Ionic Compounds and Ionic Bonding

Transcription

1 Slide 1 / 130 Slide 2 / 130 Ionic ompounds and Ionic onding Table of ontents: Ionic ompounds and Ionic onding Slide 3 / 130 Periodic Table Review Valence Electrons and the Octet Rule Ions Ionic onding Properties of Ionic ompounds Predicting an Ionic ompound's Formula Naming Ionic ompounds lick on the topic to go to that section Formulas and Names of Ionic ompounds with Transition Metals Polyatomic ions Formula and Names of ompounds with Polyatomic ions (Ternary Ionic ompounds) Polyatomic Patterns

2 Slide 4 / 130 Periodic Table Review Return to Table of ontents Slide 5 / 130 Periodic Table - Review The periodic table is "periodic" because of certain trends that are seen in the elements. Some of these trends can be seen in the properties of atoms we covered in the last unit: atomic size, ionization energy, electronegativity and metallic character. Would you predict that elements from the same family/group would have similar physical and chemical properties? The Periodic Table of the Elements Slide 6 / 130 The periodic table can be divided into three large classifications of elements. What type of elements are highlighted in blue, in yellow and in pink? What is unique about the elements that are highlighted in pink? Si Ge As Sb Te?

3 Metallic haracter of the Elements Slide 7 / 130 What the relationship between metallic character and effective nuclear charge? Are they directly or inversely related? Is it accurate to say "Element A is more metallic than element " even if element is a non-metal? More metallic Less metallic Non-metallic Si Ge As Sb Te? Most metallic 1 In the periodic table, the elements are arranged in. Slide 8 / 130 A alphabetical order order of increasing atomic number order of increasing metallic properties D order of increasing neutron content E F reverse alphabetical order I don't know how to answer this. 1 In the periodic table, the elements are arranged in. Slide 8 () / 130 A alphabetical order order of increasing atomic number order of increasing metallic properties D order of increasing neutron content E F reverse alphabetical order I don't know how to answer this.

4 2 Elements exhibit similar physical and chemical properties. Slide 9 / 130 A with similar chemical symbols with similar atomic masses D E in the same period of the periodic table on opposite sides of the periodic table in the same group of the periodic table 2 Elements exhibit similar physical and chemical properties. Slide 9 () / 130 A with similar chemical symbols with similar atomic masses D E in the same period of the periodic table on opposite sides of the periodic table E in the same group of the periodic table 3 Which pair of elements would you expect to exhibit the greatest similarity in their physical and chemical properties? Slide 10 / 130 A Li, Na s, a a, Si D Ga, Ge E, O

5 3 Which pair of elements would you expect to exhibit the greatest similarity in their physical and chemical properties? Slide 10 () / 130 A Li, Na s, a a, Si D Ga, Ge E, O A 4 Which one of the following is a nonmetal? Slide 11 / 130 A W Sr Os D Ir E S 4 Which one of the following is a nonmetal? Slide 11 () / 130 A W Sr Os D Ir E S E

6 5 Potassium is a and chlorine is a. Slide 12 / 130 A metal, nonmetal metal, metal metal, metalloid D metalloid, nonmetal E nonmetal, metal 5 Potassium is a and chlorine is a. Slide 12 () / 130 A metal, nonmetal metal, metal metal, metalloid D metalloid, nonmetal E nonmetal, metal A Slide 13 / 130 Valence Electrons and the Octet Rule Return to Table of ontents

7 Review: Octet Rule Slide 14 / 130 Atoms tend towards having complete outer shells of electrons (remember stability). A full outer shell will have: 2 electrons in the s subshell and 6 electrons in the p subshell ( s 2 p 6 configuration) Octet rule: atoms tend towards having a total of 8 electrons 8 valence electrons make an octet Which elements on the periodic table have a complete outer shell? What is true about these elements relative chemical reactivity? Valence Electrons Slide 15 / 130 Valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element s atoms. Valence electron The valence electrons determine the chemical properties of an element. Why do you think this would be true? To find the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element (elements found in the s and p blocks), simply look at its group number. Atoms in group 3 have 3 valence electrons, atoms in group 17 have 7 valence electrons, etc. Valence Electrons Slide 16 / 130 Number of valence 1 2 electrons in neutral atoms: There is one exception: helium has only 2 valence electrons.

