Year 7 Science. 7C1: The Particle Model. PPA Challenge
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1 Year 7 Science 7C1: The Particle Model PPA Challenge Name: Form:
2 Task Sheet 1 (Bronze Challenge): The Particle Model Use the words in the box to label the diagram below. This particle diagram shows the arrangement of particles in a This particle diagram shows the arrangement of particles in a This particle diagram shows the arrangement of particles in a... freezing liquid condensing sublimation melting solid evaporating gas
3 Complete the following sentences. 1. The particles in a solid are arranged (in a pattern / randomly). They are held close together by (strong / weak) forces of attraction and can (move / vibrate). 2. The particles in a liquid are arranged (in a pattern / randomly). They are (close together / far apart) and can (move / vibrate) over one another (quickly / slowly). 3. The particles in a gas are arranged (in a pattern / randomly). They are (close together / far apart) and can (move / vibrate) (quickly / slowly). 4. Complete the table below. Solid Liquid Gas Example Can the volume change? Can the shape change? Can it be compressed? Is its density high or low? 5. Solids and liquids cannot be compressed (squashed) because the particles are (far apart / close together) so cannot get (closer together / further apart). 6. Gases can be compressed (squashed) because the particles are (far apart / close together) so can be pushed (closer together / further apart).
4 Task Sheet 2 (Bronze Challenge): Diffusion What happens to particles during diffusion?.. The diagram below shows two gas jars. One is full of bromine gas, the other is full of air; they are separated by a glass disc. When the glass is removed diffusion occurs. Complete the second diagram to show how the particles would be arranged after diffusion. Before diffusion After diffusion Key: = particle of bromine = particle of air
5 Task Sheet 3 (Bronze Challenge): Expansion and Contraction Complete the following sentences. When a solid, liquid or gas is heated it (expands / contracts) because the particles move or vibrate (slower / faster) and (spread out / get closer together). When a solid, liquid or gas is cooled down it (expands / contracts) because the particles move or vibrate (slower / faster) and (spread out / get closer together). The diagram below shows how particles are arranged in a solid that is cold. Draw another diagram to show how the particles would be arranged if the solid was heated. Diagram to show how the particles are arranged in a solid that is cold: Diagram to show how the particles are arranged in a solid that is hot:
6 Task Sheet 4 (Bronze Challenge): The Story of Robert Brown Robert Brown was a Scottish scientist who studied botany the science of plants. One day in 1827 he was using his microscope to look at some pollen grains that were floating in water. To his surprise he noticed that the pollen grains were moving in a strange, zigzag way. He checked his observations carefully and found that they were correct. He knew that pollen came from living plants. At first he thought that the pollen itself might be alive and capable of moving on its own. He tried the experiment again, but instead of pollen he used something that he knew definitely couldn t be alive. The zigzag motion was still there! This really baffled Brown. He reported his results, but could not explain why the pollen moved in this way. The experiment was then forgotten as no-one could come up with a convincing explanation. Nearly eighty years later in 1905 Albert Einstein came up with a theory to explain Brown s observations. He suggested that the pollen grains were being bombarded on all sides by water particles. The water particles were too small to be seen. The effect of lots of the water particles added together was just enough to push the pollen grains around. In 1908 Jean-Baptiste Perrin used Einstein s theory to calculate the size of a water particle (molecule). This estimate suggested that water particles were less than metres (10 9 m) in size. We now call this movement of water molecules Brownian motion (after Robert Brown) and use it to explain why diffusion occurs in liquids. Task: 1. The pictures on the opposite page represent the story you have just read. Put a number in each box to show what order they took place. 2. Which scientist first made the observations of the moving pollen grains? 3. Which scientist successfully explained the observation? 4. How many years were there between the observations and the conclusion? 5. What was Robert Brown s first explanation for the movement of the pollen grains? 6. What non-living grains did Brown use to check his ideas?
7 Number = Number = Perhaps the pollen grains stay alive after they are taken off the plant maybe that s why they can move about I think that the pollen grains that Mr Brown observed are being moved by invisible water molecules. Number = Number = 1827 These pollen grains are moving in a remarkable way. Look at this! The soot is behaving just like the pollen! Number = Number = 1908 If Einstein s formula is correct, water molecules are smaller than a billionth of a metre. This soot is definitely not alive. I do not expect that it will move like the pollen grains. Number = Number = I can see it now the little dots jiggling about. So what do you think makes the pollen move Mr Brown? I ve no idea it s a real mystery to me! That s right it s called Brownian motion, after Robert Brown who first discovered it.
