert T. Pogue and Richard P. Chartoff The Center for Basic and Applied Polymer Research and Rapid
More informationInternational Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research e-issn No.: , Date: April, 2016
International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research www.ijmter.com e-issn No.:2349-9745, Date: 28-30 April, 2016 Improving Stereolithography resolution Yogesh D. Patil 1, Richa A. Patil
More informationMonitoring the Kinetics of UV Curing Using In Situ Rheology and Real-Time Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
IS&T s 50th Annual Conference Monitoring the Kinetics of UV Curing Using In Situ Rheology and Real-Time Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Bor-Sen Chiou and Saad A. Khan Dept. of Chemical Engineering,
More informationA COMPUTER MODEL FOR LASER PHOTOPOLYMERIZAnON. LAWRANCE FLACH Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering. and
A COMPUTER MODEL FOR LASER PHOTOPOLYMERZAnON LAWRANCE FLACH Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and RCHARD P. CHARTOFF Rapid Prototype Development Laboratory and Center for Basic and Applied
More informationSpectroscopic Quantification of Kinetic Rate Constants for Epoxy-Acrylate Hybrid Photopolymerization
Spectroscopic Quantification of Kinetic Rate Constants for Epoxy-Acrylate Hybrid Photopolymerization Brian Dillman University of Iowa, Chemical and Biochemical Eng. Dept., Iowa City, USA Julie L. P. Jessop
More informationDimensional Issues in Stereolithography
Dimensional Issues in Stereolithography Abstract David L. Winmill, Daniel M. Hoopes and Suresh S. Jayanthi DuPont Somos, Two Penn's Way, New Castle, DE 19720-2407 New stereolithography photopolymers have
More informationModeling and Simulation to Materials Development for Rapid Prototyping Process
Modeling and Simulation to Materials Development for Rapid Prototyping Process Jardini A.L., M.C.B. Costa, R.A. Rezende, Andrade S.R., Maciel Filho R. Laboratory of Optimization, Project and Advanced Control
More informationEffect of ultraviolet and x-ray radiation on optical properties of epoxy polymers dyed with organic phosphors
Effect of ultraviolet and x-ray radiation on optical properties of epoxy polymers dyed with organic phosphors V CH Laurinas 1, S S Kasymov 1, V M Yurov 1, E N Eremin 2 and M V Vedyashkin 3 1 E.A. Buketov
More informationSynergistic Effect of Hydroxyl-containing Acrylates in Epoxide-Acrylate Hybrid Photopolymerizations Abstract Introduction Experimental Materials
Synergistic Effect of Hydroxyl-containing Acrylates in Epoxide-Acrylate Hybrid Photopolymerizations Gbenga I. Ajiboye, Julie L. P. Jessop* Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of
More informationReal-time UV cure monitoring
Real-time UV cure monitoring - Dielectric and infrared spectroscopy analyses show close linear correlation - Khalid Zahouily, Christian Decker, Erwin Kaisersberger, Michael Gruener. The photopolymerization
More informationPhotopolymerization of Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Acrylate Blends
Korean J. Chem. Eng., (5), 750-754 (005) Photopolymerization of Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Acrylate Blends Youngson Choe, Siyoung Park, Wonho Kim and Daewon Park Department of Chemical Engineering, Pusan
More informationUV-POLYMERIZATION IN THE PRESENCE OF NANOFILLERS CHAP Introduction
UV-POLYMERIZATION IN THE PRESENCE OF NANOFILLERS 3.1 Introduction The first problem in preparing UV-cured composites is the filler transparency towards UV-light. Otherwise it will be a competition of the
More informationInfrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing
16 Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing Marco Sangermano 1, Patrick Meier 2 and Spiros Tzavalas 2,* 1 Politecnico di Torino 2 ABB Corporate Research 1 Italy 2 Switzerland 1. Introduction
More informationPhotoinitiation, Photopolymerization, and Photocuring