8 6 How many valence electrons does potassium have? Slide 17 / 130 A D 4 E 8 6 How many valence electrons does potassium have? Slide 17 () / 130 A D 4 E 8 7 How many valence electrons does Aluminum have? Slide 18 / 130 A D 27 E 13

9 7 How many valence electrons does Aluminum have? Slide 18 () / 130 A D 27 E 13 8 How many valence electrons does arium have? Slide 19 / 130 A D 3 E 6 8 How many valence electrons does arium have? Slide 19 () / 130 A D 3 E 6

10 9 Arsenic (As) has 6 valence electrons. Slide 20 / 130 True False Slide 21 / 130 Ions Return to Table of ontents Ions Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have become charged by either gaining or losing electrons. Slide 22 / 130 ations are positive and are formed by elements on the left side of the periodic chart (metals). Anions are negative and are formed by elements on the right side of the periodic chart (nonmetals).

11 The Formation of ations Slide 23 / 130 Metals usually give up/lose valence electrons to become more stable. This often results in a noble gas (8 electron) outer shell. Na : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 Na +1 : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 Ne atom 3s 2p 2s 1s Loss of valence electrons How many electrons does the Na + ion have? Slide 24 / 130 The Formation of ations Na atom Na+ ion loses e- 11p 11e- 11p 10e- The Na + ion is smaller than the Na atom. Do you remember what factors cause this reduction in size? Slide 25 / 130 The Formation of ations ations of Group 1A elements always have a charge of 1+. ations of Group 2A elements always have a charge of 2+. Mg Mg e - Magnesium atom (electrically neutral, charge = 0) Magnesium ion (+2 indicates 2 units of positive charge) (2 in front of e - indicates 2 units of negative charge)

12 The Formation of Anions Slide 26 / 130 Nonmetals usually gain valence electrons. This results in a noble gas (8 electrons) outer shell l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 l - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6 Ar atom 3p 3s 2p 2s How many electrons does the l - have? The Formation of Anions Slide 27 / 130 l atom l - ion 17P 17e - Gains an e- 17p 18e - The l - ion is larger than the l atom. Do you remember what factors cause this increase in size? The Formation of Anions Slide 28 / 130 Anions of Group 15 (5A) elements always have a charge of 3 - Anions of Group 16 (6A) elements always have a charge of 2 - Anions of Group 17 (7A) elements always have a charge of 1 - onsider Group 14 (4A) elements, what common charge(s) would you predict for these elements?

13 10 Metals tend to electrons and nonmetals tend to electrons. Slide 29 / 130 A gain, gain lose, lose gain, lose D lose, gain E neither, they keep their electrons 10 Metals tend to electrons and nonmetals tend to electrons. Slide 29 () / 130 A gain, gain lose, lose gain, lose D E lose, gain neither, they keep their electrons 11 Anions tend to be and cations tend to be. Slide 30 / 130 A metals, metals nonmetals, nonmetals metals, nonmetals D nonmetals, metals E metalloids, metalloids

14 11 Anions tend to be and cations tend to be. Slide 30 () / 130 A metals, metals nonmetals, nonmetals metals, nonmetals D nonmetals, metals E metalloids, metalloids D 12 Metals lose electrons to form cations Slide 31 / 130 True False 12 Metals lose electrons to form cations Slide 31 () / 130 True False True

15 13 Anions are formed from nonmetals Slide 32 / 130 True False 13 Anions are formed from nonmetals Slide 32 () / 130 True False True 14 Nonmetals tend to lose electrons forming ions Slide 33 / 130 True False

16 14 Nonmetals tend to lose electrons forming ions Slide 33 () / 130 True False False 15 This is the ion formed from a calcium atom Slide 34 / 130 A a + a 2+ a - D a 2-15 This is the ion formed from a calcium atom Slide 34 () / 130 A a + a 2+ a - D a 2-

17 16 Phosphorous forms an ion with a charge of. A Slide 35 / D 3- E Phosphorous forms an ion with a charge of. A Slide 35 () / D 3- E 2+ D 17 Aluminum forms an ion with a charge of. Slide 36 / 130 A D 2- E 0

18 17 Aluminum forms an ion with a charge of. Slide 36 () / 130 A D 2- E 0 18 Of the following, contains the greatest number of electrons. Slide 37 / 130 A P 3+ P P 2- D P 3- E P Of the following, contains the greatest number of electrons. Slide 37 () / 130 A P 3+ P P 2- D P 3- E P 2+ D

