NSCI Basic Properties of Life and The Biochemistry of Life on Earth
|
|
- Rhoda Byrd
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 NSCI 314 LIFE IN THE COSMOS 4 Basic Properties of Life and The Biochemistry of Life on Earth Dr. Karen Kolehmainen Department of Physics CSUSB
2 WHAT IS LIFE? HARD TO DEFINE, BUT LET'S LIST SOME OF ITS PROPERTIES. NECESSARY PROPERTIES: USES ENERGY INTERACTS WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT MAINTAINS A LOW ENTROPY (HIGH DEGREE OR ORDER OR COMPLEXITY) INTERNALLY LIKELY (BUT MAYBE NOT NECESSARY) PROPERTIES: GROWS AND DEVELOPS REPRODUCES MUTATES AND EVOLVES
3 REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFE MATTER: PRODUCED IN BIG BANG (H & He) AND STARS (HEAVIER ELEMENTS) ARE CERTAIN ELEMENTS NEEDED? STABLE ENERGY SOURCE: LOW MASS MAIN SEQUENCE STARS (OR SOMETHING ELSE?) PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT: PLANETARY OR LUNAR SURFACES PLANETARY OR LUNAR INTERIORS THICK PLANETARY OR LUNAR ATMOSPHERES CHEMICAL SOLVENT (LIQUID): WATER (OR SOMETHING ELSE?) APPROPRIATE TEMPERATURE RANGE: NEEDED TO KEEP THE SOLVENT LIQUID (APPROXIMATELY 0 TO 100 o C IF WATER IS THE LIQUID SOLVENT) IF IT S TOO HOT, COMPLEX STRUCTURES ARE BROKEN APART IF IT S TOO COLD, INTERACTIONS ARE TOO SLOW
4 Sun Earth Earth s Crust Hydrogen Helium Oxygen Carbon Neon Nitrogen Magnesium Silicon Iron Sulfur Argon Aluminum Calcium Sodium Nickel Chromium Phosphorus 90.99% Oxygen Iron Silicon Magnesium Sulfur Nickel Aluminum Calcium Sodium Chromium Phosphorus 50% Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium Titanium Hydrogen Phosphorus Manganese Fluorine Strontium Sulfur 47%
5 Earth s Atmosphere Bacteria Human Beings Nitrogen Oxygen Argon Carbon** Neon Helium 78% Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur 63% Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Sulfur 61%
6 BOTTOM LINE: THE ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP TERRESTRIAL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE VERY COMMON IN STARS AND IN THE INTERSTELLAR MATERIAL FROM WHICH STARS AND PLANETS ARE FORMED. IN LIVING THINGS, THE ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS ARE ORGANIZED IN ORGANIC MOLECULES, MANY OF WHICH ARE LARGE AND COMPLEX.
7 ORGANIC MOLECULES MOLECULE: A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS EXAMPLES: H 2 O CO 2 CH 4 NH 3 H 2 N 2 O 2 C 2 H 5 O 2 N ORGANIC MOLECULE: A MOLECULE COMPOSED OF CARBON AND HYDROGEN ATOMS (AND OFTEN OTHER ELEMENTS ALSO) EXAMPLES: CH 4 C 2 H 5 O 2 N MONOMER: A SIMPLE ORGANIC MOLECULE SUCH AS AN AMINO ACID, SIMPLE SUGAR, FATTY ACID, OR GENETIC BASE POLYMER: A LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULE COMPOSED OF A CHAIN OF REPEATING MONOMERS
8 EXAMPLES OF POLYMERS CARBOHYDRATES: STARCHES, CELLULOSE, SUCROSE. MONOMERS: SIMPLE SUGARS, GLUCOSE LIPIDS: FATS, CHOLESTEROL, HORMONES, CELLULAR MEMBRANES. MONOMERS: FATTY ACIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS: DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) & RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA). MONOMERS: GENETIC BASES PROTEINS: STRUCTURAL PROTEINS FOR BONE, ORGANS, TISSUE, AND MEMBRANES; ENZYMES, CHEMICAL SENSORS AND TRANSPORTERS. MONOMERS: AMINO ACIDS LET S EXAMINE NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS IN MORE DETAIL.
9 ORGANIC MOLECULES CARBON ATOMS OCCUPY CENTRAL POSITIONS IN MOST MONOMERS. WHEN THE MONOMERS COMBINE TO FORM POLYMERS, THE CARBON ATOMS FORM THE CENTRAL STRUCTURE OF THE CHAIN, WITH ATOMS OF OTHER ELEMENTS STUCK TO THE SIDES. H H H C C C H H H LIFE ON EARTH IS CARBON-BASED.
10 BASIC FACTS ABOUT LIFE ON EARTH LIVING ORGANISMS ON EARTH ARE MADE OF CELLS. EXCEPTION: VIRUSES A CELL IS TINY DROP OF WATER AND VARIOUS ORGANIC MOLECULES, SURROUNDED BY A MEMBRANE. SOME CELLS CONTAIN CERTAIN STRUCTURES, TO BE DISCUSSED LATER. SOME ORGANISMS (e.g., BACTERIA) ARE SINGLE-CELLED, AND OTHER ORGANISMS (i.e., HUMANS) ARE MULTICELLULAR. A CELL CAN DIVIDE, RESULTING IN TWO CELLS.
11 STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS A PROTEIN IS A LONG POLYMER MADE OF MONOMERS CALLED AMINO ACIDS. EACH PROTEIN IS COMPOSED OF A CHAIN OF HUNDREDS OF AMINO ACIDS. PROTEINS USED IN LIFE ON EARTH ARE FORMED FROM ONLY DIFFERENT 20 TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS. ADDITIONAL TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS EXIST AND COULD BE USED BY LIFE ELSEWHERE.