Jean-Pierre Fouassier Photoinitiation, Photopolymerization, and Photocuring Fundamentals and Applications Hanser Publishers, Munich Vienna New York Hanser/Gardner Publications, Inc., Cincinnati Contents
More informationMechanistic Kinetic Modeling of Thiol Michael Addition Photopolymerizations via Photocaged Superbase Generators: An Analytical Approach
Supporting Information Mechanistic Kinetic Modeling of Thiol Michael Addition Photopolymerizations via Photocaged Superbase Generators: An Analytical Approach Mauro Claudino a, Xinpeng Zhang a, Marvin
More informationLightly cured. Seite/Page: 22
Lightly cured UV powder coatings based on unsaturated allylic polyesters. Dominique Burget, Mircea Manea, Stavros Apostolatos, Carole Mallein, Francoise Mauguiere-Guyonnet. Allylic-terminated unsaturated
More informationIRRADIATION EFFECTS ON POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)
IRRADIATION EFFECTS ON POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) L.COSTA, V. BRUNELLA, P. BRACCO Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, Università di Torino, Italy E-mail: brunella@ch.unito.it We have studied the electron beam effects
More informationOXYGEN INHIBITION AND COATING THICKNESS EFFECTS ON UV RADIATION CURING OF WEATHERFAST CLEARCOATS STUDIED BY PHOTO-DSC
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 75 (2004) 507 512 OXYGEN INHIBITION AND COATING THICKNESS EFFECTS ON UV RADIATION CURING OF WEATHERFAST CLEARCOATS STUDIED BY PHOTO-DSC Carmen Silvia Bentivoglio
More informationAPPLICATIONS OF THERMAL ANALYSIS IN POLYMER AND COMPOSITES CHARACTERIZATION. Wei Xie TA Instruments
APPLICATIONS OF THERMAL ANALYSIS IN POLYMER AND COMPOSITES CHARACTERIZATION Wei Xie TA Instruments Abstract Thermal Analysis is the generic name for a series of measurement techniques traditionally used
More informationSUPPORTING INFORMATION
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Rapid, puncture-initiated healing via oxygen-mediated polymerization Scott R. Zavada, Nicholas R. McHardy, Keith L. Gordon, and Timothy F. Scott* Experimental Section Materials:
More informationPhotocure Reactions of Photoreactive Prepolymers with Cinnamate Groups
Photocure Reactions of Photoreactive Prepolymers Bull. Korean hem. Soc. 2011, Vol. 32, No. 3 993 DI 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.3.993 Photocure Reactions of Photoreactive Prepolymers with innamate Groups Whan
More informationThiol-Enes: Fast Curing Systems with Exceptional Properties. Performance Materials, USA. Chemistry and Biochemistry, USA
Thiol-Enes: Fast Curing Systems with Exceptional Properties Charles Hoyle, 1,2 Tolecial Clark, 2 Tai Yeon Lee, 1 Todd Roper, 1 Bo Pan, 1 Huanyu Wei, 1 Hui Zhou, 1 and Joe Lichtenhan 3 1 The University
More informationMODELING EFFECTS OF OXYGEN INHIBITION IN MASK BASED STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
MODELING EFFECTS OF OXYGEN INHIBITION IN MASK BASED STEREOLITHOGRAPHY Amit S. Jariwala 1, Fei Ding 1, Aparna Boddapati 2, Victor Breedveld 2, Martha Grover 2, Clifford L. Henderson 2, David W. Rosen 1
More informationDetermining cure profile and post-cure shrinkage of photopolymers using UV accessory on a rotational rheometer
Determining cure profile and post-cure shrinkage of photopolymers using UV accessory on a rotational rheometer RHEOLOGY AND VISCOSITY Introduction A photopolymer usually consists of monomers, oligomers
More informationIntroduction to the Basics of UV/EB Chemistry and Formulations
Introduction to the Basics of UV/EB Chemistry and Formulations SUNY ESF Radiation Curing Program RadTech NA Dr. Mike J. Idacavage Colorado Photopolymer Solutions September 9, 2015 Agenda Introduction to
More informationCHARACTERIZATION OF SHRINKAGE AND STRESSES IN LARGE AREA MASKLESS PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION
CHARACTERIZATION OF SHRINKAGE AND STRESSES IN LARGE AREA MASKLESS PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION Kiran Kambly, Dajun Yuan, Peng Shao, Suman Das* Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,
