Size: px
Start display at page:

Download ""

Transcription

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13 P Atomic and nuclear physics Nuclear physics γ spectroscopy Identifying and determining the activity of radioactive samples Description from CASSY Lab 2 For loading examples and settings, please use the CASSY Lab 2 help. CASSY Lab 2 ( ) by LD DIDACTIC GmbH Leyboldstrasse 1 D Huerth Phone: Fax: info@ld-didactic.de Technical alterations reserved

14 CASSY Lab 2 Identifying and determining the activity of weakly radioactive samples can also be carried out with Pocket-CASSY Safety note When handling radioactive preparations, in addition to the radiation protection regulations, state-specific requirements and the regulations of the educational authorities are also to be observed, e.g. in the Federal Republic of Germany at the very least the radiation protection regulations (StrlSchV - Strahlenschutzverordnung) and the directives on safety during school lessons. This applies even in cases where the preparation used in this experiment in itself does not require the nomination of a trained radiation officer. Since the used preparations produce ionizing radiation, the following safety rules must nevertheless be kept to: Prevent access to the preparations by unauthorized persons. Before using the reparations make sure that they are intact. For the purpose of shielding, keep the preparations in their safety container. To ensure minimum exposure time and minimum activity, take the preparations out of the safety container only as long as is necessary for carrying out the experiment. To ensure maximum distance, hold the preparations only at the upper end of the metal holder. Experiment description The detection probability of the scintillation counter is determined at several γ energies with calibrating preparations. The γ spectrum of a weakly radioactive sample is recorded, and its radioactive components are determined. Equipment list 1 Sensor-CASSY or CASSY Lab MCA box Marinelli beakers Calibrating preparation Cs-137, 5 kbq by LD DIDACTIC GmbH Leyboldstrasse 1 D Huerth Phone: Fax: info@ld-didactic.de Technical alterations reserved 329

15 CASSY Lab 2 4 Potassium chloride, 250 g Scintillation counter Detector output stage High-voltage power supply 1.5 kv Scintillator screening Socket for scintillator screening PC with Windows XP/Vista/7 Experiment setup (see drawing) The output stage of the scintillation counter is connected to the MCA box and to the high-voltage power supply. The scintillation counter is mounted in the socket from above with the lead screening. The preparation in the Marinelli beaker is placed above the scintillation counter. Carrying out the experiment Load settings Fill 1 kg of potassium chloride into a Marinelli beaker and place it above the scintillation counter. Record the spectrum with varying the high voltage until the full range of measurement is covered. Remove the Marinelli beaker and insert the calibrating preparation Cs-137 Record the spectrum Make an energy calibration using the lines at 1460 kev and 662 kev in the two spectra. Remove the preparation Equally distribute the test substance in a Marinelli beaker, place the beaker above the scintillation counter, and record the spectrum of the sample. Make a background measurement without preparation. The measuring time should be equal to that with the sample. Evaluation The activities of potassium chloride (17 kbq/kg) and the Cs-137 calibrating preparation (approx. 5 kbq, see calibration certificate, mind the half-life) are known. From the integrated counting rate below the lines of the two spectra the detection probability of the scintillation counter at 1460 kev and 662 kev can be determined for this particular geometry. The background spectrum is subtracted from the spectrum of the sample. From the resulting spectrum and the previously determined detection probability the radioactive contamination of the sample can be determined. The observed energies enable the radiating isotope in the sample to be determined, and with the detection probabilities just determined, the quantity can be estimated. Remarks The NaI(Tl) crystal at the end of the scintillation counter is sensitive to mechanical damage. Be careful when inserting the Marinelli beakers and when setting up the lead screen. When making measurements with strongly radiating samples heed the display of the dead time and, if necessary, dilute the sample. by LD DIDACTIC GmbH Leyboldstrasse 1 D Huerth Phone: Fax: info@ld-didactic.de Technical alterations reserved 330

16

17 P Atomic and nuclear physics Nuclear physics γ spectroscopy Recording a β spectrum with a scintillation counter Description from CASSY Lab 2 For loading examples and settings, please use the CASSY Lab 2 help. CASSY Lab 2 ( ) by LD DIDACTIC GmbH Leyboldstrasse 1 D Huerth Phone: Fax: info@ld-didactic.de Technical alterations reserved

18 CASSY Lab 2 Recording a β spectrum using a scintillation counter can also be carried out with Pocket-CASSY Safety note When handling radioactive preparations, in addition to the radiation protection regulations, state-specific requirements and the regulations of the educational authorities are also to be observed, e.g. in the Federal Republic of Germany at the very least the radiation protection regulations (StrlSchV - Strahlenschutzverordnung) and the directives on safety during school lessons. The preparations used in this experiment are type approved according to StrlSchV (2001) or they are below the exemption limit and do not require approval. For this reason handling without express permission is possible. Since the used preparations produce ionizing radiation, the following safety rules must nevertheless be kept to: Prevent access to the preparations by unauthorized persons. Before using the reparations make sure that they are intact. For the purpose of shielding, keep the preparations in their safety container. To ensure minimum exposure time and minimum activity, take the preparations out of the safety container only as long as is necessary for carrying out the experiment. To ensure maximum distance, hold the preparations only at the upper end of the metal holder. Experiment description The β spectrum of Sr-90 is recorded with a scintillation counter. The energy loss per path length de/dx of the β particles in aluminum is measured. Equipment list 1 Sensor-CASSY or CASSY Lab MCA box Set of radioactive preparations Na-22 preparation by LD DIDACTIC GmbH Leyboldstrasse 1 D Huerth Phone: Fax: info@ld-didactic.de Technical alterations reserved 331

