Chapter 2. and Ions. Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten

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1 Chapter 2 Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College 2009, Prentice-Hall, Cottleville, Inc. MO

2 Nomenclature Cations and Anions Oxyanions Naming Acids Binary Compounds Hydrates Introduction to Organic Nomenclature

3 Inorganic Nomenclature Write the name of the cation. If the anion is an element, change its ending to -ide; if the anion is a polyatomic ion, simply write the name of the polyatomic ion. If the cation can have more than one possible charge, write the charge as a Roman numeral in parentheses.

4 Name of (+) ion is the same as the name of the metal. Na => Na + Al => Al 3+ etc.

5 Chlorine Chloride Cl 2 Cl - Sulfur Sulfide S S 2-

6 Transition Elements & Other Heavy Metals many have multiple oxidation states (charges)

7 Fe 2+ Iron (II) [Ferrous] Fe 3+ Iron (III) [Ferric]

8 Hg 2+ Mercury(II) [Mercuric] Hg 2 2+ Mercury(I) [Mercurous]

9 Copper (I) Sulfide Cu + S 2- Cu 2 S Copper (II) Cu 2+ CuS Sulfide S 2- f

10 Common Cations

11 Common Anions

12 Patterns in Oxyanion Nomenclature When there are two oxyanions involving the same element: The one with fewer oxygens ends in -ite. NO 2 : nitrite; SO 3 2 : sulfite The one with more oxygens ends in -ate. NO 3 : nitrate; SO 4 2 : sulfate

13 Patterns in Oxyanion Nomenclature The one with the second fewest oxygens ends in -ite. ClO 2 : chlorite The one with the second most oxygens ends in -ate. ClO 3 : chlorate

14 Patterns in Oxyanion Nomenclature The one with the fewest oxygens has the prefix hypoand ends in -ite. ClO : hypochlorite The one with the most oxygens has the prefix per- and ends in -ate. ClO 4 : perchlorate

15 Acid Nomenclature If the anion in the acid ends in -ide, change the ending to -ic acid and add the prefix hydro-. HCl: hydrochloric acid HBr: hydrobromic acid HI: hydroiodic acid

16 Acid Nomenclature If the anion in the acid ends in -ite, change the ending to -ous acid. HClO: hypochlorous acid HClO 2 : chlorous acid

17 Acid Nomenclature If the anion in the acid ends in -ate, change the ending to -ic acid. HClO 3 : chloric acid HClO 4 : perchloric acid

18 Nomenclature of Binary Compounds The less electronegative atom is usually listed first. A prefix is used to denote the number of atoms of each element in the compound (mono- is not used on the first element listed, however).

19 Nomenclature of Binary Compounds The ending on the more electronegative element is changed to -ide. CO 2 : carbon dioxide CCl 4 : carbon tetrachloride

20 Non-Metal / Non-Metal Binary Compounds Use numeric prefixes

21 Nomenclature of Binary Compounds If the prefix ends with a or o and the name of the element begins with a vowel, the two successive vowels are often elided into one. N 2 O 5 : dinitrogen pentoxide

22 Hydrate Salt, loosely bound to H 2 O CuSO 4. 5H2 O Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate f

23 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Organic chemistry is the study of carbon. Organic chemistry has its own system of nomenclature.

24 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds The simplest hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) are alkanes.

25 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds The first part of the names above correspond to the number of carbons (meth- = 1, eth- = 2, prop- = 3, etc.).

26 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds When a hydrogen in an alkane is replaced with something else (a functional group, like -OH in the compounds above), the name is derived from the name of the alkane. The ending denotes the type of compound. 2009, Prentice-Hall, An Inc. alcohol ends in -ol.

27 Alkanes the first 10 alkanes with unbranched chains The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Generic Alkane Formula: C n H 2n+2

28 Practice Exercise 2.5 What are the empirical formulas of the compounds formed by (a) Al 3+ and Cl ions, (b) Al 3+ and O 2 ions, (c) Mg 2+ and NO 3 ions?

29 Practice Exercise 2.6 Name the following compounds: (a) K 2 SO 4, (b) Ba(OH) 2, (c) FeCl 3. (d) NH 4 Br, (e) Cr 2 O 3, (f) Co(NO 3 ) 2.

30 Practice Exercise 2.7 Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds: (a) potassium sulfide, (b) calcium hydrogen carbonate, (c) nickel(ii) perchlorate (d) magnesium sulfate, (e) silver sulfide, (f) lead(ii) nitrate..

31 Practice Exercise 2.8 Name the following compounds: (a) SO 2, (b) PCl 5, (c) N 2 O 3. Give the chemical formula for (a) silicon tetrabromide, (b) disulfur dichloride..

32 Practice Exercise 2.9 Consider the alkane called pentane. (a) Assuming that the carbon atoms are in a straight line, write a structural formula for pentane. (b) What is the molecular formula for pentane?