More informationCONTROL-ORIENTED MODEL VERIFICATION FOR UV PROCESSING OF COMPOSITE LAMINATE
CONTROL-ORIENTED MODEL VERIFICATION FOR UV PROCESSING OF COMPOSITE LAMINATE Adamu Yebi, Beshah Ayalew, Srikanth Pilla Clemson University - International Center for Automotive Research 4 Research Dr Greenville,
More informationDirect Evaluation Method of UV Curing Process on the Basis of Conductivity Change of Photopolymerization Materials
IS&T's IS&T s th Annual Conference Direct Evaluation Method of UV Curing Process on the Basis of Conductivity Change of Photopolymerization Materials Yasusuke Takahashi, Sunao Tada, Shoutaro Yamada Department
More informationUltraviolet LEDS as a Source of Emission for Resist Exposure on Printed Circuit Boards
Ultraviolet LEDS as a Source of Emission for Resist Exposure on Printed Circuit Boards Alexander V. Fomenko Institute of Robotics, Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia xanderfomenko@gmail.com Alexander
More informationHighly efficient UVLED curing process with IR irradiation. Heraeus K.K. Noblelight Division Kazuo Ashikaga & Kiyoko Kawamura
Highly efficient UVLED curing process with IR irradiation Heraeus K.K. Noblelight Division Kazuo Ashikaga & Kiyoko Kawamura Table of contents Introduction Radical curing system irradiated by LED Direct
More informationSWOrRD. For direct detection of specific materials in a complex environment
SWOrRD For direct detection of specific materials in a complex environment SWOrRD Swept Wavelength Optical resonant Raman Detector RAMAN EFFECT Raman scattering or the Raman effect ( /rɑːmən/) is the inelastic
More informationDIRECT RADIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES
EMISSIVITY AND OTHER INFRARED-OPTICAL PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT METHODS DIRECT RADIOMETRIC TECHNIQUES Measuring principle The principle of direct radiometric techniques is shown schematically in the figure
More informationThermal and UV-curing Behavior of Inks, Adhesives, and Coatings by Photo-, In-situ DEA and DMA.
Thermal and UV-curing Behavior of Inks, Adhesives, and Coatings by Photo-, In-situ DEA and DMA. Dr. Gilles Widawski, Netzsch Instruments North America, Burlington, MA, USA Dr. Stephan Knappe, NETZSCH-Gerätebau
More informationSURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE BY PHOTOGRAFTING OF VINYL ACETATE MONOMERS
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series I: Engineering Sciences Vol. 4 (53) No. 1-2011 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYPROPYLENE BY PHOTOGRAFTING OF VINYL ACETATE MONOMERS J. BALART 1 J.M.
More information5. Photochemistry of polymers
5. Photochemistry of polymers 5.1 Photopolymerization and cross-linking Photopolymerization The fundamental principle of photopolymerization is based on the photoinduced production of a reactive species,
More informationInnovative. Technologies. Chemie des Klebens Chemistry of Adhesives. Dr. Jochen Stock, Laboratory Manager CRL Germany: Neuss, November 27 th, 2013
Chemie des Klebens Chemistry of Adhesives Dr. Jochen Stock, Laboratory Manager CRL Germany: Neuss, November 27 th, 2013 Innovative Technologies 1 Overview Chemie des Klebens Chemistry of Adhesives Introduction
More informationIR SPECTROSCOPY FOR BONDING SURFACE CONTAMINATION CHARACTERIZATION
IR SPECTROSCOPY FOR BONDING SURFACE CONTAMINATION CHARACTERIZATION INTRODUCTION Lee H. Pearson Thiokol Corporation Advanced Technology Brigham City, Utah 8432-77 Organic contaminants such as hydrocarbons
More informationSupporting Information:
Supporting Information: Visible Light Initiated Thiol-Michael Addition Polymerizations with Coumarin-based Photo-base Generators, Another Photoclick Reaction Strategy Xinpeng Zhang, Weixian Xi, Chen Wang,
More informationPROCESS PLANNING METHOD FOR EXPOSURE CONTROLLED PROJECTION LITHOGRAPHY Amit S. Jariwala, Harrison Jones, Abhishek Kwatra, David W.