19 CASSY Lab 2 1 Set of absorbers and targets Scintillation counter Detector output stage High-voltage power supply 1.5 kv Scintillator screening Socket for scintillator screening Stand rod, 47 cm Leybold multiclamp Universal clamp, mm PC with Windows XP/Vista/7 Experiment setup (see drawing) The output stage of the scintillation counter is connected to the MCA box and to the high-voltage power supply. The scintillation counter is mounted in the socket from above with the lead screening. The acrylic glass tube is put over the scintillation counter within the lead screening. The preparation is place a few centimeters above the scintillation counter with stand material. The absorber plates are laid on the acrylic glass tube so that they are located between the detector and the preparation. Carrying out the experiment Load settings Mount the Sr-90 preparation, and record the spectrum with. Set the high voltage so that the spectrum is not cut off on the right side. For the energy calibration, mount the Na-22 preparation, and calibrate the energy axis with the 511 kev and the 1275 kev line. The Sr-90 spectrum extends to approx kev. It is recommendable to determine the background without preparation. Mount the Sr-90 preparation once more, and see to it that there is enough space for the absorbers. One after another record the spectra without absorber, with a 0.5 mm thick aluminum absorber, 1 mm aluminum, and so on up to 3 mm aluminum. Evaluation The aluminum absorber reduces the maximum energy of the electron reaching the detector. The highest energy of each Sr-90 spectrum at which electrons are detected is determined. These energies are compiled in a table together with the corresponding thickness of the absorber. The slope of the regression line gives the energy loss per path length de/dx, which, in this case, amounts to about kev/mm. by LD DIDACTIC GmbH Leyboldstrasse 1 D Huerth Phone: Fax: info@ld-didactic.de Technical alterations reserved 332

20

21 P Atomic and nuclear physics Nuclear physics γ spectroscopy Coincidence and γ-γ angular correlation in positron decay Description from CASSY Lab 2 For loading examples and settings, please use the CASSY Lab 2 help. CASSY Lab 2 ( ) by LD DIDACTIC GmbH Leyboldstrasse 1 D Huerth Phone: Fax: info@ld-didactic.de Technical alterations reserved

22 CASSY Lab 2 Coincidence and γ-γ angular correlation in positron decay Safety note When handling radioactive preparations, in addition to the radiation protection regulations, state-specific requirements and the regulations of the educational authorities are also to be observed, e.g. in the Federal Republic of Germany at the very least the radiation protection regulations (StrlSchV - Strahlenschutzverordnung) and the directives on safety during school lessons. The preparations used in this experiment are type approved according to StrlSchV (2001) or they are below the exemption limit and do not require approval. For this reason handling without express permission is possible. Since the used preparations produce ionizing radiation, the following safety rules must nevertheless be kept to: Prevent access to the preparations by unauthorized persons. Before using the reparations make sure that they are intact. For the purpose of shielding, keep the preparations in their safety container. To ensure minimum exposure time and minimum activity, take the preparations out of the safety container only as long as is necessary for carrying out the experiment. To ensure maximum distance, hold the preparations only at the upper end of the metal holder. Experiment description The spatial coincidence of the two γ quanta in electron-positron pair annihilation is demonstrated. The conservation of momentum requires emission of the two quanta at an angle of 180, which is visualized in the experiment. Selective measurement of a coincidence spectrum leads to the suppression of non-correlated lines. Equipment list 1 Sensor-CASSY or by LD DIDACTIC GmbH Leyboldstrasse 1 D Huerth Phone: Fax: info@ld-didactic.de Technical alterations reserved 337

23 CASSY Lab 2 1 CASSY Lab MCA boxes Na-22 preparation Set of 3 radioactive preparations or Scintillation counters Detector output stages High-voltage power supplies 1.5 kv Sockets for scintillator screening Stand rod, 47 cm Leybold multiclamp Universal clamp, mm PC with Windows XP/Vista/7 Experiment setup (see drawing) The output stages of the scintillation counters are connected to the MCA boxes and to the high-voltage power supplies. Both MCA boxes must be plugged in the same CASSY. The preparation is placed near one scintillation counter with the stand material so that the other detector can be moved around the setup, in order that the angle detector 1 - preparation - detector 2 can be varied. Carrying out the experiment Load settings Select the display Energy calibration Use the two detectors to record the normal Na-22 spectrum each with In the Settings NA calibrate input A, and in the Settings NB calibrate the detector at input B Select the display 511 kev In the Settings NA set the measurement to the Coincidence trigger for the other box and adjust the coincidence window to the 511 kev line (mark with two vertical lines) Place the movable detector so that the preparation is located between the detectors. Record the coincidence spectrum with. Place the movable detector so that it is located perpendicularly to the connecting line preparation - other detector. Record the coincidence spectrum with. Select the display 1275 kev In the Settings NA set the coincidence window to the 1275 kev line (reset the old window by pressing 0 and mark the new window by means of two vertical lines) Record the coincidence spectrum at 180 and at 90 each with. Select the display Cs-137 and Na-22 In the Settings NA set the coincidence window to the 511 kev line (reset the old window by pressing 0 and mark the new window by means of two vertical lines) Fix the Cs-137 preparation together with the Na-22 preparation between the detectors, place the movable detector so that the preparations are located between the detectors. Record the coincidence spectrum with. Record the normal MCA spectrum of this arrangement. Evaluation The normal Na-22 spectrum consists of a line at 1275 kev and the pair annihilation radiation at 511 kev. The two 511 kev quanta are correlated in time and space (emission under 180 ). The 1275 kev quanta are correlated with the 511 kev quanta in time as the delay of 3.7 ps cannot be detected with this setup. This emission is not correlated in space. In the normal MCA spectrum both lines are visible. At 180 coincidence, the 511 kev line clearly stands out because the other components of the spectrum (1275 kev line, Compton distribution) are correlated in time only and not in space so they are weakened by the solid angle of the second detector relative to the 511 kev line, which is correlated in space. Thereby the absolute counting rate of the 511 kev line drop according to the detection probability of the second detector. If the detector is swivelled out of the 180 direction, the 511 kev line disappears, whereas those components that are not correlated in space remain unchanged. If the measurement is made in coincidence to the 1275 kev line, there is no correlation in space. Therefore the spectra look the same at different angles. Since there is only one 1275 kev quantum per decay, no 1275 kev line is observed in coincidence. In order to show the suppression of quanta that are not correlated in time, two preparations are used at the same time. Cs-137 provides a non-correlated background, which is only visible in the coincidence measurement because of accidental coincidence, whereas it is clearly visible without coincidence measurement. by LD DIDACTIC GmbH Leyboldstrasse 1 D Huerth Phone: Fax: info@ld-didactic.de Technical alterations reserved 338

