Crabtree Publishing Company

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2 Company Publishing plan research and development: Sean Charlebois, Reagan Miller Company Developed and Produced by: Plan B Book Packagers Editorial director: Ellen Rodger Art director: Rosie Gowsell-Pattison Glossary and index: Nina Butz Project coordinator: Kathy Middleton Editor: Adrianna Morganelli Proofreader: Molly Aloian Prepress technician and production coordinator: Margaret Amy Salter Print coordinator: Katherine Berti Special thanks to experimenter Natasha Photographs: Title page: Laurence Gough/Shutterstock Inc.; p.2 : Nobel foundation/wikimedia Commons; p. 3: Teacept/ Shutterstock Inc.; p. 4: Nobel foundation/wikimedia Commons; p. 5: Jacek Chabraszewski/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 6: Shebeko/ Shutterstock Inc.; p. 7: (bottom) Jiri Foltyn/Shutterstock Inc.; (top) Denis and Yulia Pogostins/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 8: Lara Barrett/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 9: Tatjana Melnik/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 10: (top) Georgios Kollidas/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 11: (top) Studio_G/Shutterstock Inc., (bottom) Nobel foundation/ Wikimedia Commons; p. 12: (left) Bobbieo/iStockPhoto.com, (middle) Big Pants Production/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 13: (top) Laurie Bar/Shutterstock Inc., (bottom) Granite/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 14: Vlue/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 15: (bottom left) Aquariagirl1970/ Shutterstock Inc., (bottom right) Mike Ledray/Shutterstock Inc., (top) Viacheslav A. Zotov/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 16: (bottom left) Roman Sigaev/Shutterstock Inc., (middle) Feng Yu/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 18: (left) Kutlaev Dmitry/Shutterstock Inc., (right) Qju/ Shutterstock Inc.; p. 19: Laurence Gough/Shutterstock Inc.; p : Jim Chernishenko; p. 24: Slavapolo/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 25: (top) Ashaki/Shutterstock Inc., (bottom) Dominique Capelle/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 26: (middle) Lana Langlois/ Shutterstock Inc., (top) Ann Worthy/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 27: (bottom left) Colour/Shutterstock Inc., (middle) Four Oaks/ Shutterstock Inc., TFox Foto/Shutterstock Inc.; p. 28: instruct9r/ Shutterstock Inc.;p. 29: Chepko Danil Vitalevich/Shutterstock Inc.; p : Teacept/Shutterstock Inc. How we know boxes feature an image of Polish physicist and chemist Marie Curie, renowned for her theory of radioactivity and the discovery of the elements polonium and radium. Despite being denied work in her field because she was a woman, Curie was awarded Nobel Prizes in Physics and in Chemistry in the early twentieth century. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Field, Jon Eben, Cleaning chemistry [electronic resource] / Jon Eben Field. (Chemtastrophe!) Includes index. Type of computer file: Electronic monograph in PDF format. Issued also in print format. ISBN Cleaning compounds--juvenile literature. 2. Chemistry--Experiments--Juvenile literature. I. Title. II. Series: Chemtastrophe! (Online) TP990.F a j668'.1 C Field, Jon Eben. Cleaning chemistry / Jon Eben Field. p. cm. -- (Chemtastrophe!) Includes index. ISBN (pbk. : alk. paper) -- ISBN (reinforced library binding : alk. paper) -- ISBN (electronic pdf.) 1. Cleaning compounds--juvenile literature. 2. Chemistry--Experiments-- Juvenile literature. I. Title. II. Series. TP990.F '.1--dc Company Copyright 2011 CRABTREE PUBLISHING COMPANY. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or be transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Company. In Canada: We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP) for our publishing activities. Published in Canada 616 Welland Ave. St. Catharines, ON L2M 5V6 Published in the United States PMB Fifth Avenue, 59th Floor New York, New York Published in the United Kingdom Maritime House Basin Road North, Hove BN41 1WR Published in Australia 386 Mt. Alexander Rd. Ascot Vale (Melbourne) VIC 3032

3 Contents Science and Serendipity Understanding Matter Scientific Method Everyday Chemistry The Science of Clean Let s Test That You re Soaking In It Which Washes Better? Eureka! I Found It! Creative Chemists Want to Learn More? Glossary and Index

4 Science and Serendipity Do your parents ask you to wash your hands before dinner? You might not like it, but using soap to wash your hands gets rid of dirt and fights germs. Soap what it does and how it is made, is an amazing and simple example of the branch of science called chemistry. 4 Chemistry At Work Chemistry is a fascinating area of study that plays a role in every aspect of the world around us. Chemistry is all about matter, and matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. A bar of soap is matter, but so is an apple, a bottle of soda, or steam rising from a boiling pot. Chemistry is involved in everything we grow, make, and eat. The toothpaste you use in the morning is a product of chemistry. Even the sandwich you ate for lunch was made with bread created through a chemical process! HOW WE KNOW What is Science? Science is a method of examining the world around us. We do this by asking and answering questions. Science is based on testing ideas about the world through experiments that are repeatable and produce the same results. Scientists are continually examining things to determine how they work and whether their ideas about them are correct.

5 Making food, from bread to sandwich spread, involves chemistry. Lucky Accidents Many ideas in science have come about through careful experimentation, while others have been lucky accidents. A lucky accident is sometimes called serendipity because of its positive, if unintended, result. Some of the greatest discoveries in science have been through serendipity. It also requires a clever and flexible scientific mind. Scientists have to be able to see the benefits of a lucky accident and understand its possible meanings. Curious Minds Scientists ask questions about the world because they are curious. They want to know more about how the world works and why it works the way it does. Training teaches scientists to ask and answer questions in specific ways. 5 Even the toothpaste you use every day is created through a chemical process. Louis Pasteur, the scientist who discovered the rabies vaccine, once said, In the fields of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind.

6 Understanding Matter 6 Matter is in everything around us, from the air you breathe to the food you eat, to the desk you sit at in school. Mass and Volume Simply put, matter is anything that has mass and occupies volume. Mass is the amount of material in an object. Volume is how much space that object takes up. These are important factors to know and measure when looking at nature and science. Periodic Table of Elements Atoms and Molecules Matter is made up of atoms. Scientists describe atoms as the building blocks of matter. Atoms are tiny structures that are so small they cannot be seen by the naked eye. A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are stuck together. For example: in the air we breathe, two molecules of oxygen atoms bond together to create O2. Air is actually a chemical mixture! Molecules can also be made up of different types of atoms. In chemistry, the periodic table is a table of chemical elements, or substances that are the primary parts of matter.