CHEM J-6 June 2014

Transcription

1 CHEM J-6 June 2014 A solution is prepared that contains sodium chloride and sodium chromate (both 0.10 M). When a concentrated solution of silver nitrate is added slowly, white AgCl(s) begins to precipitate. After most of the Cl (aq) has been consumed, red Ag 2 CrO 4 (s) starts to precipitate. Ignoring dilution, what is the concentration of silver ions when silver chloride solid first starts to precipitate? K sp (AgCl) is K sp refers to the dissolution reaction: AgCl(s) Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq) K sp (AgCl) = [Ag + (aq)][cl - (aq)] As [Cl - (aq)] = 0.10 M, the minimum concentration of Ag + (aq) required to ensure AgCl(s) is present is given by: [Ag + (aq)] = K sp (AgCl) / [Cl - (aq)] = ( / 0.10) M = M Answer: M Ignoring dilution, what is the concentration of silver ions when silver chromate solid first starts to precipitate? K sp (Ag 2 CrO 4 ) is K sp refers to the dissolution reaction: Ag 2 CrO 4 (s) 2Ag + (aq) + CrO 4 - (aq) K sp (Ag 2 CrO 4 ) = [Ag + (aq)] 2 [CrO - 4 (aq)] As [CrO - 4 (aq)] = 0.10 M, precipitation of Ag 2 CrO 4 (s) will occur when: [Ag + (aq)] 2 = K sp (Ag 2 CrO 4 ) / [CrO - 4 ] = ( / 0.10) M = M [Ag + (aq)] = M Answer: M What is the concentration of chloride ions when silver chromate solid first starts to precipitate? As [Ag + (aq)] = M when silver chromate starts to precipitate, the concentration of Cl - (aq) is given by: [Cl - (aq)] = K sp (AgCl) / [Ag + (aq)] = ( / ) M = M = M Answer: M ANSWER CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE

2 CHEM J-6 June 2014 What percentage of the chloride ion is precipitated before any silver chromate is precipitated? When silver chromate first precipitates, [Cl - (aq)] = M. Initially, [Cl - (aq)] = 0.10 M so the percentage that has precipitated as AgCl(s) at this point is: percentage precipitated = (0.10!3.0 10!5 ) % = 99.97% Answer: 99.97%

3 CHEM N-6 November 2014 The salt calcium oxalate, CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O, is sparingly soluble. Write down the chemical equation for its dissolution in water and the expression for K sp. 9 CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O(s) à Ca 2+ (aq) + C 2 O 4 2- (aq) + H 2 O(l) K sp = [Ca 2+ (aq)][c 2 O 4 2- (aq)] What is the molar solubility of calcium oxalate? K sp = If x mol of the salt dissolves in one litre, then the molar solubility is x M. If x mol dissolves in one litre then [Ca 2+ (aq)] = x M and [C 2 O 4 2- (aq)] = x M. K sp = [Ca 2+ (aq)][c 2 O 4 2- (aq)] = (x)(x) = x 2 = x = mol L -1 Answer: mol L -1 If additional calcium oxalate is added to a saturated solution, what is the effect on [Ca 2+ (aq)]? A saturated solid has the maximum possible dissolution. Adding additional solid has no effect on the equilibrium and so no effect on [Ca 2+ (aq)]. Following blood donation, a solution of sodium oxalate is added to remove Ca 2+ (aq) ions which cause the blood to clot. The concentration of Ca 2+ (aq) ions in blood is g ml 1. If ml of M Na 2 C 2 O 4 is added to ml of blood, what will be the concentration (in mol L 1 ) of Ca 2+ ions remaining in the blood? The amount of Ca 2+ present in ml is g. As its molar mass is g mol -1, this corresponds to: number of moles = mass / molar mass = = ( g) / (40.08 g mol -1 ) = mol The number of moles of C 2 O 4 2- (aq) added is: number of moles = concentration volume = ( mol L -1 ) ( L) = mol 2- The amount of C 2 O 4 is much larger than the amount of Ca 2+ present so precipitation of CaC 2 O 4.H 2 O(s) does not reduce the C 2 O 2-4 significantly. When the oxalate is added to the blood, the total volume increases to ( ) ml = ml. The concentration of C 2 O 4 2- (aq) is now: ANSWER CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE

4 CHEM N-6 November 2014 concentration = number of moles / volume = ( mol) / ( L) = mol L -1 Using K sp = [Ca 2+ (aq)][c 2 O 4 2- (aq)]: [Ca 2+ (aq)] = K sp / [C 2 O 4 2- (aq)] = ( / ) M = M Answer: M

5 CHEM J-5 June 2013 The K sp for Fe(OH) 3 is What is its molar solubility in water? 2 The dissolution reaction and is equilibrium constant expression are: Fe(OH) 3 (s) Fe 3+ (aq) + 3OH - (aq) K sp = [Fe 3+ (aq)][oh - (aq)] 3 The molar solubility is the number of moles that dissolve in a litre. If s mol dissolves in a litre: Hence: so [Fe 3+ (aq)] = s M and [OH - (aq)] = 3s M K sp = (s)(3s) 3 = 27s 4 = s = M Answer: M

6 CHEM N-3 November 2013 Give the equation for the dissolution of hydroxyapatite, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH), in water. 2 Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH)(s) 5Ca 2+ (aq) + 3PO 4 3 (aq) + OH (aq) What is the formula for the solubility product constant for hydroxyapatite? K sp = [Ca 2+ (aq)] 5 [PO 4 3 (aq)] 3 [OH (aq)]

7 CHEM N-6 November 2013 What is the solubility of Cu(OH) 2 in mol L 1? K sp (Cu(OH) 2 ) is at 25 C. 2 The dissolution reaction and associated solubility product are: Cu(OH) 2 (s) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) K sp = [Cu 2+ (aq)][oh - (aq)] 2 If x mol dissolve in one litre, [Cu 2+ (aq)] = x M and [OH - (aq)] = 2x. Hence: K sp = (x)(2x) 2 = 4x 3 = x = M Answer: M

8 CHEM J-5 June 2012 BaSO 4 is used as a contrast agent in medical imaging. It has a K sp of What is the molarity of Ba 2+ ions in a saturated aqueous solution of BaSO 4? 5 The dissolution reaction is: BaSO 4 (s) Ba 2+ (aq) + SO 4 2- (aq) K sp = [Ba 2+ (aq)][so 4 2- (aq)] From the reaction, [Ba 2+ (aq)] = [SO 4 2- (aq)]. Hence if [Ba 2+ (aq)] = S: S 2 = K sp = S = M Answer: M What is the molar solubility of BaSO 4 in the presence of a 0.1 M solution of Na 2 SO 4? The added SO 4 2- will dominate over that produced in the dissolution reaction so [SO 4 2- (aq)] = 0.1 M. For the dissolution reaction to still be at equilibrium: K sp = [Ba 2+ (aq)][so 4 2- (aq)] = With [SO 4 2- (aq)] = 0.1 M, [Ba 2+ (aq)] = K sp / [SO 4 2- (aq)] = / 0.1 M = M Answer: M The lethal concentration of Ba 2+ in humans is about 60 mg L 1 ( M). Is there any advantage to administering BaSO 4 in the presence of 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 solution? Explain your reasoning. No. The lethal [Ba 2+ (aq)] is 40 times greater than the [Ba 2+ (aq)] in normal aqueous solution. THE REMAINDER OF THIS PAGE IS FOR ROUGH WORKING ONLY.

9 CHEM N-8 November 2012 What is the solubility of scandium hydroxide, Sc(OH) 3, (K sp = ) in water? Give your answer in g per 100 ml. 2 The dissolution reaction and solubility product are: Sc(OH) 3 (s) Sc 3+ (aq) + 3OH - (aq) K sp = [Sc 3+ (aq)][oh - (aq)] 3 If S mol in one litre, [Sc 3+ (aq)] = S M and [OH - (aq)] = 3S M. Hence: K sp = (S)(3S) 3 = 27S 4 = S = M This is the number of moles that dissolve in one litre. The number of moles that dissolve in 100 ml is therefore mol. The molar mass of Sc(OH) 3 is: molar mass = (44.96 (Sc) (O) (H)) g mol -1 = g mol -1 The mass corresponding to mol is therefore: mass = number of moles molar mass = ( mol) ( g mol -1 ) = g The solubility is g per 100 ml. Answer: g per 100 ml How does the interplay of ΔH and ΔS affect the spontaneity of the phase change between solid and liquid water? 4 ΔG = ΔH TΔS Any process is spontaneous if ΔG < 0, i.e. if TΔS > ΔH. For the melting of ice, both ΔS and ΔH are positive, so this process is spontaneous at higher temperatures. Conversely, for the freezing of water, both ΔS and ΔH are negative, so this process is spontaneous at lower temperatures.