24 CASSY Lab 2 Remark The time window for coincidences has a fixed default value of 4 μs. by LD DIDACTIC GmbH Leyboldstrasse 1 D Huerth Phone: Fax: info@ld-didactic.de Technical alterations reserved 339

Atomic and nuclear physics

Atomic and nuclear physics Atomic and nuclear physics X-ray physics Attenuation of x-rays LD Physics Leaflets P6.3.2.1 Investigating the attenuation of x-rays as a function of the absorber material and absorber thickness Objects

More information

Atomic and nuclear physics

Atomic and nuclear physics Atomic and nuclear physics X-ray physics Physics of the atomic shell LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets Moseley s law and determination of the Rydberg constant P6.3.3.6 Objects of the experiment Measuring the K-absorption

More information

Atomic and nuclear physics

Atomic and nuclear physics Atomic and nuclear physics X-ray physics Attenuation of x-rays LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P6.3.2.2 Investigating the wavelength dependency of the coefficient of attenuation Objects of the experiment To measure

More information

p tot Mechanics LD Physics Leaflets

p tot Mechanics LD Physics Leaflets GENZ 2014-12 Mechanics Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics Measuring air resistance LD Physics Leaflets Measuring the air resistance as a function of the wind speed Measuring the wind speed with a pressure

More information

CASSY Lab. Manual ( )

CASSY Lab. Manual ( ) CASSY Lab Manual (524 202) Moseley's law (K-line x-ray fluorescence) CASSY Lab 271 can also be carried out with Pocket-CASSY Load example Safety notes The X-ray apparatus fulfils all regulations on the

More information

Electricity. Measuring the force on current-carrying conductors in a homogeneous magnetic field. LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P

Electricity. Measuring the force on current-carrying conductors in a homogeneous magnetic field. LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P Electricity Magnetostatics The effects of force in a magnetic field LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets Measuring the force on current-carrying conductors in a homogeneous magnetic field Recording with CASSY Objects

More information

Experiments #3: Dead time and nuclear counting statistics Objective: 1. Measurement of dead time 2. To investigate the statistics related to measurements with a Geiger counter: Poisson and Gaussian distribution

More information

hν' Φ e - Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous?

hν' Φ e - Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous? Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous? 2. Briefly discuss dead time in a detector. What factors are important

More information

PRODUCTS FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING

PRODUCTS FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING PRODUCTS FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING This section gives detailed information about products to support training in radiation protection, applications of radioactivity and handling radioactive materials.

More information

Analyzing Radiation. Pre-Lab Exercise Type of Radiation Alpha Particle Beta Particle Gamma Ray. Mass (amu) 4 1/2000 0

Analyzing Radiation. Pre-Lab Exercise Type of Radiation Alpha Particle Beta Particle Gamma Ray. Mass (amu) 4 1/2000 0 Analyzing Radiation Introduction Radiation has always been a natural part of our environment. Radiation on earth comes from many natural sources; the origin of all types of naturally occurring radiation

More information

Alpha-energies of different sources with Multi Channel Analyzer (Item No.: P )

Alpha-energies of different sources with Multi Channel Analyzer (Item No.: P ) Alpha-energies of different sources with Multi Channel Analyzer (Item No.: P2522015) Curricular Relevance Area of Expertise: ILIAS Education Level: Physik Topic: Hochschule Subtopic: Moderne Physik Experiment:

More information

Gamma ray coincidence and angular correlation

Gamma ray coincidence and angular correlation University of Cape Town Department of Physics Course III laboratory Gamma ray coincidence and angular correlation Introduction Medical imaging based on positron emission tomography (PET) continues to have

More information

Alpha-Energies of different sources with Multi Channel Analyzer

Alpha-Energies of different sources with Multi Channel Analyzer Physical Structure of Matter Radioactivity Alpha-Energies of different sources with Multi Channel Analyzer What you can learn about Decay series Radioactive equilibrium Isotopic properties Decay energy

More information

Optics. Measuring the line spectra of inert gases and metal vapors using a prism spectrometer. LD Physics Leaflets P

Optics. Measuring the line spectra of inert gases and metal vapors using a prism spectrometer. LD Physics Leaflets P Optics Spectrometer Prism spectrometer LD Physics Leaflets P5.7.1.1 Measuring the line spectra of inert gases and metal vapors using a prism spectrometer Objects of the experiment Adjusting the prism spectrometer.

