Chemical Oxidation Using Fenton s Reagent: Lessons Learned
|
|
- Rosalind Rodgers
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chemical Oxidation Using Fenton s Reagent: Lessons Learned Konrad J. Banaszak, Ph.D., L.P.G. KERAMIDA Environmental, Inc. 330 North College Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana Andrew A. Gremos, L.P.G., C.H.M.M. KERAMIDA Environmental, Inc. 330 North College Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana Stanley A. Hunnicutt, NRCC-EAC, C.H.M.M. KERAMIDA Environmental, Inc. 330 North College Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana KEYWORDS Fenton s, alkalinity, ISCO, chemical oxidation ABSTRACT The choice to employ Fenton s Reagent as the remedial alternative is based heavily on two factors, (1) the geology of the site, and (2) the chemistry of the aquifer. The geology must be appropriate to allow the dispersal of reagent, and the chemistry of the saturated zone must not overly deplete the oxidation potential of the reagent. Several pilot tests were conducted at the sites to evaluate the dispersal of reagents in the subsurface. The data show a marked heterogeneity in the effective dispersal of reagents in the subsurface. In addition, alkalinity of the subsurface water and soil is important to regulating whether the Fenton s reaction can take place. High alkalinity groundwater can negate the application of acid to reduce the groundwater ph. Data from sites indicated that the ph of the groundwater drops rapidly from 7.5 to approximately 6.0 and any additional acid is effectively buffered. 1. INTRODUCTION The Fenton s reaction was discovered in and has more recently been used for the degradation of organic compounds in soil and groundwater 2,3,4. Fenton s reaction is the addition of ferrous iron to hydrogen peroxide to produce a hydroxyl radical, a hydroxide ion, and ferric iron. H 2 O 2 + Fe 2+ OH + OH - + Fe 3+ Hydroxyl radicals (OH ) are known to be one of the most powerful oxidizing agents available to remediation scientists. This reaction produces hydroxyl radicals very efficiently when the ph is between 3 and 5. (Note that the product side of Fenton s reaction has hydroxide. That means that relatively high activities of hydroxide favor the reactant side, clearly working against the production of hydroxyl radicals.) The purpose of generating the oxidative power of the hydroxyl 1
2 radical is the destruction of organic contaminants through oxidation. This process has been proved to be effective on several occasions 2,3,4. However, Fenton s reaction has also been shown to be ineffective on several occasions. These occasions are not typically published due to their lack of success, but these apparent failures are caused by two factors: (1) applying the technology to sites where it is inappropriate and (2) inadequate concentrations or quantities of reagents. The first category of failures is applying the technology to sites where it is inappropriate. One situation where the technology has been misapplied is sites where the contamination is present in tight clays. When this is the case, distribution of the reagents is difficult and the chance of having all of the contaminants come in contact with reagent is very small. Another is applying the reagents to the wrong subsurface zone. Without careful planning of the application process, the reagents can be applied to an area where no contaminants exist. Furthermore, a poorly planned application can lead to pushing the contaminants around and expanding the plume rather than degrading it. The second category of failures is the use of inadequate concentrations or quantities of reagents. This can happen for two reasons. The first is a poorly designed bench test, which does not take into consideration the true site conditions. This can take place by omission of solid phase materials or ignoring the natural oxidant demand (NOD) present in the site soils and groundwater. The second reason for failure is improper scaling up of the bench test results to the full-scale application. An inadequate amount of reagent for the degradation of all organic contaminants at the site is the result. This paper discusses two sites where the hydrogeology and proper bench-scale tests indicated that Fenton s Reagent should work, but where factors beyond these lead to failure. 2. SITE A The first site that matches this description is an industrial facility in the Midwest (Site A). Site A was contaminated with high concentrations of chlorinated solvents such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, and vinyl chloride. The contaminants were confined to a small area and were located within a sand and gravel zone, which varied from two to eight feet thick. This sand and gravel zone was confined above and below by tight clay loam zones. This situation seemed ideal for the application of Fenton s reagent. The reagent easily could be introduced to the subsurface zone with minimal surfacing due to the confining clay layer. In addition, the sand and gravel should be the best possible subsurface medium for the uniform distribution of the reagents. The application of Fenton s reagent at Site A was meticulously planned. A bench test was conducted using site soils and deionized water to prove that the technology would, in fact, destroy the contaminants located on the site. After the success of the bench test, a pilot test was conducted to test the results of the bench test under actual site conditions. Reagent concentrations were based on the bench test results and the reagents were applied in two areas of the site. Reagents were mixed in two 300-gallon polyethylene tanks: one with acid and ferrous iron and one with hydrogen peroxide. The reagents were then pumped to the distribution points by the use of two double diaphragm pumps and a manifold system, which allowed for distribution of each reagent or both reagents to up to four separate distribution points. The distribution points consisted of 1¼-inch diameter stainless steel rods advanced to the desired depth of application by the use of a Geoprobe push-probe rig. Each rod was fitted with a 2
