STATIC GENERATION/DISSIPATION MEASUREMENTS ON POLYMERIC FILMS SURFACES Lu Liu, Yiyun Cai, Abdel-Fattah Seyam, and William Oxenham

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1 STATIC GENERATION/DISSIPATION MEASUREMENTS ON POLYMERIC FILMS SURFACES Lu Liu, Yiyun Cai, Abdel-Fattah Seyam, and William Oxenham ABSTRACT Static charge and dissipation is of great importance when considering the applications of fabrics and films made from polymeric materials. Techniques which can lead to a better understanding of these phenomena are of obvious academic and industrial interest. A rubbing tester has been constructed which can be used for testing the static generation properties of stationary fabrics or films while they are rubbed by a moving device that is operated by a servo table with accurately controlled parameters. A voltmeter s non-contact sensor moves with the rubbing device to measure the charge potential on the sample s surface and the contact pressure is monitored by a load cell. The device is interfaced with automated computer data acquisition system to acquire real-time data. Experiments were carried out to study the influences of contact pressure and surfaces, rubbing speed, decay time, and number of rubbings on the static charge properties of polypropylene films. These tests provide effective approaches for investigating specific chemistry and surface modification on controlled polymeric surfaces. 1. INTRODUCTION Static electrification in textiles causes problems in processing due to fibers and fabrics repelling each other and sticking to equipment parts, problems in use due to discomfort of clinging clothes and soiling, and problems of the inconvenience and potential danger and damage associated with static discharge. Therefore, because of its obvious importance, researchers have developed different experimental devices and testing methods to find the influence of various parameters on charge generation and dissipation [1-8]. However, most of their experimental data were not reproduceable and there is considerable discrepancy between the findings of different researchers. No general model which can relate the observed phenomenon to physical theory exists, because the sensitivity of static charge to environment, and the variation of sample surface. Coste and Pechery provided a tribo-electric series [9]. In the series, materials at the top of the series charge positively when rubbed against those lower in the series. Other researchers [11, 12] pointed out that certain chemical groups at the surface of polymers influence the magnitude and polarity of contact charge. They found that NH 2, OH, OCH 3, CH 3, C 2 H 5 make the material positively charged, while F, Cl, Br. I, COCH 3, NO 2 make it negatively charged. Based on Fermi energy theory for metal, Davies [13] presented polymer work function to explain the electron transfer between two different polymers. He simply employed the theory used in metal-metal contact that the electrons would transfer from the material with higher Fermi lever to the one with lower Fermi lever. The electron distribution on polymer surface is, however, not as simple as that on metal surface, because there is a forbidden band on the polymer surface, which hinders the electron to jump across the forbidden band into the polymer material. Duck and Fabish [14] developed the Surface States Thoery which considered the electron density on polymer surface. The theory is more suitable to apply on low surface energy materials

2 In the present investigation, polypropylene (PP) films were studied. Films were used since their structure is simple (as compared to yarn structure) which maybe useful in theoretical modeling. Additionally, PP was selected since its hydrophobic nature tends to result in a relatively slow charge decay, which more readily facilitates the measurement of generated charge. 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 2.1 Rubbing Tester We designed and built a new rubbing tester to monitor and acquire real-time data of static generation/dissipation of films. Figure 1 depicts the developed tester. It consists of a servo table, a non-contact sensor (probe), a pressure load cell, positioning systems, a sample holder, temperature and humidity sensors, a voltmeter with a gradient adapter to measure potential of the range 20 KV to +20 KV, and data acquisition system. The servo table can be preprogrammed to accurately move the rubbing surface (or the rubber ) at a desired speed, stroke, and number of rubbing cycles. The non-contact sensor moves with the rubbing surface to monitor the charges on the surface of the sample and its position could be modified in three directions by the position system. The distance between the potential probe and the rubber was fixed at m. The probe is connected to the voltmeter that indicates the surface potential. The sample is mounted over a glass plate which is a part of the sample holder to insulate the sample from the metallic base of the sample holder which is grounded. The rubber is mounted on the pressure load cell. The rubber and the load cell are attached to a positioning stage to control the pressure between the rubber and the tested film. A computer program was written to allow the user to enter the required number of rubbing cycles, speed of rubbing, and rubber stroke length before each experimental run. The outputs of the probe, load cell, and temperature and humidity sensors were collected during testing by the data acquisition system Figure 1 Rubbing tester s main components 1. Servo table, 2. Non-contact sensor, 3. Pressure load cell, 4. Scale of positioning system, 5. Sample holder, 6. Temperature and humidity sensor - 2 -