More information

Jazan University College of Science Physics Department. Lab Manual. Nuclear Physics (2) 462 Phys. 8 th Level. Academic Year: 1439/1440

Jazan University College of Science Physics Department. Lab Manual. Nuclear Physics (2) 462 Phys. 8 th Level. Academic Year: 1439/1440 Jazan University College of Science Physics Department جاهعة جازان كلية العل وم قسن الفيزياء Lab Manual Nuclear Physics (2) 462 Phys 8 th Level Academic Year: 1439/1440 1 Contents No. Name of the Experiment

More information

Experiment 6 1. The Compton Effect Physics 2150 Experiment No. 6 University of Colorado

Experiment 6 1. The Compton Effect Physics 2150 Experiment No. 6 University of Colorado Experiment 6 1 Introduction The Compton Effect Physics 2150 Experiment No. 6 University of Colorado In some situations, electromagnetic waves can act like particles, carrying energy and momentum, which

More information

ORTEC AN34 Experiment 10 Compton Scattering

ORTEC AN34 Experiment 10 Compton Scattering EQUIPMENT NEEDED FROM ORTEC 113 Preamplifier (2 ea.) TRUMP-PCI-2K MCA System including suitable PC operating Windows 98/2000/XP (other ORTEC MCAs may be used) 266 Photomultiplier Tube Base (2 ea.) 4001A/4002D

More information

Andrew D. Kent. 1 Introduction. p 1

Andrew D. Kent. 1 Introduction. p 1 Compton Effect Andrew D. Kent Introduction One of the most important experiments in the early days of quantum mechanics (93) studied the interaction between light and matter; it determined the change in

More information

Solid-state physics. Laue diagrams: investigating the lattice structure of monocrystals. LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P

Solid-state physics. Laue diagrams: investigating the lattice structure of monocrystals. LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P Solid-state physics Properties of crystals X-ray structural analysis LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P7.1.2.2 Laue diagrams: investigating the lattice structure of monocrystals Objects of the experiment Evaluating

More information

ɣ-radiochromatography

ɣ-radiochromatography nuclear instruments Kapitel_y_Graphy.indd 1 19.08.09 10:27 n u c l e a r i n s t r u m e n t s Index HPLC-detectors TLC-detectors GABI* analog output GABI* digital output to PC minigita*, 1 trace scanner

More information

Atomic and nuclear physics

Atomic and nuclear physics Atomic and nuclear physics Atomic shell Normal Zeeman effect LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets Observing the normal Zeeman effect in transverse and longitudinal configuration Spectroscopy with a Fabry-Perot etalon

More information

Scintillation Detector

Scintillation Detector Scintillation Detector Introduction The detection of ionizing radiation by the scintillation light produced in certain materials is one of the oldest techniques on record. In Geiger and Marsden s famous

More information

Absolute activity measurement

Absolute activity measurement Absolute activity measurement Gábor Veres, Sándor Lökös Eötvös University, Department of Atomic Physics January 12, 2016 Financed from the financial support ELTE won from the Higher Education Restructuring

More information

β-spectroscopy Fig. 1: Experimental set-up for determining inductance from the resonant frequency of an oscillatory circuit.

β-spectroscopy Fig. 1: Experimental set-up for determining inductance from the resonant frequency of an oscillatory circuit. Related Topics -decay, -decay, electron capture, neutrino, positron, decay diagram, decay energy, resting energy, relativistic Lorentz equation. Principle The radiation of β-unstable atomic nuclei is selected

More information

SCINTILLATION DETECTORS & GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY: AN INTRODUCTION

SCINTILLATION DETECTORS & GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY: AN INTRODUCTION SCINTILLATION DETECTORS & GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY: AN INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this experiment is to use an NaI(Tl) detector, photomultiplier tube and multichannel analyzer software system

More information

GAMMA RAY SPECTROSCOPY

GAMMA RAY SPECTROSCOPY GAMMA RAY SPECTROSCOPY Gamma Ray Spectroscopy 1 In this experiment you will use a sodium iodide (NaI) detector along with a multichannel analyzer (MCA) to measure gamma ray energies from energy level transitions

More information

Physics 476LW. Advanced Physics Laboratory - Franck Hertz

Physics 476LW. Advanced Physics Laboratory - Franck Hertz Physics 476LW Advanced Physics Laboratory Franck-Hertz Experiment Introduction In 1914 James Franck and Gustav Hertz performed an experiment that has become one of the classic demonstrations of the quantization

More information

X-ray fluorescence analysis - calibration of the X-ray energy detector

X-ray fluorescence analysis - calibration of the X-ray energy detector X-ray fluorescence analysis - TEP Related topics Bremsstrahlung, characteristic X-radiation, energy levels, fluorescence radiation, conduction processes in semiconductors, doping of semiconductors, pin-diodes,

More information

RADIOACTIVITY MATERIALS: PURPOSE: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DISCUSSION:

RADIOACTIVITY MATERIALS: PURPOSE: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DISCUSSION: RADIOACTIVITY This laboratory experiment was largely adapted from an experiment from the United States Naval Academy Chemistry Department MATERIALS: (total amounts per lab) small bottle of KCl; isogenerator

More information

THE COMPTON EFFECT Last Revised: January 5, 2007

THE COMPTON EFFECT Last Revised: January 5, 2007 B2-1 THE COMPTON EFFECT Last Revised: January 5, 2007 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED: How does the energy of a scattered photon change after an interaction with an electron? INTRODUCTION: When a photon is

More information

Compton Scattering. Aim

Compton Scattering. Aim Compton Scattering Aim The aim of this experiment is to look at how scattering angle is related to photon energy in Compton Scattering. We will then use these results to deduce the mass of an electron.