12 PROTEIN STRUCTURE EXAMPLE: AA1 AA3 AA3 AA1 AA17 AA11 AA11 AA11 AA2 AA9 AA9 AA9 AA9 AA9 AA10 AA15 AA8 AA5 AA5 AA1 AA16 AA12 AA4 AA20 AA19 AA7 AA3 AA5. CONTINUING ON FOR HUNDREDS MORE OF AMINO ACIDS.
13 PROTEIN STRUCTURE CHANGING EVEN ONE OF THE AMINO ACIDS OUT OF THE HUNDREDS IN THE CHAIN CHANGES THE PROTEIN. AA1 AA3 AA3 AA1 AA17 AA11 AA11 AA11 AA2 AA9 AA9 AA9 AA9 AA9 AA10 AA15 AA8 AA5 AA6 AA1 AA16 AA12 AA4 AA20 AA19 AA7 AA3 AA5. CONTINUING ON FOR HUNDREDS MORE OF AMINO ACIDS. THIS IS NOW A DIFFERENT PROTEIN FROM THE ONE ON THE PREVIOUS SLIDE.
14 NUMBER OF POSSIBLE PROTEINS EXAMPLE: IMAGINE A PROTEIN THAT CONSISTS OF A CHAIN OF 200 AMINO ACIDS = DIFFERENT PROTEINS ARE POSSIBLE. (NUMBER OF POSSIBLE ORDERINGS OF A CHAIN OF 200 AMINO ACIDS OF 20 DIFFERENT TYPES) IN COMPARISON, THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS IN THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE IS ESTIMATED TO BE LESS THAN ANOTHER PROTEIN OF A DIFFERENT LENGTH WOULD HAVE A SIMILARLY LARGE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS. EXAMPLE: A SEQUENCE OF 312 AMINO ACIDS WOULD RESULT IN = DIFFERENT POSSIBLE PROTEINS.
15 CONSEQUENCE: EVEN IF EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE USES THE SAME 20 AMINO ACIDS AS LIFE ON EARTH IT IS VERY UNLIKELY THAT ANY OF THE PROTEINS WILL BE THE SAME AS THOSE USED BY LIFE ON EARTH. THIS MAKES IT UNLIKELY THAT WE COULD EAT EACH OTHER'S FOOD, BE INFECTED BY EACH OTHER'S DISEASES, ETC.
16 AMINO ACIDS AMINO ACIDS ARE THE MONOMERS THAT MAKE UP PROTEINS. AMINO ACIDS ARE FOUND: IN ALL TERRESTRIAL FORMS OF LIFE. IN METEORITES (ROCKS THAT FALL TO EARTH FROM SPACE). IN INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS OR NEBULAE. NOTE: AMINO ACIDS CAN BE PRODUCED BY NON-BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS. THEREFORE, THE PRESENCE OF AMINO ACIDS DOESN T NECESSARILY INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF LIFE.
17 HANDEDNESS OF AMINO ACIDS EACH AMINO ACID CAN HAVE TWO ISOMERS OR MOLECULAR VERSIONS: L (LEVO- OR LEFT-HANDED) D (DEXTRO- OR RIGHT-HANDED) THE TWO ISOMERS ARE MOLECULAR MIRROR IMAGES OF EACH OTHER.
18 HANDEDNESS OF AMINO ACIDS AMINO ACIDS FROM NON-BIOLOGICAL SOURCES (INCLUDING THOSE IN METEORITES AND INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS) ARE 50% LEFT- HANDED AND 50% RIGHT-HANDED. AMINO ACIDS IN TERRESTRIAL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE ALL LEFT-HANDED. EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE COULD USE EITHER LEFT-HANDED AMINO ACIDS OR RIGHT- HANDED AMINO ACIDS (OR POSSIBLY BOTH, ALTHOUGH NOT LIKELY).
19 The 20 Amino Acids Found in Living Organisms on Earth AMINO ACID* CHEMICAL FORMULA NUMBER OF ATOMS C 3 H 7 O 2 N L-ALANINE 13 C L-ARGININE 6 H 15 O 2 N 4 27 L-ASPARAGINE L-ASPARTIC ACID L-CYSTEINE L-GLUTAMIC ACID L-GLUTAMINE GLYCINE L-HISTIDINE L-ISOLEUCINE C 4 H 8 O 3 N 2 C 4 H 6 O 4 N C 3 H 7 O 2 NS C 5 H 8 O 4 N C 5 H 10 O 3 N 2 C 2 H 5 O 2 N C 6 H 9 O 2 N 3 C 6 H 13 O 2 N
20 The 20 Amino Acids Found in Living Organisms on Earth AMINO ACID* CHEMICAL FORMULA NUMBER OF ATOMS L-LEUCINE L-LYSINE L-METHIONINE L-PHENYLALANINE L-PROLINE L-SERINE L-THREONINE L-TRYPTOPHAN L-TYROSINE L-VALINE C 6 H 13 O 2 N C 6 H 15 O 2 N 2 C 5 H 11 O 2 NS C 9 H 11 O 2 N C 5 H 9 O 2 N C 3 H 7 O 3 N C 4 H 9 O 3 N C 11 H 12 O 2 N 2 C 9 H 11 O 3 N C 5 H 11 O 2 N *For those amino acids that have both a left-handed (L) and a right-handed (D) form, we have indicated that only the left-handed member of these stereoisomer pairs appears in living organisms. Only glycine, the simplest of the amino acids, has no L and D forms, and thus requires no L or D designation
21 ROLE OF DNA PROVIDES A BLUEPRINT OR RECIPE FOR MAKING PROTEINS CARRIES INFORMATION ABOUT THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN A PARTICULAR PROTEIN FOUND IN EVERY CELL IN A LIVING ORGANISM IN HIGHER ORGANISMS, THE DNA IS SEPARATED INTO LARGE PIECES CALLED CHROMOSOMES (e.g., 46 IN HUMANS) CAN REPLICATE ITSELF WHEN A CELL DIVIDES INTO TWO, AN IDENTICAL COPY OF THE ORIGINAL DNA (i.e., A COPY OF EACH CHROMOSOME) GOES INTO EACH CELL
22 X Y
23 NUCLEIC ACIDS A NUCLEIC ACID IS A POLYMER CHAIN CONSISTING OF PAIRS OF GENETIC BASES (PLUS SOME SUGARS AND PHOSPHATES). THE BONDING OF GENETIC BASES IS VERY SPECIFIC EACH TYPE OF BASE BONDS ONLY WITH ONE OTHER TYPE OF BASE, AS SHOWN BY THE DASHED LINES. DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID) Adenine (A)-----Uracil (U) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)
24
25 DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION A DNA MOLECULE CAN UNZIP AND SEPARATE INTO TWO STRANDS. THIS HAS TWO IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES: 1. EACH STRAND CAN BE USED AS A TEMPLATE FOR CONSTRUCTING A DUPLICATE OF THE OTHER STRAND. IT IS AN EXACT DUPLICATE (EXCEPT FOR OCCASIONAL MISTAKES CALLED MUTATIONS) BECAUSE OF THE SPECIFICITY OF THE BONDING BETWEEN BASES. THE BASES THAT ARE USED TO MAKE THE NEW STRAND ARE PULLED FROM A SOUP OF BASES AND OTHER MOLECULES BY SPECIAL PROTEINS. THIS ALLOWS THE DNA TO MAKE A COPY OF ITSELF DURING CELL DIVISION. WHEN A CELL DIVIDES, ONE COPY OF THE DNA GOES INTO EACH CELL.