10 CHEM J-3 June 2010 Following blood donation, a solution of sodium oxalate is added to remove Ca 2+ ions (as calcium oxalate, CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O, K sp ), which cause the blood to clot. If the concentration of Ca 2+ ions in blood is g ml 1, and ml of M Na 2 C 2 O 4 is added to a 104 ml sample of blood, what will be the concentration (in mol L 1 ) of Ca 2+ ions remaining in the blood? 4 The amount of Ca 2+ present in ml is g. As its molar mass is g mol -1, this corresponds to: number of moles = mass / molar mass = = ( g) / (40.08 g mol -1 ) = mol The number of moles of C 2 O 4 2- (aq) added is: number of moles = concentration volume = ( mol L -1 ) ( L) = mol When this is added to the blood, the total volume increases to ( ) ml = 204 ml. The concentration of C 2 O 4 2- (aq) is now: concentration = number of moles / volume = ( mol) / (0.204 L) = mol L -1 For CaC 2 O 4.H 2 O(s), the solubility product is for the reaction: CaC 2 O 4.H(s) Ca 2+ (aq) + C 2 O 4 2- (aq) + H 2 O(l) K sp = [Ca 2+ (aq)][c 2 O 4 2- (aq)] 2- The amount of C 2 O 4 is much larger than the amount of Ca 2+ present so precipitation of CaC 2 O 4.H 2 O(s) does not reduce its concentration significantly. Hence: [Ca 2+ (aq)] = K sp / [C 2 O 4 2- (aq)] = ( / ) M = M Answer: M

11 CHEM N-6 November 2010 Calculate the molar solubility of lead bromide given that its solubility product constant, K sp, is The dissolution equilibrium and solubility product are: PbBr 2 (s) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2Br - (aq) K sp = [Pb 2+ (aq)][br - (aq)] 2 From the chemical equation, if s mol of dissolves in 1.0 L, [Pb 2+ (aq)] = s M and [Br - (aq)] = 2s M. Hence: K sp = (s)(2s) 2 = 4s 3 = or s = M Answer: M

12 CHEM N-4 November 2009 Write a balanced chemical equation representing the dissolution of FeCO 3 in water at ph 7. 4 FeCO 3 (s) Fe 2+ (aq) + CO 3 2 (aq) Ignoring any hydrolysis of the ions, calculate the solubility (in g L 1 ) of FeCO 3 in water at ph 7. The solubility product constant, K sp, for FeCO 3 is From the equation above, K sp = [Fe 2+ (aq)][co 3 2- (aq)]. If s mol of FeCO 3 dissolves in 1.0 L, [Fe 2+ (aq)] = [CO 3 2- (aq)] = s M. Hence: K sp = [Fe 2+ (aq)][co 3 2- (aq)] = (s)(s) = s 2 = or s = M The formula mass of FeCO 3 is (55.85 (Fe) (C) (O)) g mol -1 = g mol -1. From above, mol of FeCO 3 dissolves in 1.0 L. This corresponds to: mass = number of moles formula mass = ( mol) ( g mol -1 ) = g This is the mass that dissolves in 1.0 L. The solubility is g L -1. Answer: g L -1 The concentration of iron in the ocean is one of the primary factors limiting the growth rates of some basic life forms. The ph of the oceans before the Industrial Revolution was around What was the maximum concentration of Fe 3+ (aq) in the ocean at this ph? The K sp of Fe(OH) 3 is As ph + poh = 14.00, poh = = By definition, poh = -log 10 [OH - (aq)] and so [OH - (aq)] = Fe(OH) 3 dissolves according to the equilibrium: Fe(OH) 3 Fe 3+ (aq) + 3OH - (aq) with K sp = [Fe 3+ (aq)][oh - (aq)] 3. As K sp = and [OH - (aq)] = : [Fe 3+ (aq)] = K sp / [OH - (aq)] 3 = ( ) / ( ) 3 = M Answer: M ANSWER CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE

13 CHEM N-4 November 2009 Industrialisation has led to an increase in atmospheric CO 2. What effect has this had on the amount of Fe 3+ (aq) in sea water? CO 2 dissolves in water to give acidic solution that reacts with OH ions. 2OH (aq) + CO 2 (aq) CO 3 2 (aq) + H 2 O From Le Chatelier's principle, the decrease in [OH (aq)] will result in an increase in [Fe 3+ (aq)]. Equivalently, if [OH - (aq)] is decreased, [Fe 3+ (aq) must increase as K sp is a constant.

14 CHEM N-3 November 2008 A solution is prepared that is 0.10 M in potassium bromide and 0.10 M in potassium chromate. A concentrated aqueous solution of silver nitrate is added with stirring. What is the concentration of Ag + (aq) ions when silver bromide first appears? K sp of AgBr = When precipitation occurs, the following equilibrium is established and [Ag + (aq)] and [Br - (aq)] are controlled by the value of the solubility product: AgBr(s) Ag + (aq) + Br - (aq) K sp = [Ag + (aq)][br - (aq)] = As the solution is 0.10 M in KBr, [Br - (aq)] = 0.10 M: [Ag + (aq)] (0.10) = so [Ag + (aq)] = M Answer: M What is the concentration of Ag + (aq) ions when silver chromate first appears? K sp of Ag 2 CrO 4 = When precipitation occurs, the following equilibrium is established and [Ag + (aq)] and [CrO 4 2- (aq)] are controlled by the value of the solubility product: Ag 2 CrO 4 2Ag + (aq) + CrO 2-4 (aq) K sp = [Ag + (aq)] 2 [CrO 2-4 (aq)] = As the solution is 0.10 M in K 2 CrO 4, [CrO 4 2- (aq)] = 0.10 M: [Ag + (aq)] 2 (0.10) = so [Ag + (aq)] = M Answer: M What is the concentration of Br (aq) ions when silver chromate first appears? [Br - (aq)] is control by the K sp for AgBr and so when [Ag + (aq)] = M, K sp = [Ag + (aq)][br - (aq)] = ( ) [Br - (aq)] = so [Br - (aq)] = M Answer: M

15 CHEM J-5 June 2007 The K sp of Al(OH) 3 is M 4. What is the solubility of Al(OH) 3 in g L 1? 6 The solubility equilibrium is: Al(OH) 3 (s) Al 3+ (aq) + 3OH - (aq) If the molar solubility = S then [Al 3+ (aq)] = S and [OH - (aq)] = 3S. Hence: K sp = [Al 3+ (aq)][oh - (aq)] = (S)(3S) 3 = 27S 4 = Hence, S = = M The formula mass of Al(OH) 3 is (26.98 (Al)) + 3 (16.00 (O) (H)) = As mass = number of moles formula mass, the solubility in g L -1 is: solubility = ( ) (78.004) = g L -1 What is the solubility of Al(OH) 3 in g L 1 at ph 4.00? Answer: g L -1 As ph + poh = 14.00, poh = = As poh = -log 10 ([OH - (aq)], [OH - (aq)] = M. From above, K sp = [Al 3+ (aq)][oh - (aq)]. If the molar solubility is S then: K sp = (S) ( ) 3 = and so S = M Converting the molar solubility into g L -1 gives: solubility = ( ) (78.004) = g L -1 Answer: g L -1

