Controllable Synthesis of Functional Polyaniline Nanotubes Via A Complex Template Ying WANG, Donghao SUN a and Yanfeng GUO
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1 Advanced Materials Research Submitted: ISS: , Vols , pp Accepted: doi: / nline: Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Controllable Synthesis of Functional Polyaniline anotubes Via A Complex Template Ying WAG, Donghao SU a and Yanfeng GU College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Soochow University, o.199 Ren'ai Road,Suzhou , P.R. China a sundonghao@suda.edu.cn Keyword: Polyaniline, anotubes, Complex templates, Controllable synthesis Abstract. Functional Polyaniline (PAI) nanotubes are easily synthesized in high yield by an in situ polymerization using a fibrillar complex of acid orange II (A II) and FeCl 3 as a template. During the process, the complex templates help direct the growth of fibrillar PAI on their surfaces, resulting in the formation of composite micro/nanofibers of PAI. After polymerization, by the posttreatment of removing templates in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution, PAI nanotubes with azo function and high electric conductivity of PAI are readily fabricated. The PAI nanotubes have about 150nm300nm in diameter and several microns in length. At room temperature, the electric conductivity of PAI nanotubes is up to 10 1 S/cm order of magnitude. The characterizations, including FTIR, UVvisible, XRD and TG, are presented. Introduction Functionalized conducting polymer nanostructures have been received attention in nanoscience and nanotechnology because of their unique properties such as highconjugated polymer chain, reversible physical properties by the doping/dedoping process, hollow structures and large surface area. For instance, nanotubes and fibers of conducting polymers have been widely investigated in the development of electrical, optical and sensing devices[1,2]. Compared with other conducting polymers, polyaniline (PAI) is advantageous of simple and low cost synthesis, high conductivity, stability and controlling physical properties, resulting in a special position in the field of conducting polymers. Besides the conventional hard templatesynthesis method, soft templates or templatefree approachs such as surfactant, colloidal particles, liquid crystalline phases and micelles have been reported and employed to prepare polyaniline nanofibers or nanotubes[3,4,5]. However, controllability of the nanomaterials in shape and morphology still remains challenge. In this paper, we report the use of fibrillar complex as a new template that forms when adding anionic azo dye acid orange II (A II) and oxidant FeCl 3 together prior to the polymerization of aniline. Along with the growth of PAI on seed template surface, solid conducting nanofibers are achieved, and then washed with 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution, resulting in the formation of the hollow nanotubular structures with photoelectric conversion function of A II and electric conductivity of PAI. It should be noted that functional nanofibers or nanotubes can be conveniently obtained by this method without the destruction of the final products. Therefore, present work provides a significative supplement to construct new nanomaterials with azo function. Experimental In a typical procedure, a fresh deionized water solution of 6.67 ml of FeCl 3 (0.3 M ) was mixed with 40 ml of A II[6 mm, sodium 4(2hydroxy1naphthylazo) benzenesulfate)] deionized water solution. A flocculent precipitate appeared immediately. Then 200 μl of aniline monomer was added into mixture, and its acidity was adjusted by 0.5 M HCl to ph=1.0. The mixture was stirred at 5 C for 24 hours. The formed PAI precipitates were washed with ethanol, deionized water and 1.0 M HCl solution several times until filtrate was colorless and no Fe 3+ ions were detected, and finally dried at room temperature for a week. All rights reserved. o part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, (ID: , Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA18/02/16,23:44:35)