26 DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION A DNA MOLECULE CAN UNZIP AND SEPARATE INTO TWO STRANDS. THIS HAS TWO IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES: 2. ONE OR BOTH STRANDS CAN BE USED AS A TEMPLATE FOR MAKING A PROTEIN. THE SEQUENCE OF BASES IN THE DNA SPECIFIES THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE RESULTING PROTEIN. TO BE MORE PRECISE, A GROUP OF THREE BASES (CALLED A CODON) IN THE DNA SPECIFIES WHICH AMINO ACID IS PLACED NEXT INTO THE PROTEIN. WHY THREE BASES PER CODON? THERE ARE ONLY 4 DIFFERENT KINDS OF BASES USED, BUT THERE MUST BE INSTRUCTIONS FOR 20 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS.
27 Combinations of Bases in Singlet, Doublet, and Triplet Codes Singlet code Doublet code Triplet code ( 4 words ) (16 words ) (64 words ) A AA AG AC AT AAA AAG AAC AAT G GA GG GC GT AGA AGG AGC AGT C CA CG CC CT ACA ACG ACC ACT T TA TG TC TT ATA ATG ATC ATT GAA GAG GAC GAT GGA GGG GGC GGT GCA GCG FCC GCT GTA GTG GTC GTT CAA CAG CAC CAT CGA CGG CGC CGT CCA CCG CCC CCT CTA CTG CTC CTT TAA TAG TAC TAT TGA TGG TGC TGT TCA TCG TCC TCT TTA TTG TTC TTT
28 TTT TTC TTA TTG CTT CTC CTA CTG ATT ATC ATA ATG GTT GTC GTA GTG DNA Codons for Amino Acids (the genetic code). phenylalanine leucine leucine isoleucine valine TCT TCC TCA TCG CCT CCC CCA CCG ACT ACC ACA ACG GCT GCC GCA GCG TAT TAC TAA TAG CAT CAC CAA CAG AAT AAC AAA AAG GAT GAC GAA GAG TGT TGC TGA TGG CGT CGC CGA CGG AGT AGC AGA AGG GGT GGC GGA GGG serine proline threonine alanine valine/ initiator methionine/ initiator tyrosine terminator histidine gluatamine asparagine lysine aspartic acid glumatic acid cysteine terminator tryptophan arginine serine arginine glycine
29 IN HUMANS, THE GENOME CONTAINS ABOUT 3 BILLION GENETIC BASES, AND 30,000 TO 100,000 GENES, ORGANIZED INTO 23 CHROMOSOME PAIRS. (THERE IS ENOUGH DNA FOR 1 MILLION GENES, BUT FEWER THAN 100,000 EXIST. THERE IS A LOT OF JUNK DNA BETWEEN GENES.) GENETIC STRUCTURE CODON: A GROUP OF 3 GENETIC BASES GIVING THE CODE (OR INSTRUCTION) FOR PLACING A PARTICULAR AMINO ACID INTO A PROTEIN THAT IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION. GENE: A STRING OF ROUGHLY 1000 CODONS THAT IS THE RECIPE FOR A PARTICULAR PROTEIN. CHROMOSOME: A LARGE PIECE OF DNA CONTAINING A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES. GENOME: ENTIRE SEQUENCE OF DNA IN AN ORGANISM.
30 DNA 23 CHROMOSOME PAIRS 1000 GENES.. CAC TCA AGA CCG TCA TCA... CODON SEQUENCE
31 DNA MOLECULE. 23 CHROMOSOME PAIRS CODON SEQUENCE CAC TCA AGA CCG TCA TCA.. DNA SEQUENCE TRANSCRIBED INTO mrna mrna TRANSLATED INTO PROTEIN HISTIDINE SERINE ARGININE PROLINE SERINE SERINE.. PROTEIN
32 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION: DNA UNZIPS AND ONE STRAND IS USED AS A TEMPLATE FOR CONSTRUCTING A NEW STRAND. THIS IS SIMILAR TO DNA REPLICATION, EXCEPT THAT THE NEWLY CONSTRUCTED STRAND IS RNA INSTEAD OF DNA. (RNA USES U INSTEAD OF T, AND THE SUGAR IN BACKBONE IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT.) TRANSLATION: RNA MOVES TO A DIFFERENT PART OF THE CELL, WHERE THE GENETIC CODE IS READ AND CONVERTED TO AN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. NOTE: RNA ALSO PLAYS OTHER ROLES IN ORGANISMS. IN SOME VIRUSES, RNA REPLACES DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIAL.