3 disposable tip. Once the desired depth was reached, the Fenton s pumps were connected to the stainless steel rod and reagent was introduced to the rod. The resultant pressure deployed the disposable point from the end of the rod and reagent flowed into the subsurface. Distribution points were installed on a grid with 3½ foot spacing within the pilot test areas. Each area of the pilot test was located around a monitoring well so that the results of the bench test could be assessed through sampling the monitoring wells. Favorable results were obtained from the pilot test including a 37% reduction of contaminant concentrations in the effected monitoring wells. The full-scale application was then planned to begin on the downgradient side of the plume and work upgradient, thus limiting the spreading of the plume by working against the groundwater gradient. The full-scale application used the same reagent mix, delivery methods, and distribution point spacing as the pilot test. However, the results of the full-scale application were mixed. Results indicate anywhere from a 52% decrease to a 48% increase in concentrations depending on the individual constituent and monitoring well. The 52% decrease was likely due to effective Fenton s reaction, as 37% could be expected. Large increases were likely due to pushing more highly contaminated groundwater into the monitoring points. The range from 52% reduction to no reduction is likely the result of an ineffective application for geochemical reasons, as the site material allowed easy injection. One piece of data that may provide part of the answer is the ph results for samples collected after application was complete. None of these ph results were below 6. This ph level is not sufficiently low to allow the Fenton s reaction to proceed efficiently. It was noted that Site A and many other sites where Fenton s technology has failed are located in the Midwest. This typically means that the aquifer alkalinity is very high. High alkalinity groundwater is a buffer solution, which effectively negates the application of acid to reduce the groundwater ph. Also interfering were percent levels of reactive carbonate, mostly calcite, in the solid that buffered the system despite reasonable additions of acid. Aquifer alkalinity refers to both the alkalinity of the groundwater and solid materials that compose the aquifer. The bench test and scale up were acceptable to general industry standards, but did not consider the heterogeneity in the field of conductance, of geochemistry, of the solid phases, of the actual chemistry of the groundwater, or of the likely equilibrium of the groundwater and solid in the aquifer. The physical heterogeneity likely led to uneven distribution of the reagent. Hence the areas of better and of worse than expected impact. The heterogeneity of the geochemistry likely exacerbated these outcomes. The bench test used deionized water, but the site groundwater was highly alkaline and reduced. Finally, the groundwater/solids equilibrium of the aquifer led to a system highly buffered in its redox and ph. This buffering, including reactions of carbonate and iron-bearing minerals with water, likely kept the geochemical conditions in redox and ph conditions unfavorable to Fenton s reaction. 3. SITE B These ideas were tested to some level at another facility. Site B is also an industrial facility located in the Midwest. It is contaminated with chlorinated solvents, which are present in a sand and gravel aquifer. In addition, this site has a high aquifer alkalinity very similar to that observed at Site A. A Fenton s pilot test was already planned for Site B based on similar prior testing, such as bench scale testing, as at Site A. This pilot test was modified to allow for monitoring of the aquifer ph. Field ph was monitored during two Fenton s pilot tests at Site B. The first pilot test was designed to monitor the horizontal distribution of the reagents and consisted of one injection 3
4 point surrounded by five monitoring points at distances of 5 to 28.5 feet from the injection point. The monitoring points were designated PZ-1, PZ-2, PZ-3, RW-3, and SVE-8. The injection points used in this pilot test were installed in the same manner as those used at Site A above. Field ph was monitored during the Fenton s applications by the use of a peristaltic pump and a Hydrolab Quanta G water quality meter with a flow cell. Disposable polyethylene tubing was installed in each monitoring point to the desired depth. The tubing was then run to a central location where the Hydrolab was set up. Each location was monitored in turn using the same Hydrolab so that instrument variation would not be a factor. As each monitoring point was sampled and the groundwater was allowed to fill the flow cell, the ph was measured and recorded. The results for the first pilot test are presented in Figure 1. Two separate injection points 8 34' 11:53-12: ' 12:35-13:15 Figure 1: Change in ph Over Time - Pilot Test #1 Injection 1 Injection 2 26' 14:35-15:05 33' 15:14-15: ' 16:04-16:55 25' 17:15-17: /28/03 7 3/19/ /12/03 PZ-1 (5') PZ-2 (9.5') PZ-3 (18') RW-3 (5') SVE-8 (28.5') Time were used and three different depths of injection were used for each injection point. The distances of the monitoring points from the injection points are shown in the legend after the monitoring point designation. It would be expected that the ph of groundwater with no buffer capacity would asymptotically approach that of the reagents (ph<2). However, in four out of five monitoring points, the ph of the groundwater drops rapidly from 7.5 to approximately 6.0. At this point the ph is buffered by the aquifer alkalinity. The ph does not drop any lower with the continued addition of reagent. In addition, groundwater samples collected from RW-3 at one, two, and three weeks following the pilot test showed an immediate rebound to preapplication levels of ph (Figure 1). Monitoring point RW-3 is the only true monitoring well used as a monitoring point. All other monitoring points are temporary wells with no screen packs. The fact that the ph of RW-3 is one full standard unit less than any other observation point implies that a preferential pathway exists to this monitoring point, possibly induced by the screen pack around the monitoring well. This is one possible reason why concentrations of contaminants have been observed to rebound to pre-application levels at some sites 5. It is possible that the reagents are preferentially treating the monitoring wells where samples are collected. This would result in samples collected immediately after completion of the application exhibiting much lower concentrations of contaminants. Then, after several months of equilibration in the subsurface environment, the concentrations return to pre-application levels due to the migration of virtually untreated groundwater flowing into the monitoring well. 4