PROCESS PLANNING METHOD FOR EXPOSURE CONTROLLED PROJECTION LITHOGRAPHY Amit S. Jariwala, Harrison Jones, Abhishek Kwatra, David W. Rosen* George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute
More informationThermally Stable Photoreactive Polymers as a Color Filter Resist Bearing Acrylate and Cinnamate Double Bonds
Macromolecular Research, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp 31-35 (2008) Thermally Stable Photoreactive Polymers as a Color Filter Resist Bearing Acrylate and Cinnamate Double Bonds Seung Hyun Cho Polymer Technology Institute,
More informationThe Sensitization of Aliphatic Epoxy Photopolymerization in Epoxy-Acrylate Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
The Sensitization of Aliphatic Epoxy Photopolymerization in Epoxy-Acrylate Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Tetiana Samoilenko, Nataliia Iarova, Halyna Menzheres, Oleksandr Brovko Institute of Macromolecular
More informationCURE MONITORING OF UV CHAIN CURING POLYMER BY FIBER OPTIC MEASUREMENT OF REFRACTIVE INDEX
6 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS CURE MONITORING OF UV CHAIN CURING POLYMER BY FIBER OPTIC MEASUREMENT OF REFRACTIVE INDEX Tatsuro Kosaka*, Daisuke Ueda**, Katsuhiko Ohsaka*, Yoshihiro
More informationConnecting the Dots: A New Method to Determine Radiation Yield during Electron Beam (EB) Polymerization Reactions via Raman Spectroscopy
Honors Theses at the University of Iowa Spring 218 Connecting the Dots: A New Method to Determine Radiation Yield during Electron Beam (EB) Polymerization Reactions via Raman Spectroscopy Renae Kurpius
More informationTHE MATRIX: EVOLUTIONS II
THE MATRIX: EVOLUTIONS II Pearl Sullivan Composites and Adhesives Group Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Waterloo IPR 28 th Annual Symposium, 16 May 2006 Scope: Multi-scale Analyses Atomic/Nanoscale
More informationC101-E107B UV Shimadzu UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer
C101-E107B UV-3600 Shimadzu UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer High sensitivity, high resolution, and an ultra-low stray-light level achieved with the latest technology lead the way to new solutions. UV-3600
More informationCharacterization of High-Performance Adhesives and Coatings by Photorheometry
Characterization of High-Performance Adhesives and Coatings by Photorheometry Joel D. Schall and John G. Woods Henkel Corporation Rocky Hill, CT USA Introduction Photorheometry allows one to monitor typical
More informationIntroduction to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
molecular spectroscopy Introduction to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific Introduction What is FT-IR? FT-IR stands for Fourier Transform InfraRed, the preferred method
More informationKEYWORDS Glazing; Window; Low E; Teflon; U-value; Shading Coefficient INTRODUCTION
/ : - '\. SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT OF WINDOWS WITH LOW EMISSIVITY COATINGS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH TEFLON * INNER GLAZINGS John L. Wright, Prof. H.F. Sullivan Advanced Glazing System Laboratory Department
More informationExtensive Dark Cure from Controlled Polymerization Based on a Method Using Visible-Light Activated Initiator System
Extensive Dark Cure from Controlled Polymerization Based on a Method Using Visible-Light Activated Initiator System Dongkwan Kim, and Jeffrey W. Stansbury University of Colorado-Denver, School of Dental
More informationQuantum Dots and Colors Worksheet Answers
Quantum Dots and Colors Worksheet Answers Background Quantum dots are semiconducting nanoparticles that are able to confine electrons in small, discrete spaces. Also known as zero-dimensional electronic
More informationPhotopolymerization and Physical Properties of Thiol-Vinyl Ether Hybrid
Photopolymerization and Physical Properties of Thiol-Vinyl Ether Hybrid Huanyu Wei Qin Li Moriam jelade Samy Madbouly Joshua U. taigbe Charles E. Hoyle * School of Polymers and High Performance Materials
More informationHigh Power Factors and Contaminants in Transformer Oil
High Power Factors and Contaminants in Transformer Oil By Russ Crutcher and Ken Warner HIGH POWER FACTORS AND CONTAMINANTS IN TRANSFORMER OIL Russ Crutcher and Ken Warner Microlab Northwest Abstract New
More informationOrganometallic alkane and noble-gas complexes in conventional and supercritical fluids*
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 443 447, 2001. 2001 IUPAC Organometallic alkane and noble-gas complexes in conventional and supercritical fluids* Gavin I. Childs, David C. Grills, Xue Z. Sun, and
More informationCharacterization. Chapter 3: Photo-oxidative degradation in Nylon 66 : Chemical. 3.1 Introduction
Chapter 3: Photo-oxidative degradation in Nylon 66 : Chemical Characterization 3.1 Introduction Aliphatic polyamides have got very good applications as engineering plastic as well as fiber material. During
More informationMechanical and Electro-optic Properties of Thiol-ene based Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC)
Mechanical and Electro-optic Properties of Thiol-ene based Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) Askim F. Senyurt Charles E. Hoyle Joe B. Whitehead Garfield Warren School of Polymers and High Performance
More informationPolymer Systems and Film Formation Mechanisms in High Solids, Powder, and UV Cure Systems
Polymer Systems and Film Formation Mechanisms in High Solids, Powder, and UV Cure Systems J. Baghdachi, Ph.D. Coatings Research Institute Eastern Michigan University (734) 487-3192 Freshpaint@aol.com jamil.baghdachi@emich.edu
More informationWaterborne UV Curable Polyurethane Dispersions
Waterborne Curable Polyurethane Dispersions Bo Lv, Zhongqun Xue Jiangsu Sanmu Group, Yixing 214258, Jiangsu, China Abstract Two high molecular weight polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) were synthesized by
More informationPhotomasks. Photolithography Evolution 9/11/2004 ECE580- MPE/MASKS/PHOTOMASKS.PPT
Photolithography Evolution 1 : Evolution 2 Photomasks Substrates: Type : thermal expansion Chrome Pellicles Mask: OPC and PSM Fabrication: E-Beam or Laser 3 Photomask Information Websites: http://www.photronics.com/internet/corpcomm/publications/basics101/basics.