33 LIFE ELSEWHERE COULD HAVE: Very similar proteins and DNA sequences to us (if so, a common origin is likely) Same 20 amino acids and 4-5 genetic bases as us, but combined into different proteins and DNA sequences (if so, common origin?) Amino acids and genetic bases, but not the same 20 amino acids and 4 or 5 bases as us Different monomers, (i.e., not amino acids and genetic bases), but still carbon-based polymers of some sort Different kind of chemistry? (based on some element other than carbon) No chemistry at all! (exotic matter or interactions other than electromagnetic) - to be discussed later
34 ADVANTAGES OF CARBON ABUNDANT A CARBON ATOM CAN COMBINE WITH MANY OTHER ATOMS (AS MANY AS 4 AND ALMOST ANY OTHER ELEMENT), THUS MAKING COMPLEX MOLECULES MOLECULES ARE REASONABLY STABLE, BUT NOT TOO STABLE (CAN BE BROKEN APART TO FACILITATE INTERACTIONS)
35 SUBSTITUTES FOR CARBON? ANY ELEMENT IN THE SAME COLUMN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE WILL COMBINE WITH OTHER ATOMS IN MUCH THE SAME WAY, BUT AS THE SIZE OF ATOM GROWS, BONDING BETWEEN ATOMS GETS WEAKER, MAKING FORMATION OF COMPLEX MOLECULES MORE DIFFICULT AS SIZE OF ATOM GROWS, ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENT DECREASES THEREFORE, THE BEST CHOICE (BESIDES CARBON) IS SILICON, THE ELEMENT JUST BELOW CARBON IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
36
37 SILICON INSTEAD OF CARBON? ONLY 1/25 th AS ABUNDANT (BUT STILL REASONABLY ABUNDANT) MOST BONDS WEAKER (ESPECIALLY Si-Si BONDS), SO MORE DIFFICULT TO BUILD LONG CHAINS (POLYMERS) Si-O BOND STRONGEST, SO MOST SILICON STAYS BONDED TO OXYGEN (AS IN ROCKS) SIMILAR COMPOUNDS EXIST(E.G., SiO 2 AND SiH 4 AS COMPARED WITH CO 2 AND CH 4 ) BUT ATOMS CAN T BE REARRANGED AS EASILY SILICON-BASED LIFE IS OFTEN DEPICTED IN SCIENCE FICTION (EXAMPLE: HORTA IN STAR TREK) CARBON SEEMS LIKE A BETTER CHOICE, BUT IS SILICON-BASED LIFE POSSIBLE? WE DON T KNOW.
SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT BACKGROUND: BIOINFORMATICS. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. DNA and RNA
SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT BACKGROUND: BIOINFORMATICS 1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 2 DNA and RNA 3 4 Double helix structure Codons Codons are triplets of bases from the RNA sequence. Each triplet defines an amino-acid.
More informationPractical Bioinformatics
5/2/2017 Dictionaries d i c t i o n a r y = { A : T, T : A, G : C, C : G } d i c t i o n a r y [ G ] d i c t i o n a r y [ N ] = N d i c t i o n a r y. h a s k e y ( C ) Dictionaries g e n e t i c C o
More informationHigh throughput near infrared screening discovers DNA-templated silver clusters with peak fluorescence beyond 950 nm
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 High throughput near infrared screening discovers DNA-templated silver clusters with peak fluorescence
More informationSupplemental data. Pommerrenig et al. (2011). Plant Cell /tpc
Supplemental Figure 1. Prediction of phloem-specific MTK1 expression in Arabidopsis shoots and roots. The images and the corresponding numbers showing absolute (A) or relative expression levels (B) of
More informationSUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR. SEquence-Enabled Reassembly of β-lactamase (SEER-LAC): a Sensitive Method for the Detection of Double-Stranded DNA
SUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR SEquence-Enabled Reassembly of β-lactamase (SEER-LAC): a Sensitive Method for the Detection of Double-Stranded DNA Aik T. Ooi, Cliff I. Stains, Indraneel Ghosh *, David J. Segal
More informationClay Carter. Department of Biology. QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Clay Carter Department of Biology QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Ornamental tobacco
More informationCrick s early Hypothesis Revisited
Crick s early Hypothesis Revisited Or The Existence of a Universal Coding Frame Ryan Rossi, Jean-Louis Lassez and Axel Bernal UPenn Center for Bioinformatics BIOINFORMATICS The application of computer
More informationAdvanced topics in bioinformatics
Feinberg Graduate School of the Weizmann Institute of Science Advanced topics in bioinformatics Shmuel Pietrokovski & Eitan Rubin Spring 2003 Course WWW site: http://bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il/courses/atib
More informationNumber-controlled spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles with
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Number-controlled spatial arrangement of gold nanoparticles with DNA dendrimers Ping Chen,*
More informationCharacterization of Pathogenic Genes through Condensed Matrix Method, Case Study through Bacterial Zeta Toxin
International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. ISSN 0974-3073 Volume 2, Number 1 (2011), pp. 109-114 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Characterization of
More informationSupplementary Information for
Supplementary Information for Evolutionary conservation of codon optimality reveals hidden signatures of co-translational folding Sebastian Pechmann & Judith Frydman Department of Biology and BioX, Stanford
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY DATA - 1 -
- 1 - SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Construction of B. subtilis rnpb complementation plasmids For complementation, the B. subtilis rnpb wild-type gene (rnpbwt) under control of its native rnpb promoter and terminator
More informationNature Structural & Molecular Biology: doi: /nsmb Supplementary Figure 1
Supplementary Figure 1 Zn 2+ -binding sites in USP18. (a) The two molecules of USP18 present in the asymmetric unit are shown. Chain A is shown in blue, chain B in green. Bound Zn 2+ ions are shown as
More informationSSR ( ) Vol. 48 No ( Microsatellite marker) ( Simple sequence repeat,ssr),
48 3 () Vol. 48 No. 3 2009 5 Journal of Xiamen University (Nat ural Science) May 2009 SSR,,,, 3 (, 361005) : SSR. 21 516,410. 60 %96. 7 %. (),(Between2groups linkage method),.,, 11 (),. 12,. (, ), : 0.