More information

Atomic and nuclear physics

Atomic and nuclear physics Atomic and nuclear physics Atomic shell Normal Zeeman effect LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets Observing the normal Zeeman effect in transverse and longitudinal Objects of the experiment Observing the line triplet

More information

Detection and measurement of gamma-radiation by gammaspectroscopy

Detection and measurement of gamma-radiation by gammaspectroscopy Detection and measurement of gamma-radiation by gammaspectroscopy Gamma-radiation is electromagnetic radiation having speed equal to the light in vacuum. As reaching a matter it interact with the different

More information

EXPERIMENT FOUR - RADIOACTIVITY This experiment has been largely adapted from an experiment from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis MD

EXPERIMENT FOUR - RADIOACTIVITY This experiment has been largely adapted from an experiment from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis MD EXPERIMENT FOUR - RADIOACTIVITY This experiment has been largely adapted from an experiment from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis MD MATERIALS: (total amounts per lab) small bottle of KCl; isogenerator

More information

1 of :32

1 of :32 Home Page Products Price List Links & PDFs DISCONTINUED: SEE GAMMA-RAD Gamma Ray & X-Ray Spectroscopy System Hand-Held, High Efficiency NaI(Tl) Detector The GAMMA-8000 is a powerful, portable instrument

More information

LAB 4: Gamma-ray coincidence spectrometry (2018)

LAB 4: Gamma-ray coincidence spectrometry (2018) LAB 4: Gamma-ray coincidence spectrometry (2018) As you have seen, in several of the radioactive sources we encountered so far, they typically emit more than one gamma photon per decay or even more than

More information

Mechanics. Determining the gravitational constant with the gravitation torsion balance after Cavendish. LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P

Mechanics. Determining the gravitational constant with the gravitation torsion balance after Cavendish. LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P Mechanics Measuring methods Determining the gravitational constant LEYBOLD Physics Leaflets P1.1.3.1 Determining the gravitational constant with the gravitation torsion balance after Cavendish Measuring

More information

Chapter 16 Basic Precautions

Chapter 16 Basic Precautions Chapter 16 Basic Precautions 16.1 Basic Principles of Radiation Protection The four basic methods used to control radiation exposure are time, distance, shielding, and contamination control. The first

More information

Identification of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material in Sand

Identification of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material in Sand Identification of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material in Sand Michael Pope 2012 NSF/REU Program Physics Department, University of Notre Dame Advisors: Dr. Ed Stech, Dr. Michael Wiescher Abstract Radionuclides

More information

BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES

BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 1 BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES International comparison of activity measurements of a solution of 3 H (January 2009) Participating laboratory: T ½ = (4 496.862 d; u = 9.131 d)* Ampoule number

More information

Application of positrons in materials research

Application of positrons in materials research Application of positrons in materials research Trapping of positrons at vacancy defects Using positrons, one can get defect information. R. Krause-Rehberg and H. S. Leipner, Positron annihilation in Semiconductors,

More information

Figure 1. Decay Scheme for 60Co

Figure 1. Decay Scheme for 60Co Department of Physics The University of Hong Kong PHYS3851 Atomic and Nuclear Physics PHYS3851- Laboratory Manual A. AIMS 1. To learn the coincidence technique to study the gamma decay of 60 Co by using

More information

GUIDE TO LABORATORY SURVEYS. Introduction

GUIDE TO LABORATORY SURVEYS. Introduction APPENDIX - V GUIDE TO LABORATORY SURVEYS Introduction Routine laboratory surveys are an important part of the overall radiation safety program in a laboratory. Surveys provide a direct measure of the presence

More information

Activities at the Laboratory of the Nuclear Engineering Department of the Polytechnic University of Valencia

Activities at the Laboratory of the Nuclear Engineering Department of the Polytechnic University of Valencia 7 th Workshop on European Collaboration for Higher Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering & Radiological Protection Bruxelles, Belgique 30 May - 1 June 2011 Activities at the Laboratory of the Nuclear

More information

Copyright 2008, University of Chicago, Department of Physics. Experiment VI. Gamma Ray Spectroscopy

Copyright 2008, University of Chicago, Department of Physics. Experiment VI. Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Experiment VI Gamma Ray Spectroscopy 1. GAMMA RAY INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER In order for gammas to be detected, they must lose energy in the detector. Since gammas are electromagnetic radiation, we must

More information

Radioactivity APPARATUS INTRODUCTION PROCEDURE

Radioactivity APPARATUS INTRODUCTION PROCEDURE Radioactivity APPARATUS. Geiger Counter / Scaler. Cesium-7 sealed radioactive source. 0 pieces of paper. 8 aluminum plates. 0 lead plates 6. Graph paper - log-log and semi-log 7. Survey Meter ( unit for

More information

Absorption of Gamma Rays

Absorption of Gamma Rays Introduction Absorption of Gamma Rays In this experiment, the absorption coefficient of gamma rays passing through several materials is studied. The materials will be compared to one another on their efficacy

More information

Quality Assurance. Purity control. Polycrystalline Ingots

Quality Assurance. Purity control. Polycrystalline Ingots Quality Assurance Purity control Polycrystalline Ingots 1 Gamma Spectrometry Nuclide Identification Detection of Impurity Traces 1.1 Nuclides Notation: Atomic Mass Atomic Number Element Neutron Atomic

More information

RADIOACTIVITY IN THE AIR

RADIOACTIVITY IN THE AIR RADIOACTIVITY IN THE AIR REFERENCES M. Sternheim and J. Kane, General Physics (See the discussion on Half Life) Evans, The Atomic Nucleus, pp. 518-522 Segre, Nuclei and Particles, p. 156 See HEALTH AND

More information

Activity P60: Inverse Square Law Nuclear (Nuclear Sensor, Rotary Motion Sensor)