19 19 Oxygen forms an ion with a charge of. Slide 38 / 130 A D 3+ E Oxygen forms an ion with a charge of. Slide 38 () / 130 A D 3+ E 6+ A 20 Iodine forms an ion with a charge of. Slide 39 / 130 A D 2+ E 1-

20 20 Iodine forms an ion with a charge of. Slide 39 () / 130 A D 2+ E 1- E 21 This is the ion formed from nitrogen A N - Slide 40 / 130 N 2- N 3+ D N 3-21 This is the ion formed from nitrogen A N - Slide 40 () / 130 N 2- N 3+ D N 3- D

21 22 Predict the charge of the most stable ion of S? Slide 41 / 130 A D 2+ E 2-22 Predict the charge of the most stable ion of S? Slide 41 () / 130 A D 2+ E 2- E 23 What would be the expected charge on the gallium (Ga) ion? A D +13 E -5 Slide 42 / 130

22 23 What would be the expected charge on the gallium (Ga) ion? A D +13 E -5 Slide 42 () / 130 Slide 43 / 130 Ionic onding Return to Table of ontents Introduction to hemical onds Slide 44 / 130 There are three basic types of bonds: Ionic - The electrostatic attraction between ions ovalent - The sharing of electrons between atoms Metallic - Each metal atom bonds to other metals atoms within a "sea" of electrons (covered in a later unit)

23 Ionic onding Slide 45 / 130 Electronegativity is how strongly an atom attracts electrons. Atoms with a high electronegativity will be able to attract electrons away from atoms with a much lower electronegativity. This removal of electrons can occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is approximately 1.7 or higher. Once a positive and negative ion are formed, they will be attracted to each other via the electrostatic force: F = k q 1 q 2 r 2 Note: The heavier nonmetals from 4,6,5th groups ( In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb i ) may act like metals Ionic onding Slide 46 / 130 Neutral atom 1 valence electron Low Electronegativity Neutral atom 7 valence electrons High Electronegativity + ation F = k q1 q2 - Anion r 2 The atom with high electronegativy attracts valence electrons from the atom with lower electronegativity. When the atoms become oppositely charged ions the electrostatic force of attraction brings them together. Electrostatic force of attraction = bond Ionic onding Slide 47 / 130 ompounds composed of cations and anions are called ionic compounds. Although they are composed of ions, ionic compounds are electrically neutral. The electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds are called ionic bonds.

24 Slide 48 / 130 Ionic onds When sodium and chlorine are close together, sodium's valence electron flies off and "harpoons" the chlorine atom. The result is a sodium cation (+) next to a chloride anion (-) These oppositely charged two ions attract: they reel one another together to form an ionic bond. Na l Na+ l- 1s 2 2s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 Ne Ar Ionic onds Slide 49 / 130 The electron transfer process in creating an ionic bond: Na l The dots represents the valence electrons in an atom. click here for an animation of this reaction Slide 50 / 130

25 Slide 51 / 130 Slide 51 () / 130 Slide 52 / 130

26 Slide 52 () / 130 Slide 53 / 130 Slide 53 () / 130

27 27 Which of the following compounds would you expect to be ionic? Slide 54 / 130 A D E H2 O O2 Srl2 SO2 H2S 27 Which of the following compounds would you expect to be ionic? Slide 54 () / 130 A D E H2 O O2 Srl2 SO2 H2S Slide 55 / 130 Properties of Ionic ompounds Return to Table of ontents

28 [*] Properties of Ionic ompounds Slide 56 / 130 They are crystalline solids at room temperature They have high melting points They conduct electricity when melted (molten) or dissolved in water (aqueous) Formula Units Slide 57 / 130 A chemical formula shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative unit of a substance. A formula unit is the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound. Every ionic compound has a 3D array of positive and negative ions. Slide 58 / 130 Predicting an Ionic ompound's Formula Return to Table of ontents