5 The second pilot test, also conducted at Site B, consisted of three injection points arranged around a single monitoring point. The injection points were installed in the same manner as the pilot test described above and the monitoring point was a monitoring well (MW-2) in which samples were collected from two distinct depths in an effort to evaluate the vertical distribution of the reagents. The results of the second pilot test are presented in Figure 2. Two separate monitoring points were located in the same Figure 2: Change in ph Over Time - Pilot Test # ph Time ph (23') ph (26') ph (3/12-3/28) monitoring well at different depths. The depths are indicated in the legend. It is again observed that the ph of the groundwater drops rapidly from 7.5 to approximately 6.2. At this point the ph is again buffered by the aquifer alkalinity and does not drop any lower with the continued addition of reagent. The extremely low value at 12:13 is attributed to the brief incursion of raw reagent to the monitoring well. 4. RETURN TO SITE A The third pilot test consisted of four injection points arranged around one monitoring point. The injection points were installed in the same manner as the previous pilot tests and the monitoring point was a monitoring well in which samples were collected from only one depth. This test was undertaken to determine whether the use of high volumes of concentrated acid would overcome the alkaline buffer system. In order to test this theory, the normal use of citric acid was replaced with 10% sulfuric acid. The results of the third pilot test (Figure 3) indicate that the same phenomenon is occurring at both sites. 5
6 Figure 3: Change in ph Over Time - Pilot Test # ph 5.00 ph Time In addition, the use of sulfuric acid did not allow for the aquifer alkalinity to be overcome. Approximately 500 gallons of 10% sulfuric acid were injected into the subsurface at four points located within two feet of the monitoring point. The net result was that the ph did not drop below 5. This ph effectively stops the Fenton s process because the optimum ph for the Fenton s reaction is between 3 and DISCUSSION In conclusion, the use of the traditional Fenton s reaction in high alkalinity systems is not feasible. Even if enough acid could be introduced to overcome the alkalinity and lower the ph below 5, it would be cost prohibitive. In order for Fenton s reaction to be effective in these systems, a catalyst would be needed to accelerate the reaction at neutral ph. This may be the case in several proprietary approaches 6. 6
7 REFERENCES 1. Luong, H. V.; Lin, H. K. Anal. Lett. 2000, 33(14), DeHgi, B.; Hodges, A. In Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds 2002; Gavaskar, A. R.; Chen, A. S. C., Ed.; Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds; Batelle Press: Columbus, OH, Plaisier, W.; Pancras, T. In Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds 2002; Gavaskar, A. R.; Chen, A. S. C., Ed.; Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds; Batelle Press: Columbus, OH, Shiple, J.; Coons, M.; Campbell, R. E.; Collins, W. E.; Abedi, H. In Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds 2002; Gavaskar, A. R.; Chen, A. S. C., Ed.; Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds; Batelle Press: Columbus, OH, Roberts, E. P.; Bauer, N. In Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds 2000; Wickramanayake, G. B.; Gavaskar, A. R.; Chen, A. S. C., Ed.; Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds; Batelle Press: Columbus, OH, 2000; pp Levin, R.; Wilson, J.; Ware, L.; Findley, J.; Baehr, J. In Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds 2000; Wickramanayake, G. B.; Gavaskar, A. R.; Chen, A. S. C., Ed.; Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds; Batelle Press: Columbus, OH, 2000; pp
Optimization of In-Situ Chemical Oxidation Design Parameters
Optimization of In-Situ Chemical Oxidation Design Parameters by Amine Dahmani, PhD Director, Site Assessment & Remediation Laboratories Ken Huang, PhD Remediation Laboratory Manager Environmental Research
More informationKey factors for a successful ISCO application with Permanganate
Key factors for a successful ISCO application with Permanganate Prepared by: Richard W Lewis CPG Program Manager ERM 1, 11/22/2002 1 1 ISCO Treatment Two key issues Does the reaction take place? Competing
More informationAndrew Hart Golder Associates (NZ) Limited. Assessment of ISCO for Remediation of PCP Impacted Soil
Andrew Hart Golder Associates (NZ) Limited Assessment of ISCO for Remediation of PCP Impacted Soil Overview Introduction to In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) Case Study PCP contamination at a timber treatment
More informationCHEMICAL OXIDATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE IN SITU REMEDIATION OF HYDROCARBON IMPACTED SOILS
CHEMICAL OXIDATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE IN SITU REMEDIATION OF HYDROCARBON IMPACTED SOILS Cheryl Kluck and Gopal Achari Center for Environmental Engineering Research and Education (CEERE) University of Calgary
More informationChemical Oxidation - How Oxidants Work
Chemical Oxidation - How Oxidants Work Charles Blanchard, PE Regional Engineer Groundwater & Environmental Services, Inc. Chemical Oxidation Overview Direct oxidation is a reaction between a compound and
More informationREMEDIATION OF SALT IMPACTED GROUNDWATER WITH ELECTROKINETICS. Paper by: Sean Kelly, Rick Churko, Sean Frisky, Anjum Mullick, Stuart Torr.