3 2.2 Materials and Sample Preparation As supplied polypropylene (PP) film samples were 19 cm long without any added surface finishes. To avoid any problem associated with sample handling which may cause contamination on the film surface (oil, original charge, etc.), each sample was washed with soap and water, alcohol, and deionized water in sequence and was then kept in standard condition (65%r.h.±2%, 20 C±2 C) for 24 hours before testing. A 2.5 cm x 7 cm Teflon block was used as a rubber. The rubber was also treated and prepared same way as the PP films. The 2.5 cm side was oriented parallel to the rubbing motion. 2.3 Measurement of Static Generation It should be pointed out that when the rubber moved forward, the probe trailed the rubber and when the rubber moved backward, the probe was led the rubber (Figure 2). During rubbing, the moving speed was 0.5 m/s, and the rubbing stroke was 16 cm, and the number of rubbing cycles was 30 (a cycle is two strokes). To measure the original surface potential distribution before rubbing and after rubbing, the rubber was moved away from the sample and the probe was moved at speed of 0.1 m/s for one cycle. The probe moved 17 cm forward and backward (0.5 cm (from each side) longer than the rubbing length). To determine the potential distribution of the PP film the probe was moved along 7 different lines. The distance between each line was 0.5 cm as shown in Figure 3. The data collection rate was 100 points/sec and the testing environment was 22 ±0.5, R.H.: 63% ± 0.5% as monitored by the temperature and humidity sensors. Backward Forward Figure 2 Schematic of rubbing tester - 3 -

4 3.5 cm cm cm Figure 3 Sample dimension and locations of surface potential measurments 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 4 shows the potential versus time of a PP film over 30 cycles. In every cycle, a peak value was noticed, and initially the peak value increased with each rubbing cycle. After certain number of cycles, the potential leveled off (last five cycles were identical). This is known as charge saturation. The data of Figure 4 was collected during rubbing. The probe was positioned to measure the potential along line 4 of Figure 3. Figure 4 Surface potential of PP surface during rubbing over 30 cycles against Teflon Initial Charge Potential Figure 5(a) shows the data of static potential before rubbing versus the distance moved by the probe along line 1 of Figure 3. The data was collected for two strokes or - 4 -

5 one cycle (forward and backward movement of the sensor). It can be seen from the figure that the distance-potential relationship is symmetrical. Figure 5(b) shows the superimposition of the potential versus distance of the forward and backward strokes. Figure 5 (a) Potential before rubbing measured along line 4 Figure 5 (b) Superimposition of forward and backward potential values of Figure 5(a) Surface Potential Distribution The potential data along the 7 different lines of Figure 3 were combined to generate a three-dimensional (3-D) graph that shows the potential distribution on the sample surface. Figure 6 and 7 show the 3-D the potential distributions on a PP film before and after rubbing for 30 cycles. After rubbing, the potential in the middle area of the film dramatically increased. Additional runs of other PP samples showed almost the same trend of potential distribution but with slightly different magnitudes

6 Figure 6 Initial potential distribution of the sample surface (before rubbing) Surface Potential (V) Surface Potential (V) Sample length direction or rubbing direction (mm) Sample width direction (mm) Sample length direction or rubbing direction (mm) Sample width direction (mm) Figure 7 Potential of the sample surface distribution after rubbing - 6 -

7 Figure 8 shows the contour lines of surface potential distributions (of the data of Figures 6 and 7) of the PP film sample before and after rubbing. After rubbing the potential values are significantly higher, but the variation turned relatively smaller, which can be seen from the larger area of each color on the contour after rubbing, as compared to the potential before rubbing. Figure 8. Contours of initial (upper) and after 30 cycles of rubbing (lower) surface potential distributions Integrated Surface Potential Since the potential distribution on the film surface was not even, which made it difficult to assess the changes in potential, we calculated the integrated potential on the whole surface. Table 1 shows the integrated surface potential of four PP film samples before and after rubbing at two different pressures between the rubber and the film surface. All the samples became negative after rubbing against Teflon, which is consistent with the tribo-electric series provided by Coste and Pechery (9). Statistical analysis using ANOVA does not support a conclusion that there is a significant difference between the potential after rubbing of the four PP samples under two different contact pressures used. Therefore, we can conclude that rubbing pressure, ranging from 6.2 KPa to 15.0 KPa, has no significant influence on generating charge. Because Teflon can be charged easily, it was selected as the rubber to rub against PP film. However, Teflon is easily damaged, which may cause the material transfer onto the PP film when rubbing seriously against each other. Further study of rubbing against metals surfaces, and the observation of the influence of rubbing speed and other testing conditions are in progress