29 Predicting an Ionic ompound Formula Slide 59 / 130 Potassium (K) with an electronegativity of 0.8 and oxygen (O) with an electronegativity of 3.5 will form an ionic compound. What is the formula for an ionic compound of potassium and oxygen? How many additional valence electrons does oxygen want? 2 How many valence electrons does potassium have? 1 How many potassium atoms will it take to give oxygen the electrons it needs? 2 The formula unit is K2 O K O Always Metal First (low electonegativity) K Predicting an Ionic ompound Formula Slide 60 / 130 What is the formula for an ionic compound of Mg and N? How many additional valence electrons does N want? 3 How many valence electrons does Mg have to offer? 2 How many Mg atoms will it take to give how many N the electrons it needs? (Find the lowest common multiplier first.) Mg Mg Mg N N 3 Mg : 2 N The formula unit is Mg 3 N 2 Alternate Method Slide 61 / 130 If you don't like finding least common multipliers, you can use this alternative method: 1. Write down the ions side by side along with their charge. Always write the metal first. 2. "riss-cross" the numerical values of the charges. 3. Reduce subscripts to lowest ratio. Mg Mg Mg N N

30 Predicting an Ionic ompound Formula Slide 62 / 130 Example: Write the formula for calcium sulfide. Step 1: Identify the cation & write its common ion alcium is in group 2 a 2+ Step 2: Identify the anion & write its formula Sulfur is in group 6 S 2- Step 3: riss-cross; reduce subscripts if necessary a 2+ S 2- a2s2 as Predicting an Ionic ompound Formula Slide 63 / 130 What is the compound formed between Mg and S? Mg +2 S -2 Mg2S2 The chemical formula would have to be the lowest ratio of ions. What would you predict would be the formula for this compound? MgS Move for 28 The formula for the ionic compound between s and O is: A so2 Os 2 s2o Slide 64 / 130 D Os 2 E I don't know how to do this.

31 28 The formula for the ionic compound between s and O is: A so2 Os 2 s2o Slide 64 () / 130 D Os 2 E I don't know how to do this. 29 The ionic compound formed between a and N is: A an Slide 65 / 130 a 2N 2 a 3N 2 D a 2N 3 E I don't know how to do this. 29 The ionic compound formed between a and N is: A an Slide 65 () / 130 a 2N 2 a 3N 2 D a 2N 3 E I don't know how to do this.

32 30 The ionic compound formed between Al and O A Al 3O 2 Al 2O 3 AlO D Al 2O 2 E I don't know how to do this. Slide 66 / The ionic compound formed between Al and O A Al 3O 2 Al 2O 3 AlO Slide 66 () / 130 D Al 2O 2 E I don't know how to do this. 31 What is the ionic compound formed between a and Al? A aal a3al2 Slide 67 / 130 Al 2a 3 D No compound is formed.

33 31 What is the ionic compound formed between a and Al? Slide 67 () / 130 A aal a3al2 Al 2a 3 D No compound is formed. D 32 What is the ionic compound formed between P and r? A P 3 r Slide 68 / 130 rp This compound is not considered ionic D (rp) 2 E I don't know how to do this. 32 What is the ionic compound formed between P and r? A P 3 r Slide 68 () / 130 rp This compound is not considered ionic D (rp) 2 E I don't know how to do this.

34 33 What is the formula for sodium phosphide? Slide 69 / 130 A SP 3 NaP Na 3 P D NaP 3 E I don't know how to do this. 33 What is the formula for sodium phosphide? Slide 69 () / 130 A SP 3 NaP Na 3 P D NaP 3 E I don't know how to do this. 34 What is the formula for strontium bromide? Slide 70 / 130 A Srr Srr 2 Sr 2 r D rsr 2

35 34 What is the formula for strontium bromide? A Srr Slide 70 () / 130 Srr 2 Sr 2 r D rsr 2 35 The formula for barium sulfide is a2s2. Slide 71 / 130 True False 35 The formula for barium sulfide is a2s2. Slide 71 () / 130 True False False

36 Slide 72 / 130 Naming Ionic ompounds Return to Table of ontents Naming inary Ionic ompounds - ations Slide 73 / 130 Many cations have the same name as the original, neutral atom. harge Formula Name H + Li + K + s + Ag + Mg 2+ a 2+ a 2+ d 2+ Al 3+ Hydrogen ion Lithium ion Potassium ion esium ion Silver ion Magnesium ion alcium ion arium ion admium ion Aluminum ion Naming inary Ionic ompounds - Anions Slide 74 / 130 All monoatomic anions end in "-ide". The ions that are produced from Group 7A (or 17) elements are called halide ions. an you guess the origin of the name halides? Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 Nitride N 3- Phosphide P 3- Sulfide S 2- hloride l - Oxide O2- Fluoride F- romide r - Iodide I -