REMEDIATION OF SALT IMPACTED GROUNDWATER WITH ELECTROKINETICS. Paper by: Sean Kelly, Rick Churko, Sean Frisky, Anjum Mullick, Stuart Torr. Alberta Transportation is supporting leading research in the use
More informationChemical Oxidation and Reduction
Chemical Oxidation and Reduction Benno Rahardyan FTSL-ITB Taken from : PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT What is oxidation? Simply put: The adding of an oxygen atom You are changing the composition of a molecule
More informationChemical Oxidation. Jim Harrington, Chief Training and Technical Support Section May 7, 2005
Chemical Oxidation Jim Harrington, Chief Training and Technical Support Section May 7, 2005 1 From ITRC Internet Seminar What s New with In Situ Chemical Oxidation ITRC Technical and Regulatory Guidance:
More informationChemical Oxidation Update: New Method for Activating Persulfate. SMART Remediation Vancouver, ON February 11, 2016
Chemical Oxidation Update: New Method for Activating Persulfate Jean Paré Chemco SMART Remediation Vancouver, ON February 11, 2016 SMART is Powered by: www.vertexenvironmental.ca Chemical Oxidation Update:
More informationStuart M. Peters, Tai T. Wong and John G. Agar O Connor Associates Environmental Inc., Calgary, Alberta, CANADA, T2G 0Y2. Abstract
Field Aspects of Oxidation and Enhanced Biodegradation: Understanding and Controlling Chemical Reactions during the Injection of Hydrogen Peroxide for In Situ Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Stuart
More informationRemtech Slow Release Persulphate and MultiOx Cylinders for Passive, Long-term Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites
Remtech 2014 Slow Release Persulphate and MultiOx Cylinders for Passive, Long-term Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites Meeting Name Pamela Dugan, Ph.D., P.G.; Carus Corporation Company
More informationSlow Release Persulfate and MultiOx Cylinders for Passive, Long term Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites
Slow Release Persulfate and MultiOx Cylinders for Passive, Long term Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites Jean Paré Chemco Inc. SMART Remediation Ottawa, ON February 12, 2015 SMART is
More informationChemical Oxidation Overview. Jim Jacobs Tel:
Chemical Oxidation Overview Jim Jacobs jimjacobs@ebsinfo.com Tel: 415-381-5195 Chemical oxidation uses reagents to transform, degrade, or immobilize organic wastes. Chemical oxidizers have been used for
More informationIn Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) Overview
In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) Overview presentation for TEMADAG VINTERMØDE 2010 Vingstedcentret, Vejle, Denmark by: Prasad Kakarla In-Situ Oxidative Technologies, Inc. (ISOTEC SM ) West Windsor, New
More informationChemical Oxidation Update: New Method for Activating Persulfate. Brant Smith PeroxyChem. SMART Remediation Toronto, ON January 28, 2016
Chemical Oxidation Update: New Method for Activating Persulfate Brant Smith PeroxyChem SMART Remediation Toronto, ON January 28, 2016 SMART is Powered by: www.vertexenvironmental.ca Chemical Oxidation
More information12. Lead, Pb (atomic no. 82)
12. Lead, Pb (atomic no. 82) - Sources of Pb contamination include mining, metal processing, lead battery manufacturing, chemical and paint manufacturing, and lead wastes. -USEPA drinking water action
More informationBrant A. Smith P.E., Ph.D. Remediation Technologies (RemTech) Symposium Banff, Alberta October 14, 2015
Application of Alkaline Activated Persulfate to Treat Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination Beneath the Active Construciton of a 32-Story High-Rise Residential Tower Brant A. Smith P.E., Ph.D. Remediation
More informationBOS 100 Overburden and Bedrock Groundwater Remediation Former Dry Cleaning Facility
BOS 100 Overburden and Bedrock Groundwater Remediation Former Dry Cleaning Facility Site Description Location Central Kentucky Site Use Retail Shopping Center Geologic Setting Inner Bluegrass Bedrock Ordovician
More informationRotating Dual Axis Blending Technology at MGP Sites
Applicability of ISCO Using Rotating Dual Axis Blending Technology at MGP Sites MGP 2012 March 28 30, 2012 Scott Tarmann AECOM ISCO at MGP Sites In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has been used with varied
More informationIN-SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION OF MTBE By Kara L. Kelley, Michael C. Marley & Kenneth L. Sperry, P.E., XDD-LLC
IN-SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION OF MTBE By Kara L. Kelley, Michael C. Marley & Kenneth L. Sperry, P.E., XDD-LLC ABSTRACT In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) can be a cost-effective method for the destruction
More informationAquitard Characterization The Legend of Indiana s Magic Clay Layer. Juliet Port, LPG #2214 July 2014
Aquitard Characterization The Legend of Indiana s Magic Clay Layer Juliet Port, LPG #2214 July 2014 Topics What is an Aquitard? Why do we care? Review of Indiana glacial geology Conceptual Framework Investigation
More informationChemical Oxidation Oxidizing agents
Chemical Oxidation CENG 4710 Environmental Control Chemical oxidation is used to detoxify waste by adding an oxidizing agent to chemically transform waste compounds. It is capable of destroying a wide
More informationChemical Hydrogeology
Physical hydrogeology: study of movement and occurrence of groundwater Chemical hydrogeology: study of chemical constituents in groundwater Chemical Hydrogeology Relevant courses General geochemistry [Donahoe]
More informationDrillox Technology. Technology Covered by Patent Application
Drillox Technology Technology Covered by Patent Application Presentation Outline Calcium Peroxide Properties The Drillox Technology Principle Comparison with other oxidants Testing protocol Lab studies
More informationChapter - III THEORETICAL CONCEPTS. AOPs are promising methods for the remediation of wastewaters containing
Chapter - III THEORETICAL CONCEPTS 3.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes AOPs are promising methods for the remediation of wastewaters containing recalcitrant organic compounds such as pesticides, surfactants,
More informationApplication of Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes to Identify Sources of Nitrate
Application of Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes to Identify Sources of Nitrate Illinois Groundwater Consortium Conference April 9, 2001 George S. Roadcap, Illinois State Water Survey Keith C. Hackley, Illinois
More informationIN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION SHORT COURSE DESCRIPTION, OUTLINE, AND BIOS Presented by Will Caldicott of In Situ Oxidative Technologies, Inc.
IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION SHORT COURSE DESCRIPTION, OUTLINE, AND BIOS Presented by Will Caldicott of In Situ Oxidative Technologies, Inc. In-situ oxidation techniques have been utilized by the North American
More informationCharacteristics of Fenton s Oxidation of 2, 4, 6 Trichlorophenol
Characteristics of Fenton s Oxidation of 2, 4, 6 Trichlorophenol *M Farrokhi 1, A R Mesdaghinia 2, A R Yazdanbakhsh 3, S Nasseri 2 1 Dept. of Environmental Health, Giulan University of Medical Sciences,
More informationTable 5-1 Sampling Program Summary for Milltown Ford Avenue Redevelopment Area, NJ.
Table 5- Sampling Program Summary for Milltown Ford Avenue Redevelopment Area, NJ. Transformer Pads (9 pads: PAD 9) Evaluate if PCBs presently exist in soils adjacent to, and/or beneath the transformer
More informationBoron Treatment Technology for CCR Wastewater, Ash Leachate, and Groundwater
2017 World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference in Lexington, KY - May 9-11, 2017 http://www.flyash.info/ Boron Treatment Technology for CCR Wastewater, Ash Leachate, and Groundwater Allison Kreinberg 1, Bruce
More informationExercise 2-2. Titration of a Strong Acid EXERCISE OBJECTIVES
Exercise 2-2 Titration of a Strong Acid EXERCISE OBJECTIVES To describe the effect of a ph variation on a chemical indicator; To titrate water containing a strong base solution with a strong acid solution;
More informationGeophysical Exploration in Water Resources Assessment. John Mundell, P.E., L.P.G., P.G. Ryan Brumbaugh, L.P.G. Mundell & Associates, Inc.
Geophysical Exploration in Water Resources Assessment John Mundell, P.E., L.P.G., P.G. Ryan Brumbaugh, L.P.G. Mundell & Associates, Inc. Presentation Objective Introduce the use of geophysical survey methods
More informationPressure Grouting of Fractured Bedrock to Control Acid Mine Drainage
WATER RESOURCES AT RISK May 14-18, 1995 Denver American Institute of Hydrology Pressure Grouting of Fractured Bedrock to Control Acid Mine Drainage S. A. Effner, G. D. Vandersluis, and V. Straskraba Hydro-Geo
More informationTREATMENT OF 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE WITH REACTIVE NANOSCALE IRON PRODUCT IN SIMULATED GROUNDWATER
Paper 2E-01, in: A.R. Gavaskar and A.S.C. Chen (Eds.), Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds 2004. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant
More informationPermeable Treatment Wall Project
West Valley Demonstration Project West Valley Environmental Services Permeable Treatment Wall Project 20614_1 John Chamberlain May 26, 2010 West Valley Citizen Task Force Meeting West Valley Demonstration
More informationAssessing Groundwater Vulnerability and Contaminant Pathways at MCAS Beaufort, SC
Assessing Groundwater Vulnerability and Contaminant Pathways at MCAS Beaufort, SC James M. Rine, John M. Shafer, Elzbieta Covington Abstract A project to assess the vulnerability of groundwater resources
More informationGeochemical Investigation of Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Upper Midwest Ground Water
Geochemical Investigation of Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Upper Midwest Ground Water Mindy Erickson Minnesota Department of Transportation and University of Minnesota Water Resources Science Source vs.
More informationProper&es of Water. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 2.2 Properties of Water
Lesson Overview Proper&es of Water Lesson Overview 2.2 Properties of Water THINK ABOUT IT Looking back at Earth from space, an astronaut called it the blue planet, referring to the oceans of water that
More informationRADIONUCLIDE DIFFUSION IN GEOLOGICAL MEDIA
GEOPHYSICS RADIONUCLIDE DIFFUSION IN GEOLOGICAL MEDIA C. BUCUR 1, M. OLTEANU 1, M. PAVELESCU 2 1 Institute for Nuclear Research, Pitesti, Romania, crina.bucur@scn.ro 2 Academy of Scientists Bucharest,
More informationSecond Interim Report NTIS GRA&I. 0 Michael Grttzel, Ph.D. By. Professor of Chemistry. June 20, United States Army
D FILE COPY CATALYTIC AGENT DEGRADATION ON OXIDE LI 8 AND IN MCROHETEROGENEOUS SOLU'ION SYSTEMS cj Accession For Second Interim Report NTIS GRA&I by DTIC TAB Unannounced Justification 0 Michael Grttzel,
More informationPCBs Lower Chlorinated ELISA Kit
PCBs Lower Chlorinated ELISA Kit Cat. No.:DEIA6835 Pkg.Size:100T Intended use The PCBs Lower Chlorinated ELISA Kit is an immunoassay for the quantitative and sensitive detection of Biphenyls-Lower Chlorinated
More informationApplied Geophysics for Environmental Site Characterization and Remediation
Applied Geophysics for Environmental Site Characterization and Remediation MSECA Webinar September 24, 2015 John Mundell, P.E., L.P.G. Ryan Brumbaugh, L.P.G. MUNDELL & ASSOCIATES, INC. Webinar Objective
More informationNaOH + HCl ---> NaCl + H 2 O
EXERCISES, LESSON 2 INSTRUCTIONS. Write the word, words, symbols, or numbers that properly completes the statement in the space provided or mark the correct word/phrase from those given. After you complete
More informationContents Preface Introduction Model Concepts
Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Environmental Problems and Geochemical Modeling 1 1.1.1 High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal 1 1.1.2 Mining Related Environmental Issues 4 1.1.3 Landfills 8 1.1.4 Deep
More informationNANOIRON S ACTIVITY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE AND SOIL ENRICHMENT POSSIBILITIES. Petr BENEŠ, María de Marco RODRIGO, Pavel Mašín, Martin KUBAL
NANOIRON S ACTIVITY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE AND SOIL ENRICHMENT POSSIBILITIES Petr BENEŠ, María de Marco RODRIGO, Pavel Mašín, Martin KUBAL Vysoká škola chemicko technologická v Praze, Technická 5, Praha
More informationAntelope Hills Directionally Drilled Water Well. Theresa Jehn-Dellaport Jehn Water Consultants, Inc.