Activity P60: Inverse Square Law Nuclear (Nuclear Sensor, Rotary Motion Sensor) Name Class Date Activity P60: Inverse Square Law Nuclear (Nuclear Sensor, Rotary Motion Sensor) Concept DataStudio ScienceWorkshop (Mac) ScienceWorkshop (Win) Radioactivity P60 Nuclear Inv Sqr Law.DS P60

More information

Titration of a strong acid with a strong base with Cobra4

Titration of a strong acid with a strong base with Cobra4 Titration of a strong acid with a strong base with Cobra4 TEC Related topics Strong and weak acids and bases, ph value, titration curves, equivalence point, potentiometry. Principle Hydrochloric acid is

More information

This experiment is included in the XRP 4.0 X-ray solid state, XRS 4.0 X-ray structural analysis, and XRC 4.0 X-ray characteristics upgrade sets.

This experiment is included in the XRP 4.0 X-ray solid state, XRS 4.0 X-ray structural analysis, and XRC 4.0 X-ray characteristics upgrade sets. The intensity of characteristic X-rays as a TEP Related topics Characteristic X-radiation, energy levels, Bragg s law, and intensity of characteristic X-rays Principle The X-ray spectrum of an X-ray tube

More information

Magnetic field of single coils/ Biot-Savart s law with Cobra4

Magnetic field of single coils/ Biot-Savart s law with Cobra4 Magnetic field of single coils/ TEP Related topics Wire loop, Biot-Savart s law, Hall effect, magnetic field, induction, magnetic flux density. Principle The magnetic field along the axis of wire loops

More information

Applied Nuclear Science Educational, Training & Simulation Systems

Applied Nuclear Science Educational, Training & Simulation Systems WWW.NATS-USA.COM Applied Nuclear Science Educational, Training & Simulation Systems North American Technical Services Bridging Technology With The Latest in Radiation Detection Systems & Training Solutions

More information

CHEMISTRY 130 General Chemistry I. Radioisotopes

CHEMISTRY 130 General Chemistry I. Radioisotopes CHEMISTRY 130 General Chemistry I Radioisotopes Positron Emission Tomography or PET scans use the radioisotope 18 F to create an image of the brain. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Radioisotopes

More information

Radioactivity. PC1144 Physics IV. 1 Objectives. 2 Equipment List. 3 Theory

Radioactivity. PC1144 Physics IV. 1 Objectives. 2 Equipment List. 3 Theory PC1144 Physics IV Radioactivity 1 Objectives Investigate the analogy between the decay of dice nuclei and radioactive nuclei. Determine experimental and theoretical values of the decay constant λ and the

More information

Physics 23 Fall 1989 Lab 5 - The Interaction of Gamma Rays with Matter

Physics 23 Fall 1989 Lab 5 - The Interaction of Gamma Rays with Matter Physics 23 Fall 1989 Lab 5 - The Interaction of Gamma Rays with Matter Theory The nuclei of radioactive atoms spontaneously decay in three ways known as alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Alpha decay occurs

More information

Nuclear Lifetimes. = (Eq. 1) (Eq. 2)

Nuclear Lifetimes. = (Eq. 1) (Eq. 2) Nuclear Lifetimes Theory The measurement of the lifetimes of excited nuclear states constitutes an important experimental technique in nuclear physics. The lifetime of a nuclear state is related to its

More information

Nuclear Physics Lab I: Geiger-Müller Counter and Nuclear Counting Statistics

Nuclear Physics Lab I: Geiger-Müller Counter and Nuclear Counting Statistics Nuclear Physics Lab I: Geiger-Müller Counter and Nuclear Counting Statistics PART I Geiger Tube: Optimal Operating Voltage and Resolving Time Objective: To become acquainted with the operation and characteristics

More information

Physical structure of matter. Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck's quantum of action X-ray Physics. What you need:

Physical structure of matter. Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck's quantum of action X-ray Physics. What you need: X-ray Physics Physical structure of matter Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck's quantum of action What you can learn about X-ray tube Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-ray radiation Energy levels Crystal

More information

CHEMISTRY PRESENTATION SYSTEM

CHEMISTRY PRESENTATION SYSTEM CHEMISTRY PRESENTATION SYSTEM FOR FLEXIBLE DEMONSTRATION EXPERIMENTS CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTATION WITH A CLEAR OVERVIEW THE CHEMISTRY PRESENTATION SYSTEM The electrochemistry demonstration system is ideal

More information

Measurement of Specific Activities of Some Biological Samples for Some Iraq Governorates

Measurement of Specific Activities of Some Biological Samples for Some Iraq Governorates International Journal of Recent Research and Review, Vol. IX, Issue 3, September 2016 ISSN 2277 8322 Measurement of Specific Activities of Some Biological s for Some Iraq Governorates Mahmood S. Karim

More information

Radiation Detection. 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program.

Radiation Detection. 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program. Radiation Detection 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program www.oscreadiness.org GM Detectors 15 th Annual OSC Readiness Training Program www.oscreadiness.org 1 A closer look 15 th Annual OSC Readiness

More information

ß + RADIATION. Choose your application of. chromatography controlled. chemical purity TLC PET GABI. PET GABI 2x2 Nal (Tl) 0 1V output.