37 Naming inary Ionic ompounds Slide 75 / 130 inary (two-element) compounds are named by writing the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion. The name of the cation is the same as the metal name. The name of the anion is the name of the non-metal with the suffix changed to -ide. inary ionic compounds end in "-ide." Examples: Nal = sodium chloride KI = Li2 S = potassium iodide Move for lithium sulfide 36 The correct name for Na2S is Slide 76 / 130 A Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Di-sodium sulfide D Sulfur nitride 36 The correct name for Na2S is Slide 76 () / 130 A Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Di-sodium sulfide D Sulfur nitride

38 Slide 77 / The correct name for SrO is. A strontium oxide strontium hydroxide strontium peroxide D strontium monoxide E strontium dioxide Slide 77 () / The correct name for SrO is. A strontium oxide strontium hydroxide strontium peroxide D strontium monoxide E strontium dioxide A 38 The correct name for Al2O3 is. Slide 78 / 130 A aluminum trioxide dialuminum oxide dialuminum trioxide D aluminum oxide E aluminum hydroxide

39 38 The correct name for Al2O3 is. Slide 78 () / 130 A aluminum trioxide dialuminum oxide dialuminum trioxide D aluminum oxide E aluminum hydroxide D Slide 79 / 130 Names and Formulas of Ionic ompounds with Transition Metals Return to Table of ontents ations formed by Transition Elements Slide 80 / 130 Recall that s-block metals and some p block elements like aluminum have only one possible ionic charge, based on the Octet Rule. However, most transition metals (d block elements) can have more than one ionic charge. For this reason, there is a system for designating the charge on each ion. Sn, Pb from the p-block are called post-transition metals and will form more than one type of ion and behave like transition metals.

40 ations formed by Transition Elements Slide 81 / , , Si Ge As ,+3 +2,+4 Sb Te? The 2+ charge is very common among the transition metals as they lose their two "s" electrons first, before losing others from their "d" orbital ations Formed by Transition Elements Slide 82 / 130 Only common transition metals are shown. Silver, cadmium and zinc only form one cation, Ag +, d 2+ and Zn 2+ Note the two mercury cations, which one is a polyatomic ion? Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb) act like transition metals and they share two common charges, why do you think this is true? Silver, Zinc, and admium Ions Slide 83 / 130 Why do these ions only have one possible charge? Let's look at their electron configurations. The "d" orbital of both zinc and cadmium are full and therefore very stable so the only electrons it will lose are the two "s" electrons... Zn: [Ar]4s 2 3d 10 Zn 2+ : [Ar]3d 10 The "d" orbital is also full with silver as it has largely taken an electron from it's own "s" orbital to make stabilize the "d" orbital. Therefore, it only has 1 electron left to lose. Ag: [Kr]5s 1 4d 10 Ag + : [Kr]4d 10

41 ations formed by Transition Elements Slide 84 / 130 We will use the Stock naming system (Roman numerals) to name transition metals. Formula Name u opper (I) ion +1 o +2 Fe +2 Mn +2 Pb +2 r +3 Fe +3 obalt (II) ion Iron (II) ion Manganese (II) ion lead (II) ion hromium (III) ion Iron (III) ion What would be the names of u 2+ and Mn 7+? Writing Formulas with Transition Metals Slide 85 / 130 The charge on the cation is indicated by the Roman numeral, as shown in this example. Iron (III) oxide Fe 3+ O 2- Write ion formulas. Fe 3+ O 2- riss-cross charges. Fe2 O3 Reduce if necessary. Slide 86 / 130 Writing Formulas with Transition Metals The charge on the cation is indicated by the Roman numeral, as shown in this example. Tin (IV) oxide Sn 4+ O 2- Write ion formulas. Sn 4+ O 2- riss-cross charges. Sn2O4 SnO2 Reduce if necessary.

42 39 Which metal is capable of forming more than one cation? A K s a D Al E Sn Slide 87 / Which metal is capable of forming more than one cation? A K s a D Al E Sn E Slide 87 () / Which metal is not capable of forming more than one cation? A u Au Fe D Sn E Al Slide 88 / 130

43 40 Which metal is not capable of forming more than one cation? A u Au Fe D Sn E Al E Slide 88 () / 130 Formulas with Transition Metals Slide 89 / 130 In order to correctly name a formula containing a transition metal, it is necessary to first determine the charge on the cation. Since all compounds are neutral, then the total positive cation charge must equal the total negative anion charge. In other words: Total cation charge + Total anion charge = 0 (charge of cation) (# of cations) + (charge of anion) (# of anions) = 0 Example Formula with Transition Metals Slide 90 / 130 In the case of Fel3, we make the following substitutions: (charge of cation) (# of cations) +(charge of anion) (# of anions) = 0 (x) (1) + (-1) (3) = 0 Thus x = 3 and the cation is Fe 3+ or iron(iii).