More informationFourier Transform IR Spectroscopy
Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy Absorption peaks in an infrared absorption spectrum arise from molecular vibrations Absorbed energy causes molecular motions which create a net change in the dipole moment.
More informationRelease coatings: Defining Performance
Release coatings: Defining Performance Igor V. Khudyakov, Michael M. Hawkins, Steven A. Barth, Lisa Y. Winckler Solutia Inc., Performance Films, Fieldale, VA, USA Abstract Films with release coatings are
More informationLednium Series Optimal X OVTL09LG3x Series
(10-watts,120 Viewing Angle) x x x x x Revolutionary 3-dimensional packaged LED source Robust energy-efficient design with long operating life Low thermal resistance (2.5 C/W) Exceptional spatial uniformity
More informationThe Kinetics of B-a and P-a Type Copolybenzoxazine via the Ring Opening Process
The Kinetics of B-a and P-a Type Copolybenzoxazine via the Ring Opening Process Yi-Che Su, Ding-Ru Yei, Feng-Chih Chang Institute of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
More informationRaman Albedo and Deep-UV Resonance Raman Signatures of Explosives
Raman Albedo and Deep-UV Resonance Raman Signatures of Explosives Balakishore Yellampalle and Brian Lemoff WVHTC Foundation, 1000 Technology Drive, Suite 1000, Fairmont, WV, USA 26554 ABSTRACT Deep-ultraviolet
More informationMIL-STD-883E METHOD THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. PURPOSE. The purpose of this test is to determine the thermal characteristics of microelectronic devices. This includes junction temperature, thermal resistance, case and mounting
More informationPhotopolymerization using photolatent amine catalysts
Photopolymerization using photolatent amine catalysts X. Allonas*, H. Salmi, C. Ley Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute-Alsace, ENSCMu, 3 rue Alfred Werner
More informationPolymeric microelement on the top of the fiber formation and optical loss in this element analysis
Vol.2, No.8, 868-872 (2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2010.28109 Natural Science Polymeric microelement on the top of the fiber formation and optical loss in this element analysis Maria I. Fokina, Nina
More informationSupporting Information s for
Supporting Information s for # Self-assembling of DNA-templated Au Nanoparticles into Nanowires and their enhanced SERS and Catalytic Applications Subrata Kundu* and M. Jayachandran Electrochemical Materials
More informationIntroduction to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Introduction to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Introduction What is FTIR? FTIR stands for Fourier transform infrared, the preferred method of infrared spectroscopy. In infrared spectroscopy, IR
More informationAccuracy of Stereolithography Parts: Mechanism and Modes of Distortion for a "Letter-H" Diagnostic Part
Accuracy of Stereolithography Parts: Mechanism and Modes of Distortion for a "Letter-H" Diagnostic Part Thomas H. Pang*, Michelle D. Guertin, and Hop D. Nguyen 3D Systems Corp., Valencia, California *(Currently
More information9/28/10. Visible and Ultraviolet Molecular Spectroscopy - (S-H-C Chapters 13-14) Valence Electronic Structure. n σ* transitions
Visible and Ultraviolet Molecular Spectroscopy - (S-H-C Chapters 13-14) Electromagnetic Spectrum - Molecular transitions Widely used in chemistry. Perhaps the most widely used in Biological Chemistry.