Antelope Hills Directionally Drilled Water Well Theresa Jehn-Dellaport Directional Well Applications Deep Bedrock Aquifers Proven Oil field technology Initial Analysis indicates up to 4 times the production
More informationChapter Two (Chemistry of Life)
1 Chapter Two (Chemistry of Life) SECTION ONE: THE COMPOSITION OF MATTER MATTER Everything in the universe is made of matter. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the quantity of
More informationChapter 02 Chemical Basis of Life. Multiple Choice Questions
Seeleys Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 8th Edition VanPutte Test Bank Full Download: http://testbanklive.com/download/seeleys-essentials-of-anatomy-and-physiology-8th-edition-vanputte-test-bank/
More informationWater Framework Directive. Groundwater Monitoring Programme. Site Information. Drum Bingahamstown
Water Framework Directive Groundwater Monitoring Programme Site Information Drum Bingahamstown ImagePath1: Drum Bingahamstown\IE_WE_G_16_ 1_a_Spring.jpg Drum Binghamstown is a spring that is used for a
More information1.11 Redox Equilibria
1.11 Redox Equilibria Electrochemical cells Electron flow A cell has two half cells. The two half cells have to be connected with a salt bridge. Simple half cells will consist of a metal (acts an electrode)
More informationChemical Oxidation of MTBE and TBA
Chemical Oxidation of and Marc Carver (ERM, Inc., Ewing, New Jersey), Richard A. Brown, Ph.D., (ERM, Inc., Ewing, New Jersey) ABSTRACT: Methyl tertiary butyl ether () is a synthetic chemical that was historically
More informationNCERT. [H O] Since water is in large excess, its concentration can be assumed to be constant and combining it with K provides a new constant K w
UNIT-5 PH AND PH CHANGE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS YOU have already performed experiments on dynamic equilibrium between unionised salt and the ions produced by it on dissolving in a solvent. In this unit we
More informationCHEMISTRY 40S: AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS LESSON 4 NOTES. When you have completed this lesson, you will be able to:
CHEMISTRY 40S: AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS LESSON 4 NOTES Introduction Oxidation and reduction reactions often occur in aqueous environments. We ve often heard of the term oxidation in reference to the rusting of
More informationAMD 101. Chemistry of Abandoned Mine Drainage. Bruce Golden WPCAMR
AMD 101 Chemistry of Abandoned Mine Drainage Bruce Golden WPCAMR http://amrclearinghouse.org Western PA Coalition for Abandoned Mine Reclamation A helping hand to watershed groups grappling with the legacy
More information2.1 The Nature of Matter
2.1 The Nature of Matter Lesson Objectives Identify the three subatomic particles found in atoms. Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are similar and how they are different. Explain how compounds
More informationExperiment 18: ph Measurements of Common Substances. Experiment 17: Reactions of Acids with Common Substances
Experiment 18: ph Measurements of Common Substances and Experiment 17: Reactions of Acids with Common Substances What is this lab about? You mean what ARE THESE labs about? Ok, so what are THESE labs about?
More informationTechniques for effluent treatment. Lecture 5
Techniques for effluent treatment Lecture 5 Techniques for effluent treatment Dye effluent treatment methods are classified into three main categories: 1. Physical treatment method 2. Chemical treatment
More informationFinding Large Capacity Groundwater Supplies for Irrigation
Finding Large Capacity Groundwater Supplies for Irrigation December 14, 2012 Presented by: Michael L. Chapman, Jr., PG Irrigation Well Site Evaluation Background Investigation Identify Hydrogeologic Conditions
More informationChapter 6. Weathering, Erosion, and Soil
Chapter 6 Weathering, Erosion, and Soil Introduction Rocks and minerals disintegrate and decompose by the processes of physical and chemical weathering. This breakdown occurs because the parent material
More informationCHEMICAL OXIDATION. The use of oxidizing agents without the need of microorganisms for the reactions to proceed
CHEMICAL OXIDATION The use of oxidizing agents without the need of microorganisms for the reactions to proceed oxidizing agents : O 3, H 2 O 2, Cl 2 or HOCl or O 2 etc catalysts : ph, transition metals,
More informationA Method, tor Determining the Slope. or Neutron Moisture Meter Calibration Curves. James E. Douglass
Station Paper No. 154 December 1962 A Method, tor Determining the Slope or Neutron Moisture Meter Calibration Curves James E. Douglass U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service Southeastern Forest
More informationTHE MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND ENERGY INDUSTRIES MINERALS DIVISION MINE DESIGN TEMPLATE OPERATOR NAME: OPERATOR ADDRESS: PHONE NUMBER: FACSIMILE:
THE MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND ENERGY INDUSTRIES MINERALS DIVISION MINE DESIGN TEMPLATE 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION OPERATOR NAME: OPERATOR ADDRESS: PHONE NUMBER: FACSIMILE: NAME OF CONTACT: CELLULAR PHONE: EMAIL
More informationBIG IDEAS. Reaction Kinetics Reactants must collide to react. Conditions surrounding a reaction determine its rate.