44 Formulas with Transition Metals Slide 91 / 130 A short cut method is to "uncriss-cross" the ions, but you must always double check your ions (or you'll get in trouble!). Fel3: Fe1 l3 Uncriss-cross. heck the ions Fe 3+ l 1- l does form a 1-ion and Fe is Iron (III) 3+ Iron (III) loride Formulas with Transition Metals Slide 92 / 130 Here's another practice problem. ro: r 1 O 1 Uncriss-cross. heck the ions r + O - O forms a 2- ion and r+ does not exist! (this formula had to be reduced from r 2 O 2 ) hromium (II) Oxide 41 The name of Fel3 is Slide 93 / 130 A D iron chloride iron (II) chloride iron (III) chloride iron(i)chloride

45 41 The name of Fel3 is Slide 93 () / 130 A iron chloride iron (II) chloride iron (III) chloride D iron(i)chloride 42 The correct formula for tin (IV) oxide is: Slide 94 / 130 A SnO 2 SnO Sn 4O 4 D Sn 4O 2 E SnO 2 42 The correct formula for tin (IV) oxide is: Slide 94 () / 130 A SnO 2 SnO Sn 4O 4 D Sn 4O 2 E SnO 2 E

46 43 The formula for copper (II) sulfide is Slide 95 / 130 A D us2 us u2 S2 (us)2 E u 2S 43 The formula for copper (II) sulfide is Slide 95 () / 130 A D us2 us u2 S2 (us)2 E u 2S 44 Which one of the following compounds is copper(i) chloride? Slide 96 / 130 A ul ul2 u 2l D u 2l 2 E u 3l 2

47 44 Which one of the following compounds is copper(i) chloride? Slide 96 () / 130 A ul ul2 u 2l D u 2l 2 E u 3l 2 A 45 The charge on the cation in the salt Fe2O3 is. Slide 97 / 130 A D 5- E 6-45 The charge on the cation in the salt Fe2O3 is. Slide 97 () / 130 A D 5- E 6-

48 [*] 46 What is the charge on zirconium ion in ZrO2? A D 2- E 3+ Slide 98 / 130 [*] 46 What is the charge on zirconium ion in ZrO2? Slide 98 () / 130 A D 2- E The correct name of the compound V 2O 3 is vanadium(ii)oxide. Slide 99 / 130 True False

49 47 The correct name of the compound V 2O 3 is vanadium(ii)oxide. Slide 99 () / 130 True False False: Vanadium (VI) oxide 48 The correct name for u 3N is: A copper nitride copper (I) nitride copper (II) nitride D copper(iii)nitride E copper(iii) nitrogen Slide 100 / The correct name for u 3N is: A copper nitride copper (I) nitride copper (II) nitride D copper(iii)nitride E copper(iii) nitrogen Slide 100 () / 130 D

50 Slide 101 / 130 Polyatomic Ions Return to Table of ontents Polyatomic Ions Slide 102 / 130 A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms bonded together that have a charge and acts like a single unit or ion. They are not free compounds and like other ions, are not found free in nature. They are found combined with other ions. Sulfate = (SO 4) 2- Nitrate = (NO 3) - arbonate = (O 3) 2- Use ( ) to keep the atoms together. Do not change the subscripts inside the "( )" Polyatomic Ions Slide 103 / 130 Most of the polyatomic ions contain oxygen atoms. Many anions names end with -ite or -ate In ite/ate pairs, the ion with fewer oxygen atoms will have the ite ending Examples: sulfite /sulfate nitrite /nitrate Note that the suffix does not indicate the actual number of O atoms.