More informationRegulatory Sequence Analysis. Sequence models (Bernoulli and Markov models)
Regulatory Sequence Analysis Sequence models (Bernoulli and Markov models) 1 Why do we need random models? Any pattern discovery relies on an underlying model to estimate the random expectation. This model
More informationElectronic supplementary material
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Electronic supplementary material A family of AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases in Aspergillus nidulans is differentially regulated by multiple substrates and
More informationTable S1. Primers and PCR conditions used in this paper Primers Sequence (5 3 ) Thermal conditions Reference Rhizobacteria 27F 1492R
Table S1. Primers and PCR conditions used in this paper Primers Sequence (5 3 ) Thermal conditions Reference Rhizobacteria 27F 1492R AAC MGG ATT AGA TAC CCK G GGY TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T Detection of Candidatus
More informationLecture 14 - Cells. Astronomy Winter Lecture 14 Cells: The Building Blocks of Life
Lecture 14 Cells: The Building Blocks of Life Astronomy 141 Winter 2012 This lecture describes Cells, the basic structural units of all life on Earth. Basic components of cells: carbohydrates, lipids,
More informationModelling and Analysis in Bioinformatics. Lecture 1: Genomic k-mer Statistics
582746 Modelling and Analysis in Bioinformatics Lecture 1: Genomic k-mer Statistics Juha Kärkkäinen 06.09.2016 Outline Course introduction Genomic k-mers 1-Mers 2-Mers 3-Mers k-mers for Larger k Outline
More information6.047 / Computational Biology: Genomes, Networks, Evolution Fall 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 6.047 / 6.878 Computational Biology: Genomes, Networks, Evolution Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information T. Pellegrino 1,2,3,#, R. A. Sperling 1,#, A. P. Alivisatos 2, W. J. Parak 1,2,* 1 Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany 2 Department of
More informationCodon Distribution in Error-Detecting Circular Codes
life Article Codon Distribution in Error-Detecting Circular Codes Elena Fimmel, * and Lutz Strüngmann Institute for Mathematical Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences,
More informationTM1 TM2 TM3 TM4 TM5 TM6 TM bp
a 467 bp 1 482 2 93 3 321 4 7 281 6 21 7 66 8 176 19 12 13 212 113 16 8 b ATG TCA GGA CAT GTA ATG GAG GAA TGT GTA GTT CAC GGT ACG TTA GCG GCA GTA TTG CGT TTA ATG GGC GTA GTG M S G H V M E E C V V H G T
More informationEvolvable Neural Networks for Time Series Prediction with Adaptive Learning Interval
Evolvable Neural Networs for Time Series Prediction with Adaptive Learning Interval Dong-Woo Lee *, Seong G. Kong *, and Kwee-Bo Sim ** *Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University
More informationBuilding a Multifunctional Aptamer-Based DNA Nanoassembly for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Supporting Information Building a Multifunctional Aptamer-Based DNA Nanoassembly for Targeted Cancer Therapy Cuichen Wu,, Da Han,, Tao Chen,, Lu Peng, Guizhi Zhu,, Mingxu You,, Liping Qiu,, Kwame Sefah,
More informationSupplemental Figure 1.
A wt spoiiiaδ spoiiiahδ bofaδ B C D E spoiiiaδ, bofaδ Supplemental Figure 1. GFP-SpoIVFA is more mislocalized in the absence of both BofA and SpoIIIAH. Sporulation was induced by resuspension in wild-type
More informationSupplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Directed self-assembly of genomic sequences into monomeric and polymeric branched DNA structures
More informationSupporting Information for. Initial Biochemical and Functional Evaluation of Murine Calprotectin Reveals Ca(II)-
Supporting Information for Initial Biochemical and Functional Evaluation of Murine Calprotectin Reveals Ca(II)- Dependence and Its Ability to Chelate Multiple Nutrient Transition Metal Ions Rose C. Hadley,
More informationEncoding of Amino Acids and Proteins from a Communications and Information Theoretic Perspective
Jacobs University Bremen Encoding of Amino Acids and Proteins from a Communications and Information Theoretic Perspective Semester Project II By: Dawit Nigatu Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Werner Henkel Transmission
More information3. Evolution makes sense of homologies. 3. Evolution makes sense of homologies. 3. Evolution makes sense of homologies
Richard Owen (1848) introduced the term Homology to refer to structural similarities among organisms. To Owen, these similarities indicated that organisms were created following a common plan or archetype.
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI:.38/NCHEM.246 Optimizing the specificity of nucleic acid hyridization David Yu Zhang, Sherry Xi Chen, and Peng Yin. Analytic framework and proe design 3.. Concentration-adjusted
More informationThe 3 Genomic Numbers Discovery: How Our Genome Single-Stranded DNA Sequence Is Self-Designed as a Numerical Whole
Applied Mathematics, 2013, 4, 37-53 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/am.2013.410a2004 Published Online October 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/am) The 3 Genomic Numbers Discovery: How Our Genome Single-Stranded
More informationSupplemental Table 1. Primers used for cloning and PCR amplification in this study
Supplemental Table 1. Primers used for cloning and PCR amplification in this study Target Gene Primer sequence NATA1 (At2g393) forward GGG GAC AAG TTT GTA CAA AAA AGC AGG CTT CAT GGC GCC TCC AAC CGC AGC
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
DOI:.8/NCHEM. Conditionally Fluorescent Molecular Probes for Detecting Single Base Changes in Double-stranded DNA Sherry Xi Chen, David Yu Zhang, Georg Seelig. Analytic framework and probe design.. Design
More informationProtein Threading. Combinatorial optimization approach. Stefan Balev.