2 Advanced Materials Research Vols The morphologies and sizes of the obtained products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [S4700], and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) accessory for elemental analysis, and transmission electron microscope (TEM,TecnaiG220, USA).The molecular structures of PAIA II nanotubes were recorded on AVATAR icolet360 FTIR spectroscopy. The UVvis absorption spectra of samples dispersed in mcresol solution were recorded on a UV2400 spectrometer (Japan). Wideangle Xray diffraction was determined by MaxRa diffractormeter (Rigaku, Japan) using ifiltered CuK α radiation. The electrical conductivity of PAI was measured at room temperature by the standard fourprobe method using a UT33B digital mutimeter. Results and Discussion The morphology of PAI A II nanostructure was investigated by SEM and TEM. As shown in Fig. 1A, the resulting PAI A II shows tubular structures, about nm in diameter and several micrometers in length, and there are a few granules on the surface. The tubular structure of PAI A II is further confirmed by TEM micrograph (Fig. 1A inset), where the inner diameter of nanotubes is about nm. It needs to be pointed out that the granular morphology of the PAI, which corresponds to the case of absence of A II, is observed, as shown in Fig. 1B. This suggests that there is a relation between precipitates of FeCl 3 and A II and the formation of PAI nanotubes. Fig. 1 SEM images of PAI (inset: TEM image of PAI A II): (A) synthesized in the presence of A II; (B) synthesized in the absence of A II Fe 3+ (A) +Fe 3+ H H H Fe 3+ +H + (B) Fig. 2 Proposed possible structures of the complex A II and FeCl 3. The ferric ion can be complexed to either the sulfonate group (A) or the azo group (B)[6] A II with a hydrophilic sulfate group ( 2 ) and hydrophobic section is watersoluble and has anionic characteristic in aqueous solution. The complex formation between A II and Fe 3+ in
3 222 Contemporary Approaches in Material Science and Materials Processing Technologies aqueous solution has been reported [6], as shown in Fig. 2. Upon adding Fe 3+ ions to A IIsolution, the ferric ion can be complexed to either the sulfonate group or the azo group, resulting in the formation of amorphous aggregates. But, in the experiment, we also found the fact that A II Fe(III) precipitates could be dissolved in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid. This phenomenon means that the reaction between A II and Fe 3+ in solution is reversible, to a certain extent. Hence, an excess of strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid, added to solution containing complex (A II Fe(III)) may shift equilibrium from products (A II Fe(III)) to reactants (A II + FeCl 3 ), leading to the decomposition of A II Fe(III) precipitates. The formation probability of PAI nanotubes was greatly affected by the concentration of A II Fe(III) aggregation. The concentration need for the complex A II and FeCl 3 was obtained. By changing the concentration of A II in aqueous solution in a typical chemical polymerization from 6 to 0.6 mm, we found that only trace amount of flocclent precipitate were detected. Therefore, granular PAI was observed besides a few tubular structures. When the concentration of A II in solution was below 0.6 mm, no precipitate was detected. Finally, the morphology of PAI revealed absolute granules. These results suggest that the concentration of A II higher than 0.6 mm in the solution is necessary for obtaining the predomnently tubular PAI. According to EDS analysis, the flocculent precipitate is composed of C (67.49 %), (8.12 %), (15.22 %), S (3.05 %), Cl (2.52 %) and Fe (3.60 %), indicating the formation of a complex of A II and FeCl 3. Fig. 3 Typical TEM images of different products: (A) A IIFeCl 3 precipitates; (B) PAI treated with nothing; (C) PAI treated with 1.0M HCl for 5h and (D) PAI treated with deionized water for 5h. ther condition: polymerization reaction time for 12h. In order to confirm the formation of the hollow structure of PAI nanofibers during the acid washing process, the obtained A II Fe(III) precipitates, the resulting PAI without any treatment as well as only treated with deionized water after a typical polymerization reaction for 12h were
4 Weight (%) Transmittance(%) Absorbance Advanced Materials Research Vols further examined by TEM observation, respectively. As shown in Fig. 3A, the precipitates give a fibrillar morphology with diameter of nm, and the surface of precipitates is level and smooth. Compared with smooth A II Fe(III) precipitates, the synthesized PAI not only reveal the solid fibrillar structures with a few PAI granules on the surface (Fig. 3B), but also having a little thicker diameter (about nm) than A II Fe(III) precipitates (50 80 nm). The PAI washed with deionized water (Fig. 3D) has the same morphology as that without any posttreatment. But hollow nanotubular structures are found when the resultant PAI is directly washed with 1.0M HCl, and the inner diameter of PAI nanotubes (Fig. 3C) is close to diameter of complex templates (50 80 nm). According to the EDS