16 CHEM N-4 November 2007 Barium sulfate is used as a contrast agent for X-ray images of intestines. What is the solubility product constant, K sp, for BaSO 4, given that a maximum of g will dissolve in 500 ml of water? 4 The formula mass of BaSO 4 is (Ba) (S) = g mol g therefore corresponds to: number of moles = 8 mass = = formula mass Barium sulfate dissolves according to the equilibrium: BaSO 4 (s) Ba 2+ (aq) + SO 2-4 (aq) K sp = [Ba 2+ (aq)][so 2-4 (aq)] As mol dissolves in 500 ml, 11 [Ba 2+ (aq)] = [SO 2- number of moles (aq)] = 10 = = M volume Hence, K sp = ( ) ( ) = Answer: What advantage would there be in administering BaSO 4 as a slurry that also contains 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4? As indicated by the very small solubility above, the equilibrium BaSO 4 (s) Ba 2+ (aq) + SO 4 2 (aq) lies far to the left. Adding more SO 4 2 (aq) ions pushes it further to the left. This acts to remove Ba 2+ (aq) ions from solution. This is advantageous as barium ions are highly toxic. THE REMAINDER OF THIS PAGE IS FOR ROUGH WORKING ONLY.

17 CHEM J-4 June 2006 Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH) 2, is used as treatment for excess acidity in the stomach. Its solubility product constant, K sp, is M 3. Calculate the ph of a solution that is in equilibrium with Mg(OH) 2 (s). 4 The dissolution equilibrium is: Mg(OH) 2 (s) D Mg 2+ (aq) + OH - (aq) Hence, K sp = [Mg 2+ (aq)][oh - (aq)] 2 If [Mg 2+ (aq)] = x then [OH - (aq)] = 2x and K sp = (x)(2x) 2 = 4x 3 As K sp = , x = M and so [OH - (aq)] = M As ph + poh = 14.0 and poh = -log[oh - (aq)] = -log( ) = 3.6: ph = = 10.4 Answer: ph = 10.4 Determine whether 3.0 g of Mg(OH) 2 will dissolve in 1.0 L of a solution buffered to a ph of If ph = 8.00 then poh = = As poh = -log[oh - (aq)]: [OH - (aq)] = As K sp = [Mg 2+ (aq)][oh - (aq)] 2 = , the [Mg 2+ (aq)] is: [Mg 2+ (aq)] = -12 Ksp = =7.1M [OH (aq)] ( ) As 1 mol of Mg(OH) 2 (s) dissolves to give 1 mol of [Mg 2+ (aq)], this is also the number of moles of Mg(OH) 2 (s) which dissolves. The molar mass of Mg(OH) 2 is (24.31 (Mg)) + 2 (16.00 (O) (H)) = The mass of Mg(OH) 2 which can dissolve is therefore = 410 g. YES / NO

18 CHEM N-2 November 2006 Oxalic acid, H 2 C 2 O 4, found in rhubarb, causes muscle spasms by precipitating Ca 2+ ions from the blood as calcium oxalate, CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O. Given the solubility product constant for calcium oxalate is M 2, calculate the concentration of calcium ions in g L 1 formed by dissolving CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O in water at 25 C to give a saturated solution. 2 The dissolution equilibrium for CaC 2 O 4.H 2 O is: CaC 2 O 4.H 2 O(s) Ca 2+ (aq) + C 2 O 4 2- (aq) + H 2 O(l) Hence, the solubility product K sp = [Ca 2+ (aq)][c 2 O 4 2- (aq)] The chemical equation shows that dissolution of one mole of CaC 2 O 4.H 2 O(s) leads to one mole of Ca 2+ (aq) and one mole of C 2 O 4 2- (aq). If [Ca 2+ (aq)] = [C 2 O 4 2- (aq)] = x, K sp = x 2 = so x = Ca 2+ will be present at mol L -1. As the atomic mass of Ca is 40.08, this corresponds to a mass of: mass of Ca 2+ ions = number of moles atomic mass = ( ) = g Answer: g