Protein Threading Combinatorial optimization approach Stefan Balev Stefan.Balev@univ-lehavre.fr Laboratoire d informatique du Havre Université du Havre Stefan Balev Cours DEA 30/01/2004 p.1/42 Outline
More informationevoglow - express N kit distributed by Cat.#: FP product information broad host range vectors - gram negative bacteria
evoglow - express N kit broad host range vectors - gram negative bacteria product information distributed by Cat.#: FP-21020 Content: Product Overview... 3 evoglow express N -kit... 3 The evoglow -Fluorescent
More informationCh. 2 BASIC CHEMISTRY. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ch. 2 BASIC CHEMISTRY Matter and Composition of Matter Definition: Anything that has mass and occupies space Matter is made up of elements An element cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means Atoms
More informationUsing an Artificial Regulatory Network to Investigate Neural Computation
Using an Artificial Regulatory Network to Investigate Neural Computation W. Garrett Mitchener College of Charleston January 6, 25 W. Garrett Mitchener (C of C) UM January 6, 25 / 4 Evolution and Computing
More informationThe role of the FliD C-terminal domain in pentamer formation and
The role of the FliD C-terminal domain in pentamer formation and interaction with FliT Hee Jung Kim 1,2,*, Woongjae Yoo 3,*, Kyeong Sik Jin 4, Sangryeol Ryu 3,5 & Hyung Ho Lee 1, 1 Department of Chemistry,
More informationTeacher Instructions
Teacher Instructions To print handouts for students Go to File print, change Print what: to handouts, change # per page if desired to enlarge slides on page Change Print range to slides and type in slide
More informationWhy do more divergent sequences produce smaller nonsynonymous/synonymous
Genetics: Early Online, published on June 21, 2013 as 10.1534/genetics.113.152025 Why do more divergent sequences produce smaller nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratios in pairwise sequence comparisons?
More informationThe Trigram and other Fundamental Philosophies
The Trigram and other Fundamental Philosophies by Weimin Kwauk July 2012 The following offers a minimal introduction to the trigram and other Chinese fundamental philosophies. A trigram consists of three
More informationLecture 15: Realities of Genome Assembly Protein Sequencing
Lecture 15: Realities of Genome Assembly Protein Sequencing Study Chapter 8.10-8.15 1 Euler s Theorems A graph is balanced if for every vertex the number of incoming edges equals to the number of outgoing
More informationevoglow - express N kit Cat. No.: product information broad host range vectors - gram negative bacteria
evoglow - express N kit broad host range vectors - gram negative bacteria product information Cat. No.: 2.1.020 evocatal GmbH 2 Content: Product Overview... 4 evoglow express N kit... 4 The evoglow Fluorescent
More informationSex-Linked Inheritance in Macaque Monkeys: Implications for Effective Population Size and Dispersal to Sulawesi
Supporting Information http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/genetics.110.116228/dc1 Sex-Linked Inheritance in Macaque Monkeys: Implications for Effective Population Size and Dispersal to Sulawesi Ben
More informationpart 3: analysis of natural selection pressure
part 3: analysis of natural selection pressure markov models are good phenomenological codon models do have many benefits: o principled framework for statistical inference o avoiding ad hoc corrections
More informationEvolutionary dynamics of abundant stop codon readthrough in Anopheles and Drosophila
biorxiv preprint first posted online May. 3, 2016; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/051557. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved.
More informationA modular Fibonacci sequence in proteins
A modular Fibonacci sequence in proteins P. Dominy 1 and G. Rosen 2 1 Hagerty Library, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 2 Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
More informationChemistry Basics. Matter anything that occupies space and has mass Energy the ability to do work. Chemical Electrical Mechanical Radiant. Slide 2.
Chemistry Basics Matter anything that occupies space and has mass Energy the ability to do work Chemical Electrical Mechanical Radiant Slide 2.1 Composition of Matter Elements Fundamental units of matter
More informationRe- engineering cellular physiology by rewiring high- level global regulatory genes
Re- engineering cellular physiology by rewiring high- level global regulatory genes Stephen Fitzgerald 1,2,, Shane C Dillon 1, Tzu- Chiao Chao 2, Heather L Wiencko 3, Karsten Hokamp 3, Andrew DS Cameron
More informationChemiScreen CaS Calcium Sensor Receptor Stable Cell Line
PRODUCT DATASHEET ChemiScreen CaS Calcium Sensor Receptor Stable Cell Line CATALOG NUMBER: HTS137C CONTENTS: 2 vials of mycoplasma-free cells, 1 ml per vial. STORAGE: Vials are to be stored in liquid N
More informationBiosynthesis of Bacterial Glycogen: Primary Structure of Salmonella typhimurium ADPglucose Synthetase as Deduced from the
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, Sept. 1987, p. 4355-4360 0021-9193/87/094355-06$02.00/0 Copyright X) 1987, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 169, No. 9 Biosynthesis of Bacterial Glycogen: Primary Structure
More informationCCHS 2015_2016 Biology Fall Semester Exam Review
Biomolecule General Knowledge Macromolecule Monomer (building block) Function Energy Storage Structure 1. What type of biomolecule is hair, skin, and nails? 2. What is the polymer of a nucleotide? 3. Which
More informationUnit 2: Basic Chemistry
Unit 2: Basic Chemistry I. Matter and Energy A. Matter anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) B. Energy the ability to do work 1. Chemical 2. Electrical 3. Mechanical 4. Radiant C. Composition
More informationA Brief Overview of Biochemistry. And I mean BRIEF!