51 . Slide 104 / 130 Polyatomic Ions Familiarize yourself with the polyatomic ions on your reference sheet e careful of -ide, -ite, and -ate! H + = proton or hydrogen ion ] or bicarbonate Slide 105 / 130 Formulas and Names of Ionic ompounds with Polyatomic Ions (Ternary Ionic ompounds) Return to Table of ontents Writing Formulas for Ternary Ionic ompounds Slide 106 / 130 Ternary ionic compounds, compounds that contain 3 or more elements, are neutral, just like binary ionic compounds. Therefore, the goal is to find the lowest ratio of cations to anions that will yield a neutral compound. This ratio is represented in a formula unit. Examples of formula units ao3 Zn(2H3O2)2 AgNO3 Na2SO3

52 Writing Formulas for Ternary Ionic ompounds (con't) Slide 107 / 130 To write a formula, the criss-cross method can again be used. Example: Write the formula for lithium phosphate. Step 1: Identify the cation & write its formula Lithium is in group 1 --> Li + Step 2: Identify the anion & write its formula Phosphate is a polyatomic ion --> PO 4 3- Step 3: riss-cross; reduce subscripts if necessary Li 1+ PO 4 3- Li 3(PO 4) 1 or simply Li 3(PO 4) Writing Formulas for Ternary Ionic ompounds Slide 108 / 130 Example: Write the formula for calcium nitrite. a 2+ (NO 3) - a(no3)2 When writing formulas with polyatomic ions, there are two important things to remember: 1) It is helpful to use " ( ) " to keep the atoms together, keeping the charge OUTSIDE the ( ) For example: nitrate (NO3) 1- carbonate (O 3) 2-2) NEVER alter any symbols or subscripts INSIDE the "( )". Once finished, if there is no subscript outside of the "( )", remove the "( )" Writing Formulas for Ternary Ionic ompounds Slide 109 / 130 Example 1: Write the formula for lithium chlorate. Example 2: Write the formula for manganese(iii) carbonate. Li +1 (lo 3) -1 Mn 3+ (O 3) 2- = Li(lO 3) = LilO 3 Move for Note: The ( ) are removed because only 1 chlorate ion is present. = Mn 2(O 3) 3 Move for Note: The ( ) are needed here because more than one carbonate ion are present

53 49 The formula for aluminum phosphate is: Slide 110 / 130 A D AlPO4 Al3(PO4) Al2(PO4)3 Al3(PO4)3 49 The formula for aluminum phosphate is: Slide 110 () / 130 A D AlPO4 Al3(PO4) Al2(PO4)3 Al3(PO4)3 A 50 What would be the correct formula for cobalt(iii) carbonate? Slide 111 / 130 A o 3O 3 o 2O 3 o 2(O 3) 3 D o 3(O 3) 2 E oo 3

54 50 What would be the correct formula for cobalt(iii) carbonate? Slide 111 () / 130 A o 3O 3 o 2O 3 o 2(O 3) 3 D o 3(O 3) 2 E oo 3 51 The formula for sodium hydroxide is Slide 112 / 130 A D Na (OH)2 NaOH Na(OH2) Na(HO) E NaOH2 51 The formula for sodium hydroxide is Slide 112 () / 130 A D Na (OH)2 NaOH Na(OH2) Na(HO) E NaOH2

55 52 The formula for calcium sulfate is Slide 113 / 130 A aso4 a2(so4)2 a(so3) D a2(so3)2 E as 52 The formula for calcium sulfate is Slide 113 () / 130 A aso4 a2(so4)2 a(so3) D a2(so3)2 E as A 53 How many nitrate ions are present in the formula of aluminum nitrate? (Write the formula first to find out.) Slide 114 / 130 A D 4 E 5

56 53 How many nitrate ions are present in the formula of aluminum nitrate? (Write the formula first to find out.) A D 4 E 5 : Al(NO 3) 3 Slide 114 () / How many total ions (cations and anions) are present in the formula of lithium acetate? A D 4 E 5 Slide 115 / How many total ions (cations and anions) are present in the formula of lithium acetate? A D 4 E 5 : Li( 2H 2O 2) Slide 115 () / 130

57 PRATIE Writing Formulas for Ionic ompounds Slide 116 / 130 omplete the table by filling in the formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of cations and anions, as shown for the first pair. PRATIE Writing Formulas for Ternary Ionic ompounds Slide 117 / 130 Write the formula for the following compounds: 1. Magnesium iodide MgI 2 2. alcium sulfite aso 3 3. arium hydrogen carbonate a(ho 3) 2 Move for answer 4. Iron (III) phosphate FePO 4 Naming Ternary Ionic ompounds Slide 118 / 130 Ternary ionic compounds contain three or more different elements due to the presence of polyatomic ion(s). Just as in binary ionic compounds, the name of the cation is given first, followed by the name of the anion. Names of ternary compounds often end in -ite or -ate. Examples ao3 Zn(2 H3 O2)2 AgNO3 Na2 SO3 calcium carbonate zinc acetate silver Move nitrate for sodium answer sulfite