19 CHEM N-2 November 2005 Calcium oxalate is a major constituent of kidney stones. Calculate the solubility product constant for calcium oxalate given that a saturated solution of the salt can be made by dissolving g of CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O(s) in 1.0 L of water. 2 The molar mass of CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O is: (40.08(Ca) (C) (O) (H)) g mol -1 = g mol -1 Hence, g corresponds to g -5 = mol g mol. As this amount dissolves in 1.0 L, the molar solubility = S = M. The dissolution equilibrium is: CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O(s) Ca 2+ (aq) + C 2 O 2-4 (aq) + H 2 O(l). As one mol of cation and one mol of anion is produced, the solubility product is: K sp = [Ca 2+ (aq)][c 2 O 2-4 (aq)] = (S)(S) = S 2 = ( ) 2 = Answer: A sample of 2.0 mg of Cu(OH) 2 is added to 1.0 L of a solution buffered at a ph of Will all of the Cu(OH) 2 dissolve? Show all working. (The K sp of Cu(OH) 2 is M 3.) 3 As ph + poh = 14.00, poh = = Hence, [OH - (aq)] = 10-6 M. The dissolution equilibrium is: Cu(OH) 2 (s) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Hence, if S is the molar solubility, K sp = [Cu 2+ (aq)][oh - (aq)] 2 = S [OH - (aq)] 2. As K sp = , S = (10 ) = M The molar mass of Cu(OH) 2 is (63.55 (Cu) + 2 (16.00 (O) (O)) g mol 1 = g mol -1. The solubility in g L -1 is therefore ( ) = Hence, only mg will dissolve. Answer: NO

20 CHEM J-6 June 2004 Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH) 2, is used as treatment for excess acidity in the stomach. Calculate the ph of a solution that is in equilibrium with Mg(OH) 2. The solubility product constant, K sp of Mg(OH) 2 is M 2. 6 The dissolution equilibrium is: Mg(OH) 2 (s) Mg 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq). As two mol of anion is produced for every one mol of cations, the expression for the solubility product is: K sp = [Mg 2+ (aq)][oh (aq)] 2 = (S) (2S) 2 = 4S 3 where S is the molar solubility Hence, [OH (aq)] = 2S = = M. The poh = -log 10 [OH (aq)] = -log 10 [ ] = 3.6 As ph + poh = 14.0, the ph = = 10.4 ANSWER: 10.4 Determine whether 2.0 g of Mg(OH) 2 will dissolve in 1.0 L of a solution buffered to a ph of At ph = 7.00, poh = = 7.00 and hence [OH (aq)] = 10 7 M. The formula mass of Mg(OH) 2 is: formula mass = (24.31 (Mg) + 2 (16.00 (O) (H)) g mol 1 = g mol 1 Therefore 2.0 g contains: number of moles = mass formulamass 2.0 g gmol = mol As each mole of Mg(OH) 2 generates 1 mole of Mg 2+, if all of the Mg(OH) 2 dissolves in 1.0 L of solution then [Mg 2+ (aq)] = M. The buffer removes the OH produced so that [OH - (aq)] = 10-7 M. The ionic product is then: Q = [Mg 2+ (aq)][oh (aq)] 2 = (0.034) (10-7 ) 2 = As Q is much smaller than K sp, all of the solid will dissolve. ANSWER: YES / NO

21 CHEM J-4 June 2003 The solubility product constant of BaSO 4 is M 2. What is the solubility of BaSO 4 in g L 1? 3 The dissolution equilibrium is: BaSO 4 (s) Ba 2+ (aq) + SO 2 4 (aq). As equal amounts of cations and anions are produced, the expression for the solubility product is: K sp = [Ba 2+ (aq)][so 4 2 (aq)] = (S) (S) = S 2 where S is the molar solubility. As S 2 = , the molar solubility = S = M. The formula mass of BaSO 4 is: ( (Ba) (S) (O)) g mol -1 = g mol -1 Hence, the solubility is ( M) ( g mol -1 ) = g L -1 ANSWER: g L -1 The solubility product constant of Ag 2 CrO 4 is M 3. What is the molar solubility of Ag 2 CrO 4 in water? 5 The dissolution equilibrium is: Ag 2 CrO 4 (s) 2Ag + (aq) + CrO 4 2 (aq). As two mol of cation is produced for every one mol of anion, the expression for the solubility product is: K sp = [Ag + (aq)] 2 [CrO 4 2 (aq)] = (2S) 2 (S) = 4S 3 where S is the molar solubility. As 4S 3 = M 3, the molar solubility = S = M. ANSWER: M What is the molar solubility of Ag 2 CrO 4 in a solution of 0.10 M AgNO 3? As AgNO 3 is very soluble, [Ag + (aq)] = 0.10 M. If S is the solubility, K sp = [Ag + (aq)][cro 4 2 (aq)] = (0.10) 2 S = Hence, S = M ANSWER: M