A Brief Overview of Biochemistry And I mean BRIEF! Introduction A. Chemistry deals with the composition of substances and how they change. B. A knowledge of chemistry is necessary for the understanding
More informationThe Cell Cycle & Cell Division. Cell Function Cell Cycle. What does the cell do = cell physiology:
Cell Function 2404 What does the cell do = cell physiology: 1. Cell Cycle & Cell Division 2. Membrane Transport 3. Secretion 4. Membrane Potential 5. Metabolism 6. Cellular Interactions 7. Cellular Control:
More informationTiming molecular motion and production with a synthetic transcriptional clock
Timing molecular motion and production with a synthetic transcriptional clock Elisa Franco,1, Eike Friedrichs 2, Jongmin Kim 3, Ralf Jungmann 2, Richard Murray 1, Erik Winfree 3,4,5, and Friedrich C. Simmel
More information(Lys), resulting in translation of a polypeptide without the Lys amino acid. resulting in translation of a polypeptide without the Lys amino acid.
1. A change that makes a polypeptide defective has been discovered in its amino acid sequence. The normal and defective amino acid sequences are shown below. Researchers are attempting to reproduce the
More informationFrom DNA to protein, i.e. the central dogma
From DNA to protein, i.e. the central dogma DNA RNA Protein Biochemistry, chapters1 5 and Chapters 29 31. Chapters 2 5 and 29 31 will be covered more in detail in other lectures. ph, chapter 1, will be
More informationAtTIL-P91V. AtTIL-P92V. AtTIL-P95V. AtTIL-P98V YFP-HPR
Online Resource 1. Primers used to generate constructs AtTIL-P91V, AtTIL-P92V, AtTIL-P95V and AtTIL-P98V and YFP(HPR) using overlapping PCR. pentr/d- TOPO-AtTIL was used as template to generate the constructs
More informationCCHS 2016_2017 Biology Fall Semester Exam Review
CCHS 2016_2017 Biology Fall Semester Exam Review Biomolecule General Knowledge Macromolecule Monomer (building block) Function Structure 1. What type of biomolecule is hair, skin, and nails? Energy Storage
More informationChemical Basis of Life
Chemical Basis of Life Jan 30 11:42 AM In order to understand digestion and nutrition, we need some basic biochemistry Chemistry studies the composition of matter and its changes as well as the change
More informationNear-instant surface-selective fluorogenic protein quantification using sulfonated
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for rganic & Biomolecular Chemistry. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supplemental nline Materials for ear-instant surface-selective fluorogenic
More informationProtein Synthesis. Unit 6 Goal: Students will be able to describe the processes of transcription and translation.
Protein Synthesis Unit 6 Goal: Students will be able to describe the processes of transcription and translation. Protein Synthesis: Protein synthesis uses the information in genes to make proteins. 2 Steps
More informationTHE MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE GENETIC CODE: A TOOL FOR INQUIRING ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
STATISTICA, anno LXIX, n. 2 3, 2009 THE MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE OF THE GENETIC CODE: A TOOL FOR INQUIRING ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE Diego Luis Gonzalez CNR-IMM, Bologna Section, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129, Bologna,
More informationName: Date: Period: Biology Notes: Biochemistry Directions: Fill this out as we cover the following topics in class
Name: Date: Period: Biology Notes: Biochemistry Directions: Fill this out as we cover the following topics in class Part I. Water Water Basics Polar: part of a molecule is slightly, while another part
More informationSupplementary Information
Supplementary Information Arginine-rhamnosylation as new strategy to activate translation elongation factor P Jürgen Lassak 1,2,*, Eva Keilhauer 3, Max Fürst 1,2, Kristin Wuichet 4, Julia Gödeke 5, Agata
More informationHow did they form? Exploring Meteorite Mysteries
Exploring Meteorite Mysteries Objectives Students will: recognize that carbonaceous chondrite meteorites contain amino acids, the first step towards living plants and animals. conduct experiments that
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY 10/9/17 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE. Elements: simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down any further without changing what it is
BIOCHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Elements: simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down any further without changing what it is THE ATOM Just like cells are the basic unit of life, the ATOM is the
More informationSymmetry Studies. Marlos A. G. Viana
Symmetry Studies Marlos A. G. Viana aaa aac aag aat caa cac cag cat aca acc acg act cca ccc ccg cct aga agc agg agt cga cgc cgg cgt ata atc atg att cta ctc ctg ctt gaa gac gag gat taa tac tag tat gca gcc
More informationSolutions. Solutions. Water Basics 10/24/ Water Properties
0/24/206 O Water Basics Polar: part of a molecule is slightly positive, while another part is slightly negative Oxygen hogs electrons from hydrogen; results in negative charge on oxygen and positive charge
More informationBiology 2018 Final Review. Miller and Levine
Biology 2018 Final Review Miller and Levine bones blood cells elements All living things are made up of. cells If a cell of an organism contains a nucleus, the organism is a(n). eukaryote prokaryote plant
More informationBiology Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life. title 4 pictures, with color (black and white don t count!)