ß + RADIATION. Choose your application of. chromatography controlled. chemical purity TLC PET GABI. PET GABI 2x2 Nal (Tl) 0 1V output. www.raytest.com Choose your application of ß + RADIATION chromatography stand alone software controlled chemical purity HPLC PET GABI 2x2 Nal (Tl) 0 1V output PET GABI 2x2 Nal (Tl) Gina-PCcontrolled TLC

More information

GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY

GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY ABSORBED DOSE: The amount of energy absorbed, as a result of radiation passing through a material, per unit mass of material. Measured in rads (1 rad

More information

Analysis of γ spectrum

Analysis of γ spectrum IFM The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology LAB 26 Analysis of γ spectrum NAME PERSONAL NUMBER DATE APPROVED I. OBJECTIVES - To understand features of gamma spectrum and recall basic knowledge

More information

A Study of Radioactivity and Determination of Half-Life

A Study of Radioactivity and Determination of Half-Life A Study of Radioactivity and Determination of Half-Life Purpose: To examine different types of radioactivity and their properties, and measure the half-life of a radioisotope Introduction A radioactive

More information

RADIATION SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR NON-USERS

RADIATION SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR NON-USERS RADIATION SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR NON-USERS This is a Read and Sign Awareness Training document. You should read and sign this document if you: 1. DO NOT work directly with radioactive materials, but 2.

More information

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 3, March-2014 ISSN

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 3, March-2014 ISSN 316 Effective atomic number of composite materials by Compton scattering - nondestructive evaluation method Kiran K U a, Ravindraswami K b, Eshwarappa K M a and Somashekarappa H M c* a Government Science

More information

The intense, pulsed positron source EPOS at the Research Centre Dresden-Rossendorf

The intense, pulsed positron source EPOS at the Research Centre Dresden-Rossendorf The intense, pulsed positron source EPOS at the Research Centre Dresden-Rossendorf The EPOS Team and R. Krause-Rehberg Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Dept. of Physics, 06099 Halle / Germany

More information

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAM APPLICATION FOR USE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAM APPLICATION FOR USE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAM APPLICATION FOR USE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS Please submit the completed application form and any attachments to the Environmental Health & Safety Services

More information

Absorption of X-rays

Absorption of X-rays Absorption of X-rays TEP Related topics Bremsstrahlung, characteristic X-radiation, Bragg scattering, law of absorption, mass absorption coefficient, absorption edges, half-value thickness, photoelectric

More information

CHEMISTRY 170. Radioisotopes

CHEMISTRY 170. Radioisotopes CHEMISTRY 170 Radioisotopes Positron Emission Tomography or PET scans use the radioisotope 18 F to create an image of the brain. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Radioisotopes Introduction

More information

Gamma-Ray coincidence and 60 Co angular correlation

Gamma-Ray coincidence and 60 Co angular correlation Gamma-Ray coincidence and 60 Co angular correlation With two γ-ray detectors, it is possible to determine that two g-rays are part of the same cascade by measuring the spectrum in one detector coincident

More information

Applied Nuclear Science Educational, Training & Simulation Systems

Applied Nuclear Science Educational, Training & Simulation Systems WWW.NATS-USA.COM Applied Nuclear Science Educational, Training & Simulation Systems North American Technical Services Bridging Technology with the Latest in Radiation Detection Systems The Center For Innovative

More information

Gamma Spectroscopy. References: Objectives:

Gamma Spectroscopy. References: Objectives: Gamma Spectroscopy References: G.F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000) W. R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments: A How-to Approach,

More information

PHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory

PHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory PHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory Laboratory Advanced Sheet Photon Attenuation 1. Objectives. The objectives of this laboratory exercise are: a. To measure the mass attenuation coefficient at a gamma

More information

Physical Chemistry. LD Chemistry Leaflets. Reaction of malachite green with hydroxide ions: Influence of the concentration C4.1.3.

Physical Chemistry. LD Chemistry Leaflets. Reaction of malachite green with hydroxide ions: Influence of the concentration C4.1.3. SW-2014-06 Physical Chemistry Reaction kinetics Influencing the reaction rate LD Chemistry Leaflets Reaction of malachite green with hydroxide ions: Influence of the concentration Aims of the experiment

More information

PHY 192 Compton Effect Spring

PHY 192 Compton Effect Spring PHY 192 Compton Effect Spring 2010 1 The Compton Effect Introduction In this experiment we will study two aspects of the interaction of photons with electrons. The first of these is the Compton effect

More information

28th Seismic Research Review: Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies DESIGN OF A PHOSWICH WELL DETECTOR FOR RADIOXENON MONITORING

28th Seismic Research Review: Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies DESIGN OF A PHOSWICH WELL DETECTOR FOR RADIOXENON MONITORING DESIGN OF A PHOSWICH WELL DETECTOR FOR RADIOXENON MONITORING W. Hennig 1, H. Tan 1, A. Fallu-Labruyere 1, W. K. Warburton 1, J. I. McIntyre 2, A. Gleyzer 3 XIA, LLC 1, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

More information

Compton suppression spectrometry

Compton suppression spectrometry Compton suppression spectrometry In gamma ray spectrometry performed with High-purity Germanium detectors (HpGe), the detection of low intensity gamma ray lines is complicated by the presence of Compton

More information

W. Udo Schröder Departments of Chemistry & of Physics and Astronomy

W. Udo Schröder Departments of Chemistry & of Physics and Astronomy W. Udo Schröder Departments of Chemistry & of Physics and Astronomy ANSEL Faculty Instructors ACS NuSci Acad Infrastructure 2 Prof. Frank Wolfs Prof. Udo Schrőder Research: Large Underground Xenon (LUX)

More information

WM2013 Conference, February 24 28, 2013, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

WM2013 Conference, February 24 28, 2013, Phoenix, Arizona, USA The Underwater Spectrometric System Based on CZT Detector for Survey of the Bottom of MR Reactor Pool 13461 Victor Potapov, Alexey Safronov, Oleg Ivanov, Sergey Smirnov, Vyacheslav Stepanov National Research