More informationMAE 214 FUEL CELL FUNDAMENTALS & TECHNOLOGY FC ANALYSES TECHNIQUES
MAE 214 FUEL CELL FUNDAMENTALS & TECHNOLOGY Fuel Cell Analyses Methods NFCRC DR. JACK BROUWER MAE 214 Lecture #11 Spring, 2005 FC ANALYSES TECHNIQUES Potential Sweep Methods Linear Sweep Voltammetry (I-V)
More informationVisible and IR Absorption Spectroscopy. Andrew Rouff and Kyle Chau
Visible and IR Absorption Spectroscopy Andrew Rouff and Kyle Chau The Basics wavelength= (λ) original intensity= Ι o sample slab thickness= dl Final intensity= I f ε = molar extinction coefficient -di=
More informationTitle. Author(s)TAKEZAWA, Nobutsune; MIYAHARA, Koshiro; TOYOSHIMA, I. Issue Date Doc URL. Type. File Information
Title INFRARED DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTRA OF SURFACE HYDR OXIDE Author(s)TAKEZAWA, Nobutsune; MIYAHARA, Koshiro; TOYOSHIMA, I CitationJOURNAL OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CATALYSIS HOKK Issue Date 1971-04
More informationHeat Transfer in Polymers
Industrial Advisory Group Heat Transfer in Polymers Chris Brown Date: October 16 th 2003 Introduction: why heat transfer in polymers? To help enhance productivity Faster heat transfer means better equipment
More informationTIR100-2 Measurement of Thermal Emissivity
TIR100-2 Measurement of Thermal Emissivity Dr. Thomas Meisel INGLAS GmbH & Co. KG Introduction Some basic physics Principles of measurement pren 15976 Working with the TIR100-2 Practical course INGLAS
More informationElectronic Supporting Information (ESI) For
Electronic Supporting Information (ESI) For Real time monitoring of click chemistry self-healing in polymer composites H.-B. Yue a, b, J. P. Fernández-Blázquez a, D. F. Beneito a, c, J. J. Vilatela a *
More informationAbstract... I. Acknowledgements... III. Table of Content... V. List of Tables... VIII. List of Figures... IX
Abstract... I Acknowledgements... III Table of Content... V List of Tables... VIII List of Figures... IX Chapter One IR-VUV Photoionization Spectroscopy 1.1 Introduction... 1 1.2 Vacuum-Ultraviolet-Ionization
More informationA faster, more accurate way of characterizing cube beamsplitters using the Agilent Cary 7000 Universal Measurement Spectrophotometer (UMS)
A faster, more accurate way of characterizing cube beamsplitters using the Agilent Cary 7000 Universal Measurement Spectrophotometer (UMS) Application note Materials Authors Travis Burt, Chris Colley,
More informationFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a method used to obtain an infrared
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Low Density Polyethylene, High Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene and Polystyrene Eman Mousa Alhajji North Carolina State University Department of Materials Science
More information11. 5 *The Application of FT-IR Spectrum Method in Photocuring Process for Polyester Acrylate
11. 5 *The Application of FT-IR Spectrum Method in Photocuring Process for Polyester Acrylate Cao Jin Lu Xlanliang Zhang Zhenli East China University of Sci nee and technology Shanghai 200237 China Abstract
More informationMultiple Photoinitiators for Improved Performance Timothy E. Bishop DSM Desotech, Inc. Elgin, IL USA
Multiple Photoinitiators for Improved Performance Timothy E. Bishop DSM Desotech, Inc. Elgin, IL USA Abstract Higher levels of photoinitiator can increase extractables, reduce weatherability, limit film
More informationFemtosecond laser microfabrication in. Prof. Dr. Cleber R. Mendonca
Femtosecond laser microfabrication in polymers Prof. Dr. Cleber R. Mendonca laser microfabrication focus laser beam on material s surface laser microfabrication laser microfabrication laser microfabrication
More informationDevelopment of a controllable polymer system using interpenetrating networks
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Mechanical (and Materials) Engineering -- Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research Mechanical & Materials Engineering,
More informationTechnology offer: Environmentally friendly holographic recording material
Technology offer: Environmentally friendly holographic recording material Technology offer: Environmentally friendly holographic recording material SUMMARY Our research group has developed a new photopolymer
More informationSupporting Information