8 Task Sheet 5 (Bronze Challenge): Revision Puzzle a b c d e f g h 1. Write your answers to the clues in the grid above. a) Solids, liquids and gases all have different. b) Everything is made of tiny pieces called. c) Particles in a liquid or a gas can around. d) A has particles that are a long way apart. e) Smells spread through the air by. f) If you pump all the air out of a space, you have a. g) Particles in a solid cannot move around, they can only. h) Solids and liquids both have fixed. 2. Write down the word in the shaded boxes. Now write your own clue for this word.
9 Expansion / mm Task Sheet 6 (Silver Challenge): Which substances expand the most? Bar chart to show how much a 100m length of material expands when heated by 10 C brass iron steel platinum alloy 1. Which material expands the most? 2. Which material expands the least? 3. When answering the next two questions remember to use the PEE (Point Evidence Explain) structure. The evidence should be data from the bar chart. a) Why is oven glass more useful for making dishes to go in the oven and oven windows than normal glass? b) Explain why using steel reinforcing rods in concrete would cause fewer problems than using brass rods during hot weather. concrete ordinary glass oven glass Material
10 Task Sheet 7 (Silver Challenge): Using the Particle Model Choose one of the following examples. In the space on the next page: 1. Describe what is happening in your example. 2. Draw a particle diagram to help you to explain why this is happening. 3. Explain what is happening in your example using ideas about particles. Bike tyres Swimming pool Liz has a mountain bike. She fills her tyres with air. The tyres give a smooth ride because the change shape around small bumps on the road. She tries a new, solid rubber tyre. She finds it very uncomfortable over bumpy ground. Joe and Eve run to the swimming pool. They then have races by running through the water. However hard they try, they run much slower through the water than through the air. Water bed Jack has a water bed. The bed has a big plastic bag filled with water instead of a mattress. He says it is really comfortable because it fits around the shape of his body when he lies down.
11 What is happening in your example? Diagram: Explanation:
12 Task Sheet 8 (Gold Challenge): How does adding salt to water affect the melting point? 1. What does the term melting point mean? 2. The table below shows how the melting point of a solution changes when the concentration of salt is changed. Concentration of Salt / % Melting Point of Solution / C Draw a line graph of melting point of solution (y-axis) against concentration of salt (xaxis). Be careful, the melting points go from 0 C down to -6 C, so the y-axis needs to be drawn below the x-axis rather than above it. Draw your graph on the graph paper on the opposite page using a pencil and ruler. Remember to label each axis with a quantity and a unit and draw a line of best fit through the points. 3. Describe the trend (pattern) shown on your graph What is the melting point of pure water?. 5. What melting point would a 3.5% salt solution have? Estimate the melting point of an 8% salt solution Sea water has an average melting point of -2.4 C. What concentration of salt must it have?. 8. The Dead Sea has a salt concentration of 29%. Assuming the trend in melting points continues after a 6% concentration of salt, what would the melting point be?..
13
14 Task Sheet 9 (Gold Challenge): Air Pressure Read the article below carefully then answer the questions. You might like to highlight key words while you are reading through. Air pressure exceeds 16 horsepower! In 1656 Otto von Guericke arranged a fantastic demonstration in a town called Magdeburg. He pushed together two large metal hemispheres to make a giant ball. The only thing holding them together was a layer of grease and they could easily slide apart. Guericke ordered that a team of eight horses be hitched to each hemisphere. They still couldn t pull them apart! Next, using a modified pump, he removed the air from the two joined hemispheres. Now a person could not pull them apart. In fact, Otto von For centuries, scientists had debated whether it was possible to create a vacuum a space that contained no particles. Many thought it was impossible and the phrase nature abhors a vacuum described their belief. Otto von Guericke showed with his experiment that a vacuum could exist and that the pressure of air particles on the outside of the hemispheres was a very powerful force. Questions:
15 1. What is a hemisphere?.. 2. Add some air particles to the diagrams below to show how the particles would have been arranged BEFORE and AFTER the air was pumped out of the hemispheres. BEFORE AFTER 3. How would the air pressure inside the hemispheres and outside the hemispheres compare BEFORE the air was pumped out of them?.. 4. How would the air pressure inside the hemispheres and outside the hemispheres compare AFTER the air was pumped out of them?.. 5. Why was it so difficult to pull the hemispheres apart? What was keeping them together?
16 What is a vacuum?.. 7. Before Otto von Guericke s demonstration some scientists believed that it was impossible to create a vacuum. Why is it difficult to create a vacuum?.. 8. There was a saying nature abhors a vacuum. What does the word abhors mean? 9. Do some research on Otto von Guericke. Who was he? What else did he discover or invent?
17 Key Words Glossary The Particle Model: particle states of matter solid liquid gas arrangement forces of attraction vibrate property flow volume density compress
18 Physical Changes: change of state melting freezing boiling condensing subliming melting point boiling point energy diffusion gas pressure expand contract
19
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