Area of Learning: SCIENCE Chemistry Grade 12 Ministry of Education BIG IDEAS Dynamic Equilibrium Solubility Equilibrium Acids and Bases Oxidation-Reduction Some chemical reactions are reversible and proceed
More informationEFFECT OF SULFATE IONS ON THE OXIDATION OF MTBE BY FENTON S REAGENT
EFFECT OF SULFATE IONS ON THE OXIDATION OF MTBE BY FENTON S REAGENT Ewa Maria Siedlecka, Anna Januszewska, Piotr Glamowski Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk,
More informationQuiz 5 Introduction to Polymers
100506 Quiz 5 Introduction to Polymers 1) Polyurethane in the video shown in class is formed from two liquids that are mixed. After mixing the solution foams and expands fairly rapidly forming a solid
More informationFebruary 9, 2018 GeoInsight Project
February 9, 2018 GeoInsight Project 7877-001 William Murphy, Director Town of Sudbury Board of Health 275 Old Lancaster Road Sudbury, MA 01776 Re: Focused Subsurface Investigation Melone Property North
More informationChapter 18 Electrochemistry
Chapter 18 Electrochemistry Definition The study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions This interchange can occur in both directions: 1. Conversion
More informationCHERRY HILL TUITION AQA CHEMISTRY A2 PAPER Section A. Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
2 Section A Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 1 This question is about bond dissociation enthalpies and their use in the calculation of enthalpy changes. 1 (a) Define bond dissociation enthalpy
More informationGeneral Chemistry 1 CHM201 Unit 2 Practice Test
General Chemistry 1 CHM201 Unit 2 Practice Test 1. Which statement about the combustion of propane (C 3H 8) is not correct? C 3H 8 5O 2 3CO 2 4H 2O a. For every propane molecule consumed, three molecules
More informationStudent Achievement. Chemistry 12
Student Achievement Chemistry 12 Key Elements: Reaction Kinetics Estimated Time: 14 16 hours By the end of this course, students will be able to explain the significance of reaction rates, demonstrate
More informationSorption of Contaminants from Solution: Terms & Principles
PlumeStop Technical Bulletin 2.1 Sorption of Contaminants from Solution: Terms & Principles Quick Reference: Basis of PlumeStop sorption PlumeStop sorption isotherms Significance as a remediation tool
More informationDifferentiation of chloride source using stable chlorine isotopes
Differentiation of chloride source using stable chlorine isotopes RemTech 2009 Banff, Alberta October 14-16 2009 Dr. Alec Blyth and Tom Anthony 1 1 currently City of Calgary Background: DOW Chemical Canada
More informationFifth Grade: FOSS Life Science - Living Systems
Fifth Grade: FOSS Life Science - Living Systems Investigation Title and Synopsis Concepts Assessments and TE Page Numbers 1. Living Cells Students study four related human/body transport systems that provide
More informationInvestigation on dyes oxidation by Fenton s reagent in aqueous medium
A N N A L E S U N I V E R S I T A T I S M A R I A E C U R I E - S K Ł O D O W S K A L U B L I N P O L O N I A VOL. LIX, 5 SECTIO AA 24 Investigation on dyes oxidation by Fenton s reagent in aqueous medium
More informationUSE OF GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS FOR FILL CHARACTERIZATION AND QUANTITY ESTIMATION AT BROWNFIELD SITES A CASE HISTORY. Abstract
USE OF GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS FOR FILL CHARACTERIZATION AND QUANTITY ESTIMATION AT BROWNFIELD SITES A CASE HISTORY John A. Mundell, Mundell & Associates, Inc., Indianapolis, IN Gregory B. Byer, Mundell &
More informationExercise 2-4. Titration of a Buffer Solution EXERCISE OBJECTIVES
Exercise 2-4 Titration of a Buffer Solution EXERCISE OBJECTIVES To define the terms buffer solution and buffer capacity; To titrate a buffer solution with a weak acid solution; To plot a graph using the
More informationUsing Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) as a Line of Evidence for MNA at a UST Petroleum Site
Using Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) as a Line of Evidence for MNA at a UST Petroleum Site What is CSIA? It is an analytical method that can measure the ratios of stable isotopes. It is not
More informationPredicting Mineral Transformations in Wet Supercritical CO 2 : The Critical Role of Water
Predicting Mineral Transformations in Wet Supercritical CO 2 : The Critical Role of Water Andrew R. Felmy Eugene S. Ilton Andre Anderko Kevin M. Rosso Ja Hun Kwak Jian Zhi Hu 1 Outline Background Importance
More information8. Draw Lewis structures and determine molecular geometry based on VSEPR Theory
Chemistry Grade 12 Outcomes 1 Quantum Chemistry and Atomic Structure Unit I 1. Perform calculations on wavelength, frequency and energy. 2. Have an understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum. 3. Relate
More informationWater Soluble Polymers For Industrial Water Treatment Applications
Water Soluble Polymers For Industrial Water Treatment Applications Presented By Technical Sales Jim Millard Course Objectives Explain what water soluble polymers are. Describe the 4 physical forms commonly
More informationChapter 17. Electrochemistry
Chapter 17 Electrochemistry Contents Galvanic cells Standard reduction potentials Cell potential, electrical work, and free energy Dependence of cell potential on concentration Batteries Corrosion Electrolysis
More informationCHALLENGES ASSESSING AND TREATING WASTEWATER FROM BIOTECHNOLOGY SCALE UP OPERATIONS
CHALLENGES ASSESSING AND TREATING WASTEWATER FROM BIOTECHNOLOGY SCALE UP OPERATIONS Wayne Bates PhD, P.E. William Potochniak, P.E. ISPE Product Show Track 3 Session 2 September 26, 2018 Overview > Existing
More informationScience 1.5 AS Demonstrate understanding of aspects of acids and bases WORKBOOK. Working to Excellence
Science 1.5 AS 90944 Demonstrate understanding of aspects of acids and bases WORKBOOK Working to Excellence CONTENTS 1. Writing Excellence answers to Ion Formation questions 2. Writing Excellence answers
More informationDEGRADATION OF REACTIVE RED 2 BY FENTON AND PHOTO-FENTON OXIDATION PROCESSES
DEGRADATION OF REACTIVE RED 2 BY FENTON AND PHOTO-FENTON OXIDATION PROCESSES Tuty Emilia A., Yourdan Wijaya A. and Febrian Mermaliandi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University
More information4.4.1 Reactivity of metals Metal oxides The reactivity series. Key opportunities for skills development.