composition analysis, PAI nanotubes are composed of C (79.69 %), (10.65 %), (6.38 %), S (1.66 %), Cl (1.52 %) and Fe (0.1%). Few ferric ions are detected in the PAI nanotubes, further indicating A II Fe(III) precipitates are removed during the acid washing process. Based on the formation process of PAI nanotubes, it can be concluded that polymerization reaction of aniline salt on the surface of the fibrillar complex helps direct the selfassembly of fibrillar PAI due to the oxidization of ferric cations in solution and then the hollow structures of fibrillar PAI form during the acid washing process because of the decomposition of A II Fe(III) precipitates in the presence of hydrochloric acid (1.0 M). From the EDS data, the degree of doping of A II in PAI nanotubes is approximately expressed by the ratio of [S] / [] (denoted by the ratio of [S] / ([] 2[S]) = 0.23). The result suggests that every ten aniline ring there are two A II molecules doped. Therefore, A II existing in A II Fe(III) complex plays a role of not only a template but also a dopant after being decomposed Wavenumber(cm 1 ) Fig. 4 FTIR spectrum of PAI nanotubes Wavenumber(nm) Fig. 5 UVvis spectrum of PAI nanotubes dissolved in m cresol solvent B A 255 ºC ºC ºC Temperature(ºC) Fig. 6 TG curves of (A) PAI nanotubes and (B) granular PAI synthesized in a common method Typical FTIR spectrum of PAI is shown in Fig. 4. All the characteristic bands of PAI at 1557 and 1470 cm 1 (quinoid and benzenoid ring, respectively), 1299 cm 1 (C stretching), 1120 cm 1 (C= stretching ), and 805 cm 1 (1,4 substituted phenyl ring stretching) appear in the spectrum of
5 224 Contemporary Approaches in Material Science and Materials Processing Technologies doped PAI nanotubes, which are consistent with the emeraldine salt form of granular PAI synthesized in a common method [7,8]. Additionally, the bands at 1035 and 694 cm 1 attributed to the absorption of H group are also observed, indicating that the resulting PAI is doped with A II. The UV vis spectrum of PAI nanotubes dispersed in m cresol solvent presents a strong peak at 328 nm and a weak peak at 880 nm with a tail (Fig. 5), which are ascribed to the π π* transition of benzenoid ring and π polaron transition [9,10], respectively, and a band at 500 nm is observed corresponding to the absorption of A II molecules [6]. This further confirms that the obtained PAI nanotubes are doped with A II. As shown in Fig. 6, the thermogravimetric results indicate that decomposition temperature of PAI nanotubes is higher (255 C) than that of granular PAI (208 C) due to the improved spatial order of PAI nanotubes (Fig. 1A, Fig. 1B). At room temperature, the electric conductivity of PAI nanotubes is up to 10 1 S/cm order of magnitude. The 10 1 S/cm value is higher than the conductivity (10 3 S/cm) reported for polyaniline nanofibers/nanotubes prepared by the template free method [3]. Conclusions The uniform PAI nanofibers are successfully prepared by in situ polymerization reaction on the surface of fibrillar complex of A II and FeCl 3. Moreover, the tubular nanostructures of PAI with azo function and high electric conductivity readily form in higher yield by the removal of complex templates in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution without the destruction of PAI molecular structures. PAI nanotubes are doped with A II after complex templates being decomposed. The thermal stability of PAI nanotubes is better than that of granular PAI. This approach has the potential application in the preparation of functional nanomaterials with azo groups. References [1] Z. Wei, L. Zhang, M. Yu, Y. Yang and M. Wan: Adv Mater, Vol. 43 (2003) o.16, p [2] W. G. Li and H. L. Wang: J Am Chem Soc, Vol. 126 (2004) o. 8, p [3] R. Chiou, L.J. Lee, and A. J. Epstein: Chem Mater, Vol. 19 (2007) o.19, p [4] A. Janošević, G. ĆirićMarjanović, B. Marjanović, M. Trchová, et al: Mater Lett, Vol. 64 (2010) o.21, p [5] H. J. Yin and H. J. Yang: Mater Lett, Vol. 65 (2011) o.5, p [6] H. Park, W. Choi, J. Photochem and A. Photobio: Chem, Vol. 159 (2003) o.3, p.241. [7] S. A. Chen and H. T. Lee : Macromolecules, Vol. 28 (1995) o.8, p [8] S. G. Kim, J. W. Kim, H. J. Choi, M. S. Suh, et al : Colloid Polym Sci, Vol. 278 (2000) o.9, p [9] Y. Cao, P. Smith, A. J. Heeger: Synth Met, Vol. 32 (1989) o.3, p [10] M. X. Wang: J Polym Sci Part A: Chemistry of Polymers, Vol. 30 (1992) o.4, p.543.
6 Contemporary Approaches in Material Science and Materials Processing Technologies / Controllable Synthesis of Functional Polyaniline anotubes via a Complex Template /
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