2013 First Grading Period STAAR Notes

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1 Name per 2013 First Grading Period STAAR Notes ATOM Nucleus Cloud Proton Neutron Valence electrons Structure of Atoms Tiny particles that makes up most types of matter Contains 3 subatomic particles protons, neutrons and electrons Central part of the atom Contains protons and neutrons Where most of the mass of the atom is found Area around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found Organized in layers called electron shells or energy levels Positively charged Located in the nucleus Mass is 1 amu Determine the identity of the element Neutral charge Located in the nucleus Mass is 1 amu Negatively charged Located in the electron cloud around the nucleus Mass is amu electrons in the outermost shell or energy level of an atom determine the chemical properties of an element

2 Neutron Cloud Nucleus Proton Ion number Mass Number Average Mass Key Atom that has an electric charge ( or - ) due to loss or gain of electrons The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element The WHOLE number in an element s key on the periodic table Identifies the element No two elements have the same atomic number Also stands for the number of electrons in a neutral atom The total number protons neutrons in the nucleus of each atom of that element Always a whole number You can use this number to figure out how many neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom (# neutrons = mass number - # protons) The weighted average mass of an atom of an element The decimal number that appears on the periodic table for the mass of each element Number Name 18 Ar Argon Symbol Mass (round to get the mass number)

3 Physical Properties Of Matter chemical Properties Of Matter Physical / Chemical Properties How matter is described according to physical characteristics Characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance into something else Luster (shiny or dull), Malleable, Ductile, State (solid, liquid or gas), Conductor of heat and/or electricity, Color, Shape, Odor, Texture, Density, Mass Characteristics that can be observed when a substance interacts with another substance How substances react: Does it burn? Is it flammable? How does it react with water? Air? Metal? Describe the ability OR inability to react Periodic Table Periodic Table Periods groups A chart to help organize and display known elements In order by atomic number Contains element name, symbol, atomic number and average atomic mass The rows in the periodic table s in the same period have the same number of electron shells or energy levels s in the same period are NOT alike in any other way The columns in the periodic table They are also known as families s in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons, the same way that members of a family share similar traits, like hair and eye color, because they have similar DNA Ex. Lithium has similar physical and chemical properties to Sodium and Potassium because they are all alkali metals Neon has similar physical and chemical properties to Helium and Krypton because they are all Noble gases

4 Metals nonmetals Metalloids Shiny in appearance (luster) Good conductors or heat and electricity Mostly solids at room temperature Malleable - can be shaped into various forms Ductile- can be drawn into wires without breaking Located on the left and center of the periodic table Usually dull in appearance Poor conductors of heat and electricity Mostly gases at room temperature (some solid and liquid) Solids are brittle (break easily) Located on the right side of the periodic table Have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals Solid at room temperature Some are shiny Many are good conductors of heat and electricity (but not as good as metals) Located between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table = Metals = Metalloids = Non-Metals

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The Periodic Law Similar physical and chemical properties recur periodically when the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number.

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