Problem Set # 1 Solutions CHAPTERS 2 & 3 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING and THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
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1 Problem Set # Solutions CHAPTERS & ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING and THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS Assigned:.7(a),.9,.,.6,.8,.7(a),.7,.9,. (graded problems indicated in bold).7 (a) The main differences between the various forms of primary bonding are: Ionic--there is electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Covalent--there is electron sharing between two adjacent atoms such that each atom assumes a stable electron configuration. Metallic--the positively charged ion cores are shielded from one another, and also "glued" together by the sea of valence electrons..9 The percent ionic character is a function of the electron negativities of the ions X A and X B according to Equation (.0). The electronegativities of the elements are found in Figure.7. For TiO, X Ti =.5 and X O =.5, and therefore, %IC = [ - e (-0.5)(.5 -.5) ] x 00 = 6.% For ZnTe, X Zn =.6 and X Te =., and therefore, %IC = [ - e (-0.5)(. -.6) ] x 00 = 6.% For CsCl, X Cs = 0.7 and X Cl =.0, and therefore, %IC = [ - e (-0.5)(.0-0.7) ] x 00 = 7.4% For InSb, X In =.7 and X Sb =.9, and therefore, %IC = [ - e (-0.5)(.9 -.7) ] x 00 =.0% For MgCl, X Mg =. and X Cl =.0, and therefore,
2 %IC = [ - e (-0.5)(.0 -.) ] x 00 = 55.5%. For brass, the bonding is metallic since it is a metal alloy. For rubber, the bonding is covalent with some van der Waals. (Rubber is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms.) For BaS, the bonding is predominantly ionic (but with some covalent character) on the basis of the relative positions of Ba and S in the periodic table. For solid xenon, the bonding is van der Waals since xenon is an inert gas. For bronze, the bonding is metallic since it is a metal alloy (composed of copper and tin). For nylon, the bonding is covalent with perhaps some van der Waals. (Nylon is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen.) For AlP the bonding is predominantly covalent (but with some ionic character) on the basis of the relative positions of Al and P in the periodic table..4 The geometry of the H O molecules, which are hydrogen bonded to one another, is more restricted in the solid phase than for the liquid. This results in a more open molecular structure in the solid, and a less dense solid phase..6 We are asked to show that the atomic packing factor for BCC is The atomic packing factor is defined as the ratio of sphere volume to the total unit cell volume, or V S APF = Since there are two spheres associated with each unit cell for BCC V S = (sphere volume) = 4πR = 8πR Also, the unit cell has cubic symmetry, that is = a. But a depends on R according to Equation (.), and Thus, = 4R 64R =
3 APF = 8πR / 64R / = This problem calls for a computation of the density of iron. According to Equation (.5) na Fe ρ = N A For BCC, n = atoms/unit cell, and = 4R Thus, ρ = ( atoms/unit cell)(55.9 g/mol) [(4)(0.4 x 0-7 cm) / ] /(unit cell)(6.0 x 0 atoms/mol) = 7.90 g/cm The value given inside the front cover is 7.87 g/cm..7 (a) From the definition of the APF APF = V S = n 4 πr abc we may solve for the number of atoms per unit cell, n, as n = (APF)abc 4 πr = (0.547)(4.79)(7.5)(9.78)(0-4 cm ) 4 π(.77 x 0-8 cm)
4 = 8.0 atoms/unit cell.7 (a) We are asked for the indices of the two directions sketched in the figure. For direction, the projection on the x-axis is zero (since it lies in the y-z plane), while projections on the y- and z-axes are b/ and c, respectively. This is an [0] direction as indicated in the summary below Projections 0a b/ c and c 0 / Reduction to integers 0 Enclosure [0] Direction is [ ] as summarized below. Projections a/ b/ -c and c / / - Reduction to integers - Enclosure [ ] (b) This part of the problem calls for the indices of the two planes which are drawn in the sketch. Plane is an (00) plane. The determination of its indices is summarized below. Intercepts a b/ c and c / Reciprocals of intercepts 0 0 Enclosure (00) 4 4
5 Plane is a ( ) plane, as summarized below. Intercepts a/ -b/ c and c / -/ Reciprocals of intercepts - Enclosure ( ).9 Direction A is a [0 ] direction, which determination is summarized as follows. We first of all position the origin of the coordinate system at the tail of the direction vector; then in terms of this Projections 0a -b -c and c Reduction to integers not necessary Enclosure [0 ] Direction B is a [ 0] direction, which determination is summarized as follows. We first of all position the origin of the coordinate system at the tail of the direction vector; then in terms of this Projections -a and c - Reduction to integers - 0 b 0c 0 5 5
6 Enclosure [ 0] Direction C is a [] direction, which determination is summarized as follows. We first of all position the origin of the coordinate system at the tail of the direction vector; then in terms of this Projections and c Reduction to integers Enclosure [] a b c Direction D is a [ ] direction, which determination is summarized as follows. We first of all position the origin of the coordinate system at the tail of the direction vector; then in terms of this Projections and c Reduction to integers - Enclosure [ ] a b -c -. For plane A we will leave the origin at the unit cell as shown; this is a (40) plane, as summarized below. Intercepts a b c 6 6
7 and c Reciprocals of intercepts 0 Reduction 4 0 Enclosure (40) For plane B we will move the origin of the unit cell one unit cell distance to the right along the y axis, and one unit cell distance parallel to the x axis; thus, this is a ( ) plane, as summarized below. Intercepts -a -b and c - - Reciprocals of intercepts - - Enclosure ( ) c 7 7
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