High Flux Solar Simulator and Solar Photo-Thermal Reactor: Characterization and Design

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1 High Flux Solar Simulator and Solar Photo-Thermal Reactor: Characterization and Design Saroj Bhatta, Dassou Nagassou, and Juan Pablo Trelles Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Engineering Graduate Program University of Massachusetts Lowell ASME th International Conference on Energy Sustainability Boston, MA, June 30 - July 2, 2014

2 Motivation: Solar Chemical Synthesis Solar Chemical Synthesis: - Solar for targeted chemical reactions - Value-added products (e.g. solar fuels) Activation Energy Solar Intensity Thermo-chemical Process Thermal decomposition Redox cycles Solar Intensity + Spectra Photo- Thermochemical Process Combines advantages (?) New processes (?) Solar Spectra Photo-chemical Process Water splitting Artificial photosynthesis methane cracking 1 redox cycle 2 water splitting 3 artificial leaf 4 1 Pregger, T., Internat. J. Hydrogen Energy 34 (2009) Chueh, W.C., 6 Sep. 2012, SPIE Newsroom. DOI: / Nocera, D.G., Science 334(6056) (2011)

3 Solar Photo-Thermochemical Processes Thermo-chemical: Reactants + Thermo-catalyst Solar Intensity Products High temperature à high reactivity ~ Independent of heat source Photo-chemical: Reactants + Photo-catalyst Solar Spectra Products Low temperature à low throughput Depend on solar spectrum (e.g. UV) Photo-Thermochemical: Reactants + High-temperature Photo-catalyst Solar Intensity + Spectra Products High temperature, but potentially lower than thermochemical Photons on photocatalyst promotion of molecules to excited states (e.g. vibrational transitions, electronic excitation)

4 Concentrating Solar Plants a Solar Simulators d b c e f Solar fields: Wide temperature range a. High (>1000 o ), b. Medium (~600 o ), c. Low (~400 o ) Mirrors, parabolic reflectors, troughs Ideal for lab R&D: Simulate sun using different light source d. Xenon arc, e. Metal halide, f. Argon Ellipsoidal reflectors a. Parabolic mirror with Stirling engine at Plataforma Solar de Almería, Spain b. Sierra Sun Tower, Lancaster, CA, USA c. CSP plant under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), India d. University of Minnesota e. MIT f. ETH-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

5 Solar UMass Lowell High-Flux Solar Simulator: [kw] (variable) - Xe short arc Lamp - Magnetic stabilization - Ellipsoidal Reflector - Rectifier [A], 110 [V] Xenon Arc Lamp Horizontal alignment Housing exit Ellipsoidal reflector Anode end Anode cable Spectral Characterization: kw Xenon short arc lamp kw Metal halide lamp - Daylight (clear day, Lowell, MA) Ø Xenon arc à better emulation of daylight in visible range

6 Xenon Lamp Luminous Intensity Distribution Lamp Luminous Emission Truncated Reflector Enclosure Cathode Anode Ellipsoidal Reflector Electrode gap (7.5 mm) Fills solid angle of 10 steradians Small angular section à no luminous flux Lamp + reflector assembly Most flux distribution covered by reflector Regions with voids expected

7 Ray Tracing Analysis Assumptions: Point source Specular reflection Perfect alignment of optics

8 Ray Tracing Analysis Intensity Distribution at Target Target at focus: All rays are focused at target center

9 Ray Tracing Analysis Intensity Distribution at Target As target departs from focus: Intensity distribution widens Intensity decreases Dark center spot start appearing Stand & Cable shadow Dark spot

10 Intensity Mapping Procedure Imaging Steps Set-up for Intensity Mapping Target: Black flat plate with reference points l 2 Target plane Device: Camera + neutral density filter l 3 ϴ l 1 Camera with Neutral Density Filter Position: Focused & aligned with center of intensity field o Projective image transformation & processing à Matlab Simulator Bench Ø Procedure suitable for In-Field system evaluation e.g. intensity at target from parabolic concentrator

11 Intensity Distribution Image Transformation and Processing Raw image at focal plane Mapped image 2 cm Final processed image Processed Image at Different Target Planes Focal Relative intensity Focal Focal Focal Focal Ø Optical distortion away from focus

12 Photo-Thermochemical Reactor input gas S-1 Reactor Schematic synthesized gas Characteristics: Quartz interior (Reactor Integrity) Reflective interior (Optical resonance cavity) Gas flow <> Solar flux (Counter flow heat exchanger) Solar Flux: (in progress) Max: ~ 3000 [sun] Ave: ~ 300 [sun] S-1 UML Design Operating Temperature ~ 1000 [ o C]

13 Reactor Design Rationale Reactor Simulator Operation: synthesized gas catalytic monolith input gas Rationale: - High residence: Photons (reflection) & Gas (recirculation) l 3 focal point - Catalytic Monolith: Optically-tuned porosity High temp. photocatalyst Ø Large recirculation à high gas residence & mixing Ø No catalyst yet (porous) Temperature distribution Velocity distribution

14 Experimental Set-up Process Schematic Set-Up Cold Line Hot Line Diagnostics: Spectrometer Flow meters Pressure gauges Thermocouples IR Thermometer Gas analyzer Rationale: Two gas lines: natural separation high/low temp. Extendible, open- and closed- loop operation

15 Reactor Operation Calibration Run Simulator Reactor Coupling Outlet Inlet Radia?on in Probe in Reflec1on Loss Optical Resonance: High optical losses in the absence of catalytic monolith Loss Reflec1on Ongoing work: Ø Decomposition of CO2 Ø Metal foams + photocatalyst coatings Ø Reactor-scale fluid flow radiation modeling

16 Summary and Conclusion Rationale: Solar Photo-Thermochemical Processing à combine advantages of high-temperature reactivity + photo-catalytic activation Simulator Characterization: Spectral distribution: Xe vs. metal halide vs. daylight Intensity distribution: Analytical and experimental Photo- Thermo-chemical Reactor Design: Optical resonance + flow recirculation + Optically-tuned catalythic monolith à long residence photons & gas Ongoing: CO 2 decomposition w. high-temperature photocatalysts Thank You

17 Additional 17

18 ES-FuelCell : High Flux Solar Simulator and Solar Photo- Thermal Reactor: Characterization and Design Chemical processing using solar energy for chemical synthesis is an appealing alternative to extend the reach of renewable energy utilization and to mitigate environmental emissions. High-flux solar simulators provide the flexibility to evaluate and optimize the design of concentrated solar energy utilization devices under laboratory conditions, before prototyping for in-field testing. The characterization of a 6.5 kw high-flux solar simulator at UMass Lowell is presented. The solar simulator is used for the design and evaluation of a novel reactor design for gas-phase solar photothermochemical processing. The high-flux solar simulator operates with a short arc xenon lamp coupled with a truncated ellipsoidal reflector to deliver high flux radiation onto a target. The spectral radiative intensity distribution from the simulator is compared with the intensity distribution from a metal halide lamp and evaluated against solar irradiance for Lowell, MA. Experimental results of intensity distribution over a target plane are contrasted against ray tracing calculations and used for the optimal dimensioning of the optical aperture of the solar photo-thermochemical processing reactor. The interior of the reactor resembles an optical resonant cavity that allows high residence time of solar photons and gas flow to promote gas-phase thermochemical as well as photochemical reactions, while permitting the testing of different catalytic monoliths. Experimental diagnostics of the reactor operation for gas-phase chemical processing are also presented. 18

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