5.3 Chemical Nomenclature
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1 5.3 Chemical Nomenclature Namg compounds and writg chemical formulas. Dr. Fred Omega Garces Chemistry 100 Miramar College Chemical Nomenclature Charge of elemental ions. Objective Gettg know your polyamic ions: Top - 12 Expandg your knowledge-base on polyamic ions. The oxy ions ( ates)( Behavior of ams form compounds. Criss-Cross trick Knowg the different type of compounds Ionic vs Covalent, Type I, Type II, Type III Namg ionic compounds based on chemical formulas. Writg chemical formula based on chemical names Chemical Nomenclature
2 Charge of Elemental Ions The common charge (oxidation state) of many representative and some transition metals elements can be determe by the periodic table Chemical Nomenclature Polyamic Ions Cations : ammonia, NH + ; Mercury (I), Hg 2 2+ Anions -1: hydroxide, OH- ; cyanide, CN- ; nitrate, NO : carbonate, CO 3 2- ; chromate CrO 2-, Dichromate Cr 2 O 7 2-, sulfate SO : phosphate, PO 3- Polyamic oxy-ions: Chlorate, bromate, iodate, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, chromate Some form four anions chlorate: perchlorate chlorate chlorite hypochlorite Some form only two oxy anions sulfate: sulfate sulfite Some form only on oxy anion carbonate: carbonate 5.3 Chemical Nomenclature
3 XO chg 3... the `ate XO chg BO BO CO 3 CO NO NO PO PO 3-3- AsO AsO 3-3- SO SO 2-2- SeO SeO 2-2- TeO TeO 2-2- ClO - ClO 3-3 BrO - BrO 3-3 IO - IO Chemical Nomenclature Polyamic oxyions namg scheme Remember the -ate ion and start nomenclature from there. Oxy-anions Add H+ Add H+ Oxy-acids Not all -ate follow this pattern carbonate: CO 2-3 No carbonite Add H+ Add H+ Metals which form oxyanions permanganate, MnO - chromate, CrO 2- dichromate, Cr 2 O still many others Chemical Nomenclature
4 Example of polyamic ions Most common polyamic ions Cation- Ammonium NH + Anion- 12. Chromate CrO Permanganate MnO Perchlorate ClO - 9. Dichromate Cr 2 O Acetate CH 3 CO Carbonate CO Phosphate PO 3-5. Sulfate SO -2. Nitrate NO Cyanide CN - 2. Peroxide O Hydroxide. OH Chemical Nomenclature Behavior of ams form Compounds Two ma type of compounds Ionic electrons are transferred Covalent electrons are shared Sodium Sodium and and chlore chlore cooperate cooperate symbiotically symbiotically electron electron transfer transfer order order have have eight eight electrons electrons valence valence shell. shell. Na Na+ 11 p 11 p 12 n 12 n Fluore Fluore prefers prefers share share electrons electrons obta obta 8 8 tal tal valence valence shell shell F F F 2 11 p 12 n F F- NaF Ams will transfer or share electrons order have the same number of electrons as closest noble gas Chemical Nomenclature
5 Ways Compounds Ionic and Covalent Forms Ionic Compounds: Type I Bary Form - Composed from two different elements bondg Polyamic Form - Compounds with some part of substituents clustered gether covalently with some charge. Covalent Compounds: Type II Combation of nonmetal ams sharg electrons Chemical Nomenclature Prciple of Electrical Neutrality When elements combe form compounds, the prciple of electrical neutrality allows prediction of formulas of the ionic compound. Basic idea: Sum of the charges must add zero. That is the sum of the cation charge and the sum of the anion charge must cancel each other so that the compound form is neutral. X M n X m cation (charges) anion (charges) Chemical Nomenclature
6 Ionic : Type I & II Type I, II and III Type I : Metal - nonmetal metal has a defite oxidation state. Ca Ca +2, K K +, Al Al +3, Zn Zn +2 Type II : Metal(Ox#) - nonmetal metal has a variable oxidation state. Cu Cu +2 or Cu +, Cr Cr + or Cr + Molecular: Type III Type III : (prefix 1 )nonmetal 1 - (prefix 2 )nonmetal 2 covalent type of compounds Chemical Nomenclature Determg Type of Compound N o Show me the metal!! Type I Yes Type II Is the metal Group I, II or Al, Zn, Cd and Ag N o Yes Type I metal-nonmetal Type III Type II metal(ox. #)-nonmetal (Prefix)nonmetal 1 (Prefix)nonmetal Chemical Nomenclature