1 Supporting Information 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Materials and Methods Experiment In this study, an alloy IR probe which allowed us to get access to spectral
More informationIn-Situ FTIR Spectroscopy and Metrology of a Tungsten CVD Process
In-Situ FTIR Spectroscopy and Metrology of a Tungsten CVD Process A. Singhal, L. Henn-Lecordier and J. N. Kidder Jr. University of Maryland, College Park, MD C.A. Gogol, J.F. Kushneir Inficon, Inc. East
More informationElectrolytes for printed and laminated electrochromic devices
Electrolytes for printed and laminated electrochromic devices Mats Sandberg Acreo AB, Department of Printed Electronics Norrköping, Sweden Autumn School 2012 Printed Electronics and Foil Assembly Mûnchen
More informationOutline. Raman Scattering Spectroscopy Resonant Raman Scattering: Surface Enhaced Raman Scattering Applications. RRS in crystals RRS in molecules
Outline Raman Scattering Spectroscopy Resonant Raman Scattering: RRS in crystals RRS in molecules Surface Enhaced Raman Scattering Applications Charging and discharging of single molecules probed by SERS
More informationD501 and D501-RS. Microscanner D-Series IR Thermometers. no effect. no effect. no effect. no effect no effect
Microscanner D-Series The Only Certified Accurate Surface Instruments in the World A MUST FOR ISO 9001 ISO 9002 ISO 9003 TRACEABILITY PROGRAMS Common Surface Measurement Errors D501 and D501-RS Microscanner
More informationHolographic patterning of acrylamide based photopolymer surface
Holographic patterning of acrylamide based photopolymer surface I. Naydenova, E. Mihaylova, S. Martin, V. Toal Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street,
More informationChiroptical Spectroscopy
Chiroptical Spectroscopy Theory and Applications in Organic Chemistry Lecture 2: Polarized light Masters Level Class (181 041) Mondays, 8.15-9.45 am, NC 02/99 Wednesdays, 10.15-11.45 am, NC 02/99 28 Electromagnetic
More informationAC-829A. Issued on Apr. 15 th 2013 (Version 1.0)
Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. Hitachi Anisotropic Conductive Film ANISOLM AC-829A Issued on Apr. 15 th 2013 (Version 1.0) 1. Standard specification, bonding condition, storage condition and characteristic.....1
More informationResearch Article Subwavelength Microstructures Fabrication by Self-Organization Processes in Photopolymerizable Nanocomposite
Nanomaterials Volume 2012, Article ID 827438, 6 pages doi:10.1155/2012/827438 Research Article Subwavelength Microstructures Fabrication by Self-Organization Processes in Photopolymerizable Nanocomposite
More informationInfrared Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy IR Spectroscopy Used to identify organic compounds IR spectroscopy provides a 100% identification if the spectrum is matched. If not, IR at least provides information about the types
More informationWhat can laser light do for (or to) me?
What can laser light do for (or to) me? Phys 1020, Day 15: Questions? Refection, refraction LASERS: 14.3 Next Up: Finish lasers Cameras and optics 1 Eyes to web: Final Project Info Light travels more slowly
More informationThe effects of polymerizable
Photopolymer-clay Nanocomposite Performance Technical Paper Utilizing Different Polymerizable Organoclays By Soon Ki Kim and C. Allan Guymon The effects of polymerizable organoclays on thermomechanical
More information1901 Application of Spectrophotometry
1901 Application of Spectrophotometry Chemical Analysis Problem: 1 Application of Spectroscopy Organic Compounds Organic compounds with single bonds absorb in the UV region because electrons from single
More informationSection 7. Temperature Measurement
Section 7 Temperature Measurement 7/25/2017 Engineering Measurements 7 1 Working Definition Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules that make of a substance. After time,
More informationLecture Fall, 2005 Astronomy 110 1
Lecture 13+14 Fall, 2005 Astronomy 110 1 Important Concepts for Understanding Spectra Electromagnetic Spectrum Continuous Spectrum Absorption Spectrum Emission Spectrum Emission line Wavelength, Frequency
More informationBehavior and Energy States of Photogenerated Charge Carriers
S1 Behavior and Energy States of Photogenerated Charge Carriers on Pt- or CoOx-loaded LaTiO2N Photocatalysts: Time-resolved Visible to mid-ir Absorption Study Akira Yamakata, 1,2* Masayuki Kawaguchi, 1
More information