58 55 The correct name for NalO is Slide 119 / 130 A sodium chlorate sodium chloride sodium chlorite D sodium chloride oxide E sodium hypochlorite 55 The correct name for NalO is Slide 119 () / 130 A sodium chlorate sodium chloride sodium chlorite D sodium chloride oxide E sodium hypochlorite E 56 Mg(HO3)2 is Slide 120 / 130 A Magnesium carbonate Magnesium hydrogen carbonate Magnesium hydroxide D Magnesium carboxide E Magnesium dibicarbonate

59 56 Mg(HO3)2 is Slide 120 () / 130 A Magnesium carbonate Magnesium hydrogen carbonate Magnesium hydroxide D Magnesium carboxide E Magnesium dibicarbonate 57 Ammonium carbonate is A NH4 O3 Slide 121 / 130 D (NH4)2O3 NH4(O3)2 (NH4)2O2 57 Ammonium carbonate is A NH4 O3 Slide 121 () / 130 (NH4)2O3 D NH4(O3)2 (NH4)2O2

60 Naming Ternary Ionic ompounds Slide 122 / 130 If the formula involves a transition or post transition element, you must first deduce the charge so it can be included in the name. For example: Name u 2O 3 For example: Name Ni(NO 3) 2 1. Un-criss cross the charges. 1. Un-criss cross the charges. u 2 (O 3) Ni (NO 3) 2 2. u carries a +1 charge 2. Ni carries a +2 charge So... this compound is called copper(i) carbonate So... this compound is called nickel(ii) nitrate Move for answer 58 What would be the proper name for Ga 2(SO 3) 3? A gallium sulfite gallium (I) sulfite gallium (III) sulfite D gallium (III) sulfate Slide 123 / 130 Note: Gallium is not a transition metal so it's charge is known and therefore should Move not be for written. explanation 58 What would be the proper name for Ga 2(SO 3) 3? A gallium sulfite gallium (I) sulfite gallium (III) sulfite D gallium (III) sulfate Slide 123 () / 130 Note: Gallium is not a transition metal so it's charge is known and therefore should Move not be for written. explanation A

61 59 Which would be the correct name for AuF 3? A gold (I) flouride gold(iii) flouride gold flouride D gold flourine E gold triflouride Slide 124 / 130 Note: Gold is a transition metal so it's charge is not known. Move for explanation You must deduce it and it should be written. 59 Which would be the correct name for AuF 3? A gold (I) flouride gold(iii) flouride gold flouride D gold flourine E gold triflouride Slide 124 () / 130 Move for explanation Note: Gold is a transition metal so it's charge is not known. You must deduce it and it should be written. 60 What would be the correct name for Sn(O 3) 2? A tin carbonate tin(ii) carbonate tin carbide D tin tetracarbonate E tin (IV) carbonate Slide 125 / 130

62 60 What would be the correct name for Sn(O 3) 2? A tin carbonate tin(ii) carbonate tin carbide D tin tetracarbonate E tin (IV) carbonate Slide 125 () / 130 E Slide 126 / 130 Polyatomic Patterns Return to Table of ontents Polyatomic Patterns Tips for remembering polyatomic ions using patterns: oron, arbon, and Nitrogen polyatomic ions have a maximum of 3 oxygens. Slide 127 / 130 orate O 3 3- arbonate O 3 2- Nitrate NO 3 1- orite O 2 3- arbonite O 2 2- Nitrite NO 2 1- harges:

63 Polyatomic Patterns Tips for remembering polyatomic ions using patterns: Phosphorus and Sulfur polyatomic ions have a maximum of 4 oxygens. Slide 128 / 130 Phosphate PO 4 3- Sulfate SO 4 2- Phosphite PO 3 3- Sulfite SO 3 2- harges: -3-2 Polyatomic Patterns Tips for remembering polyatomic ions using patterns: All of the halogens follow the same naming pattern: Per-ate = 4 oxygens, ---ate = 3 oxygens, ---ite = 2 oxygens, --- hypo-ite = 1 oxygen. Slide 129 / 130 harge: Perchlorate lo 1-4 hlorate 1- lo 3 hlorite lo Hypochlorite lo 1- Slide 130 / 130