8 Table 1. Integrated surface potentials before and after rubbing for two different pressures Pressure (KPa) Sample # Initial Potential (Volt) Potential After Rubbing (Volt) Net Charge (Volt) 1 120,463-6,111,758-6,232, ,089-5,390,988-5,414, ,528-4,761,661-4,887, ,418-6,898,690-7,729,108 Average (Volt) -5,823,149-6,308,149 Charge Decay To measure charge decay, a PP sample was rubbed for two cycles. The probe was then stopped at the middle of the sample at line 4 of Figure 3. The measured potential versus time is shown in Figure 9. It can be seen from the figure that the potential remains unchanged for more than 26 seconds. This indicates that there was insignificant charge decay on the PP surface. Additional measurements (not shown) of charge decay for several minutes indicated no significant change decay in the potential of PP film. 4. CONCLUSIONS Figure 9 Charge decay of PP film We have developed procedures and a new rubbing tester for assessing the static generation and dissipation of films and fabrics. The rubbing tester was built with flexibility to easily change rubbing parameters and accurately acquire real-time static generation/dissipation data of the film/fabric surface. To demonstrate the capability of the device, initial trials were conducted using PP films that were rubbed against Teflon under different rubbing pressures. We measured the potential distribution over the sample surface. It was found that PP film was negatively charged and the surface potential increased with the number of rubbing - 8 -

9 cycles to a certain number of cycles after which the potential leveled off. Within any given cycle, the potential curve was symmetric indication of long charge decay time. The surface potential distribution became more uniform after rubbing as compared to the initial potential before rubbing. Statistical analysis indicates that the integrated potential of the PP films is not significantly affected by the rubbing pressure range used (6.2 Kpa KPa). 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our sincere thanks to the National Textile Center for funding this research project. We also appreciate the technical support of industry collaborators from American Fiber Manufacturers Association, American Fibers and Yarns Company, Cognis, DuPont, Ethox, Goulston Technologies, Inc. Honeywell, Wellman, Inc. and William Barnet and Son, LLC. REFERENCES 1. Keiji Ohara, Isao Nakamura, and Masayuki Kinoshita, Frictional Electrification between Flat Surfaces of Polymers and of Langmuir-Blodgett Layers, J Electrostatics, 51-52, , Haenan HTM, Experimental Investigation of the Relationship between Generation and Decay of Charges on Dielectrics, J Electrostatics, , Montgomery DJ, Static Electrification in Solids, Solid State Phys, , Levy J. B., Wakelin J. H.,. Kauzmann W. J, and J. H. Dillon, Relation of Charge to Frictional Work in Static Electrification of Filaments, Text. Res. J., 27, 11, 897, Sereda P. J. and Feldman R. F., Electrostatic Charging on Fabrics at Various Humidities, J. Text. Inst., 55, 4, T288, Medley J. A., Frictional Electrification of Polar Polymers, Nature, 1666, 524, Keggin J. F., Morris G., and. Yuil A. M., Static Electrification in Processing of Fibres: Variation with Moisture Regain during Carding, J. Text. Inst., 40, T702, Hubbard R. W., Electrification Characteristics of Belts of Material Running over Earthed Metal Rollers, Static Electrification Conf., Coste J and Pechery P Influence of Surface Profile in Polymer-Metal Contact charging, J Electrostatics,10, , Gibson H.W., Bailey F.C., Mincer J.L. and Gunther W.H.H., Chemical Modification of Polymers: 7 Control of Triboelectric Charging Properties of Polymers by Chemical Modification, J Polymer Sci: Polymer Chem, 17, , Hays D.A., Contact Electrification between Mercury and Polyethylene: Effect of - 9 -

10 Surface Oxidation, J Chem Phys, 61, , Bauser H., Static Electrification of Organic Solids, Dechema Monograph, 71, 11-28, Davies D.K., Charge Generation on Solids, Adv Static Electrification, 1, 10-21, Duck C.B. and Fabish T.J., Charge Induced Relaxation in Polymers, Phys Rev Lett, 37, ,

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