33 Biology Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life title 4 pictures, with color (black and white don t count!) 34 Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life Goals Highlight all unknown words 35-36 Chapter 2: The Chemistry
More informationthe spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together Chemical structure Covalent bond Ionic bond
Chemical structure the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together Covalent bond bond formed by the sharing of valence electrons between atoms Ionic bond
More informationSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
ch 2 chemical basis of life Name SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Fill in the blank or provide a short answer: 1) When a change in matter
More informationChapter 2. Introduction: Chapter Chemical Basis of Life. Structure of Matter:
Chapter 2.1-2.2 Read text 2.1 and describe why chemistry is important in understanding life. Read text 2.2 and discuss how atomic structure determines how atoms interact. Also describe the types of chemical
More informationPathways and Controls of N 2 O Production in Nitritation Anammox Biomass
Supporting Information for Pathways and Controls of N 2 O Production in Nitritation Anammox Biomass Chun Ma, Marlene Mark Jensen, Barth F. Smets, Bo Thamdrup, Department of Biology, University of Southern
More information1.Matter and Organic Compounds Matter =
The Chemistry of Life Notes Unit 2 1.Matter and Organic Compounds Matter = All things are made of matter Name Matter is made up of substances Chemical substance = definite composition throughout Either
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY GUIDED NOTES - AP BIOLOGY-
BIOCHEMISTRY GUIDED NOTES - AP BIOLOGY- ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS - anything that has mass and takes up space. - cannot be broken down to other substances. - substance containing two or more different elements
More informationGuided Notes Unit 1: Biochemistry
Name: Date: Block: Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life I. Concept 2.1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules a. Atoms Guided Notes Unit 1: Biochemistry i. Atom: _ ii. (They are SUPER small! It would take 3 million carbon
More informationChapter 002 The Chemistry of Biology
Chapter 002 The Chemistry of Biology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Anything that occupies space and has mass is called A. Atomic B. Living C. Matter D. Energy E. Space 2. The electrons of an atom are A.
More informationThe Chemistry of Microbiology
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology Atoms Matter anything that takes up space and has mass
More informationChapter 2. Lecture Outline. See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 2 Lecture
More information2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Living things consist of atoms of different elements. An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter. An element is one type of atom. 6 elements make up 99% of all living things
More informationPTYS 214 Spring Announcements. Midterm #1 on Tuesday! Be on time! No one enters after the first person leaves! Do your homework!
PTYS 214 Spring 2018 Announcements Midterm #1 on Tuesday! Be on time! No one enters after the first person leaves! Do your homework! 1 Last time - Properties of Life Organization, energy utilization, homeostasis,
More information2: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BODY
1 2: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BODY Although most students of human physiology have had at least some chemistry, this chapter serves very well as a review and as a glossary of chemical terms. In particular,
More informationChain-like assembly of gold nanoparticles on artificial DNA templates via Click Chemistry
Electronic Supporting Information: Chain-like assembly of gold nanoparticles on artificial DNA templates via Click Chemistry Monika Fischler, Alla Sologubenko, Joachim Mayer, Guido Clever, Glenn Burley,
More informationSection Objectives: Section Objectives: Distinguish mixtures and solutions. Define acids and bases and relate their importance to biological systems.
Section Objectives: Relate the structure of an atom to the identity of elements. Relate the formation of covalent and ionic chemical bonds to the stability of atoms. Section Objectives: Distinguish mixtures
More informationChapter 2. The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Introduction Cells, tissues and organs composed of chemicals Chemical reactions important for function Chemistry is the study of elements, compounds, chemical reactions,
More informationLecture 15: Programming Example: TASEP
Carl Kingsford, 0-0, Fall 0 Lecture : Programming Example: TASEP The goal for this lecture is to implement a reasonably large program from scratch. The task we will program is to simulate ribosomes moving
More informationCh 3: Chemistry of Life. Chemistry Water Macromolecules Enzymes
Ch 3: Chemistry of Life Chemistry Water Macromolecules Enzymes Chemistry Atom = smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means Element = substances that have similar properties and
More informationBloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: Describe the structure of atoms. Section: Topic: Chemistry
Chapter 02 The Chemistry of Life Multiple Choice Questions 1. The primary elements making up living organisms are A. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and calcium. B. carbon, oxygen, iron, and chlorine. C. carbon,
More informationSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Exam Name SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: 1) Lipid. 2) Functional protein. 3) Nucleotide.
More informationInsects act as vectors for a number of important diseases of
pubs.acs.org/synthbio Novel Synthetic Medea Selfish Genetic Elements Drive Population Replacement in Drosophila; a Theoretical Exploration of Medea- Dependent Population Suppression Omar S. Abari,,# Chun-Hong
More informationVideos. Bozeman, transcription and translation: https://youtu.be/h3b9arupxzg Crashcourse: Transcription and Translation - https://youtu.
Translation Translation Videos Bozeman, transcription and translation: https://youtu.be/h3b9arupxzg Crashcourse: Transcription and Translation - https://youtu.be/itsb2sqr-r0 Translation Translation The
More informationIntroduction to Molecular Phylogeny
Introduction to Molecular Phylogeny Starting point: a set of homologous, aligned DNA or protein sequences Result of the process: a tree describing evolutionary relationships between studied sequences =
More informationChapter 2 Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Section 2.1 Atoms, Ions and Molecules Section 2.2 Properties of water Section 2.3 Carbon-based Molecules Section 2.4 Chemical Reactions Section 2.5 - Enzymes 1 Atoms, Ions and
More informationIt is the author's version of the article accepted for publication in the journal "Biosystems" on 03/10/2015.
It is the author's version of the article accepted for publication in the journal "Biosystems" on 03/10/2015. The system-resonance approach in modeling genetic structures Sergey V. Petoukhov Institute
More informationChapter 02 Testbank. 1. Anything that occupies space and has mass is called. A. an electron. B. living. C. matter. D. energy. E. space.
Chapter 02 Testbank Student: 1. Anything that occupies space and has mass is called A. an electron. B. living. C. matter. D. energy. E. space. 2. The electrons of an atom are A. always equal to the number
More informationSlide 1 / 54. Gene Expression in Eukaryotic cells
Slide 1 / 54 Gene Expression in Eukaryotic cells Slide 2 / 54 Central Dogma DNA is the the genetic material of the eukaryotic cell. Watson & Crick worked out the structure of DNA as a double helix. According
More information