More information

Atomic and Nuclear Physics

Atomic and Nuclear Physics Atomic and Nuclear Physics Nuclear physics Rutherford scattering LD Physics Leaflets P6.5.2.1 Rutherford scattering: measuring the scattering rate as a function of the scattering angle and the atomic number

More information

Gamma Ray Spectroscopy

Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Uzair Latif, Imran Younus Department of Physics Lahore University of Management Sciences November 4, 2014 1 Objectives 1. To acquaint the students with some of the basic techniques

More information

Radiation Detection and Measurement

Radiation Detection and Measurement Radiation Detection and Measurement June 2008 Tom Lewellen Tkldog@u.washington.edu Types of radiation relevant to Nuclear Medicine Particle Symbol Mass (MeV/c 2 ) Charge Electron e-,! - 0.511-1 Positron

More information

Application for Radioactive Material Use

Application for Radioactive Material Use Application for Radioactive Material Use Instructions All Authorized Users (AU) must be approved and authorized by the Radiation Safety Committee prior to using Radioactive Materials. Additionally, requests

More information

Advanced lab course for Bachelor s students

Advanced lab course for Bachelor s students Advanced lab course for Bachelor s students Versuch T2 Gamma spectroscopy and Compton scattering February 2018 Prerequisites Interactions of photons and matter Working principle and usage of scintillation

More information

Characteristic X-rays of molybdenum

Characteristic X-rays of molybdenum Characteristic X-rays of molybdenum TEP Related Topics X-ray tubes, bremsstrahlung, characteristic X-radiation, energy levels, crystal structures, lattice constant, absorption of X-rays, absorption edges,

More information

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Physics. Laboratory of Nuclear Physics & Technology. Compton effect

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Physics. Laboratory of Nuclear Physics & Technology. Compton effect Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Physics Laboratory of Nuclear Physics & Technology Compton effect Author: MSc. Eng. Dariusz Aksamit, Dariusz.Aksamit@pw.edu.pl, Faculty of Physics on the basis

More information

Gamma-Spectrum Generator

Gamma-Spectrum Generator 1st Advanced Training Course ITCM with NUCLEONICA, Karlsruhe, Germany, 22-24 April, 2009 1 Gamma-Spectrum Generator A.N. Berlizov ITU - Institute for Transuranium Elements Karlsruhe - Germany http://itu.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

More information

Characterization and Monte Carlo simulations for a CLYC detector

Characterization and Monte Carlo simulations for a CLYC detector Characterization and Monte Carlo simulations for a CLYC detector A. Borella 1, E. Boogers 1, R.Rossa 1, P. Schillebeeckx 1 aborella@sckcen.be 1 SCK CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre JRC-Geel, Joint

More information

The Compton Effect. Martha Buckley MIT Department of Physics, Cambridge, MA (Dated: November 26, 2002)

The Compton Effect. Martha Buckley MIT Department of Physics, Cambridge, MA (Dated: November 26, 2002) The Compton Effect Martha Buckley MIT Department of Physics, Cambridge, MA 02139 marthab@mit.edu (Dated: November 26, 2002) We measured the angular dependence of the energies of 661.6 kev photons scattered

More information

Direct WIMP Detection in Double-Phase Xenon TPCs

Direct WIMP Detection in Double-Phase Xenon TPCs Outline PMTs in the XENON dark matter experiment XENON100 and the weekly gain calibration XENON1T and candidates for the light sensors Tests of Hamamatsu R11410 2 Direct WIMP Detection in Double-Phase

More information

arxiv: v2 [physics.ed-ph] 23 Jan 2018

arxiv: v2 [physics.ed-ph] 23 Jan 2018 Studying the effect of Polarisation in Compton scattering in the undergraduate laboratory arxiv:7.0650v2 [physics.ed-ph] 23 Jan 208 P. Knights, F. Ryburn 2, G. Tungate, K. Nikolopoulos School of Physics

More information

X-ray spectroscopy: Experimental studies of Moseley s law (K-line x-ray fluorescence) and x-ray material s composition determination

X-ray spectroscopy: Experimental studies of Moseley s law (K-line x-ray fluorescence) and x-ray material s composition determination Uppsala University Department of Physics and Astronomy Laboratory exercise X-ray spectroscopy: Experimental studies of Moseley s law (K-line x-ray fluorescence) and x-ray material s composition determination

More information

SCINTILLATION DETECTORS AND PM TUBES

SCINTILLATION DETECTORS AND PM TUBES SCINTILLATION DETECTORS AND PM TUBES General Characteristics Introduction Luminescence Light emission without heat generation Scintillation Luminescence by radiation Scintillation detector Radiation detector

More information

Experiment C-10 Titration of a Strong Acid and a Strong Base

Experiment C-10 Titration of a Strong Acid and a Strong Base 1 Experiment C-10 Titration of a Strong Acid and a Strong Base Objectives To study the titration process. To follow changes in the ph during the titration process while adding a strong base to a strong

More information

Higher -o-o-o- Past Paper questions o-o-o- 3.6 Radiation

Higher -o-o-o- Past Paper questions o-o-o- 3.6 Radiation Higher -o-o-o- Past Paper questions 2000-2010 -o-o-o- 3.6 Radiation 2000 Q29 Radium (Ra) decays to radon (Rn) by the emission of an alpha particle. Some energy is also released by this decay. The decay

More information

Absorption and Backscattering of β-rays

Absorption and Backscattering of β-rays Experiment #54 Absorption and Backscattering of β-rays References 1. B. Brown, Experimental Nucleonics 2. I. Kaplan, Nuclear Physics 3. E. Segre, Experimental Nuclear Physics 4. R.D. Evans, The Atomic

More information