7 Type I, II and III Type I (Metal - nonmetal) Cation; Rep Metal Cation - Anion II (Metal - nonmetal) (Transition) metal Cation (O St #) - Anion Cat ; 3rd row and lower old method lower ox. st. -ous higher ox.st. -ic III Molc' compounds - Compounds which contas nonmetal (Prefix ) nonmetal 1 - (Prefix ) nonmetal 2 Elemental Cation - Anion(ide) MgO; Magnesium oxide Na 2 S; Sodium sulfide Cat (oxidation state) Anion(ide) FeCl 3 ; Iron(III) chloride CuS; Copper(II) sulfide Cation(ous) Anion(ide) Cation(ic) - Anion(ide) FeBr 3 ; Iron(III) bromide or Ferrric bromide Anion (Prefix) nonmetal 1 - (Prefix) nonmetal 2 (ide) Prefixes are dication of the number of ams: mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta order of namg nonmetal 1 & nonmetal 2 nonmetal 1 is the left and botm of nonmetal 2 it is named first the nomenclature scheme. Si - C - As - P - N - H - Se - S - I - Br - Cl - O - F S & 3O forms SO 3 ; Sulfur trioxide 2I & 2Se forms Se 2 I 2 ; diselium diiodide Polyamic Cation - Anion Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ; magnesium nitrate K 2 SO ; potassium sulfate Cat (oxidation state) Anion Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ; Lead(II) acetate Ag 3 PO ; Silver(I) phosphate Cation(ous) Anion Cation(ic) - Anion Fe(NO 3 ) 2 ; Iron(II) nitrate or Ferrrous nitrate Chemical Nomenclature Example: Type-I Given the Chem Formula provide the name Name Type I: SrSe Mg Li 2 O Mg 3 N 2 Bary Metal - nonmetal(ide) Strontium selenide Magnesium nitride Lithium oxide Chem Formula Type I: Polyamic Metal - polyamic SrSO Mg 3 (PO ) 2 LiClO Strontium sulfate Magnesium phosphate Lithium perchlorate Chemical Nomenclature
8 Example: Type-I Given the name provide the chemical formula Name Type I: Bary Metal - nonmetal(ide) potassium sulfide K & S Charge of ions K (+1) S(-2) Criss-Cross K(2) S(1) K 2 S Chem Formula Type I: Polyamic Metal - polyamic Cadmium bisulfite Cd & HSO 3 Charge of ions Cd (+2) HSO 3 (-1) Criss-Cross Cd(1) HSO 3 (2) Cd(HSO 3 ) Chemical Nomenclature Example: Type-II Given the Chem Formula provide the name Name Type II: Bary Metal(Ox.#) - nonmetal(ide) Mn 3 N 2 Mn (3) & N (2)( Reverse Criss-Cross Mn (2)( ) & N (3) Ox. State of metal Ox St = 2; ; Mn(II II) Name of Chemical Manganese(II II) ) nitride Chem Formula Type II: Polyamic Metal(Ox#) - polyamic Mn(NO 2 ) 2 Reverse Criss-Cross Ox. State of metal Name of Chemical Reverse Criss-Cross Mn ( Mn (1) & NO 2 (2) Mn (2)) & NO 2 (1) Ox St= 2; ; Mn(II II) Manganese(II II) ) nitrite Chemical Nomenclature
9 Example: Type-II Given the name provide the chemical formula Name Type II: Bary Metal - nonmetal(ide) Iron(II) sulfide Fe & S Charge of ions Fe(+2) S(-2) Criss-Cross Fe(2) S(2) Fe 2 S 2 Reduce ratio FeS Name Type II: Polyamic Metal - polyamic T(IV) sulfite Sn & SO 3 Charge of ions Sn(+) SO 3 (-2) Criss-Cross Sn(2) SO 3 () Sn 2 (SO 3 ) Reduce ratio Sn(SO 3 ) Chemical Nomenclature Example: Type-III Given the Chem Formula determe the name Name Type III: (prefix 1 )nonmetal 1 - (prefix 2 )nonmetal 2 (ide) N 2 O 2 N (2) & O (2)( Prefix Name of Chemical ditrogen & dioxide ditrogen dioxide XeF 2 Xe (1) & F(2) Prefix Name of Chemical monoxenon & difluoride xenon difluoride P Se 10 Prefix P () & Se(10) tetraphosphorus & decaselenide Name of Chemical tetraphosphorus decaselenide Chemical Nomenclature
10 Example: Type-III Given the name determe the chemical formula Name Type III: (prefix 1 )nonmetal 1 - (prefix 2 )nonmetal 2 (ide) Diboron trisulfide Prefix for ams B & S Chemical formula B 2 S 3 B(2) & S(3) Silicon tricarbide Iode monochloride Prefix for ams Chemical formula Prefix for ams Chemical formula Si & C Si(1) & C(3) SiC 3 I & Cl I(1) & Cl(1) ICl Chemical Nomenclature Summary An ionic compound is named with cation first and anion last. For metals that can form more than one ion, the charge is shown with a Roman numerical. For example, copper forms the mono-cation Cu + and the di-cation, Cu 2+, these are distguished from each other their chemical name as copper(i) and copper (II). Oxyanions (or anions with two kds of element one of which is oxygen) have suffixes, and some sometimes prefixes, attached their element root name dicate the number of oxygen ams. For example the oxy anion contag sulfur and oxygen may form the followg anions, hyposulfite SO 2-2, sulfite SO 2-3, sulfate SO 2-, and persulfate SO 2-5. Bary covalent compounds nomenclature consist of writg the most electropositive elements first proceeded by a prefix which dicates the number of ams, I.e., di-2, tri-3, tetra- and so on. The second more electronegative element is written next which also is proceeded by the prefix which dicates the number of ams. For the second element, a mono prefix must always be written if there is only one am the chemical formula. i.e., carbon monoxide for CO Chemical Nomenclature
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