4.4 Chemical changes Understanding of chemical changes began when people began experimenting with chemical reactions in a systematic way and organising their results logically. Knowing about these different
More informationMOCK FINALS APPCHEN QUESTIONS
MOCK FINALS APPCHEN QUESTIONS For questions 1-3 Aluminum dissolves in an aqueous solution of NaOH according to the following reaction: 2 NaOH + 2 Al + 2 H2O 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2 If 84.1 g of NaOH and 51.0 g
More informationInvestigating Background Groundwater Quality at Contaminated Sites A Hydrogeochemical Approach
Investigating Background Groundwater Quality at Contaminated Sites A Hydrogeochemical Approach Remediation Technologies Symposium 2011, Banff, Alberta (October 2011) Presented by: Stephen Munzar 1 Presentation
More informationWRITING AP EQUATIONS
WRITING AP EQUATIONS AP equation sets are found in the free-response section of the AP test. You get three equations to complete. The equations are of mixed types. The section is worth 15 points and is
More informationOxidation and Reduction of Metals
Cool Chemistry Show Section 8 Oxidation and Reduction of Metals What Do You See? Learning Outcomes In this section you will Cause different metals to rust by oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. Determine
More informationDPD Test N Tube Method *
CHLORINE, FREE (0 to 5.00 mg/l) DPD Test N Tube Method * Method 10102 For water, wastewater, and seawater 1. Enter the stored program number for Test N Tube free chlorine (Cl 2 ). Press: PRGM The display
More informationDEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF THE MODULOX PROCESS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF ORGANICALLY CONTAMINATED WASTES
DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF THE MODULOX PROCESS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF ORGANICALLY CONTAMINATED WASTES ABSTRACT T.J. Abraham, M. Williams AEA Technology Engineering Services, Inc. J. Wilks AEA Technology,
More informationAlamitos Barrier Improvement Project - UPDATE
Alamitos Barrier Improvement Project - UPDATE Seal Beach Leisure World Community Meeting Clubhouse 2 August 31, 2016 Orange County Water District Meeting Objectives Overview of OCWD Overview of the Alamitos
More informationClassifying Chemical Reactions
Classifying Chemical Reactions Prepared by M.L. Holland and A.L. Norick, Foothill College Purpose of the Experiment To make observations when reactants are combined and become familiar with indications
More information(18) WMP/Jun10/CHEM5
Electrochemistry 18 7 The electrons transferred in redox reactions can be used by electrochemical cells to provide energy. Some electrode half-equations and their standard electrode potentials are shown
More informationStresses Applied to Chemical Equilibrium
Stresses Applied to Chemical Equilibrium Objective Many chemical reactions do not go to completion. Rather, they come to a point of chemical equilibrium before the reactants are fully converted to products.
More informationFour elements make up about 90% of the mass of organisms O, C, H, and N
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life 2-1 Composition of Matter -Mass- quantity of matter- use a balance to measure mass -Weight- pull of gravity on an object- use a scale Elements -cannot be broken down into simpler
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
CP Chem Review 2 Matching Match each item with the correct statement below. a. activated complex d. activation energy b. reaction rate e. free energy c. inhibitor 1. the minimum energy colliding particles
More informationRedox reactions. You can remember this by using OiLRiG: Oxidation is Loss Reduction is Gain. Definition 1: Oxidation
Redox reactions If you have seen a piece of rusty metal then you have seen the end result of a redox reaction (iron and oxygen forming iron oxide). Redox reactions are also used in electrochemistry and
More informationUsing Fenton Chemistry for Wastewater Treatment of Organic Recalcitrant Substances
Using Fenton Chemistry for Wastewater Treatment of Organic Recalcitrant Substances Abel Mondelo Rodríguez a, José M. Ameneiros Martínez b and Eduardo Marquez Canosa b a Enterprise Group for Biopharmaceutical
More informationWater Framework Directive. Groundwater Monitoring Programme. Site Information. Galbally
Water Framework Directive Groundwater Monitoring Programme Site Information Galbally ImagePath1: Galbally\Galbally1.jpg Galbally source is comprised of 2 boreholes situated in Devonian Old Red Sandstones
More information