Development and Application of HPLC Method for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study of Domperidone

Transcription

1 Bhargavi Latha et al: Development and Application of HPLC Method for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study of Domperidone 3531 national Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology Volume 9 Issue 6 November December 2016 Research Paper MS ID: IJPSN YMRAO Development and Application of HPLC Method for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study of Domperidone A. Bhargavi Latha 1, Y. Shravan Kumar 2, Y. Madhusudan Rao 2 and N. Prasad 1 * 1 DMPK and Clinical Pharmacology Division, UCPS, Kakatiya University, Warangal , Telangana, India. 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Warangal , Telangana. Received September 6, 2016; accepted October 6, 2016 ABSTRACT A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for quantification of domperidone in human serum was developed and validated. Domperidone and internal standard (IS) propranolol hydrochloride were extracted into acetonitrile and separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a Phenomenx C18 column. The eluent was monitored by UV detector at 270 nm at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min 1. The linearity range of proposed method was ng/ml. The intra- and inter- coefficient of variation and percent error values of the assay method were less than 15% and mean recovery was more than 97 and 96% for domperidone and IS, respectively. The method was found to be precise, accurate and specific during the study. The method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study of domperidone in humans. KEYWORDS: HPLC; Eluent; Precise; Accurate; Domperidone. Introduction Domperidone (5-chloro-1-h1-[3-(2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1Hbenzimidazol-1-yl)-propyl]-4- piperidinyl- 1,3-dihydro-2Hbenzimidazol-2-one) is a dopamine antagonist with antiemetic properties similar to metoclopramide and certain neuroleptic drugs. Unlike these drugs, however, domperidone (DOMP) does not readily cross the blood brain barrier and seldom causes extrapyramidal side-effects (Brogden et al., 1982). There is little information available on the pharmacokinetics of DOMP in humans, mainly because of the lack of a convenient assay. In early studies, the pharmacokinetics of DOMP were determined in human volunteers by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) method using antibodies raised in rabbits against DOMP (Heykants et al., 1981 and Huang et al., 1986). Two previously published methods describe the quantitative analysis of DOMP in biological specimens (Yamamoto et al., 1998; Zavitsanos et al., 1999). The assays provided sufficient sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of DOMP in rat plasma and in human serum, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. However, these two chromatographic methods both use time-consuming liquid liquid sample preparation procedures of two steps or more. Another paper describes a HPLC method using a relatively simple solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure for sample preparation prior to analysis of DOMP in human plasma. In the present study, a simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for quantification of domperidone in human serum was developed and validated. In addition, unlike liquid liquid extraction schemes, the present extraction can be easily automated. The method employed reversed-phase chromatography with fluorescence detection after postcolumn photo derivatization (Maria and Kamila 2000). This method has been shown to be sensitive, accurate, reproducible and suitable for analyzing a large number of samples to support bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies. Materials and Methods Materials Domperidone and propranolol hydrochloride pure samples were gifted by Dr. Reddys Laboratories (Hyderabad, India) and Divi s Laboratories Ltd (Hyderabad, India) respectively. Acetonitrile, methanol (HPLC grade), potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (GR grade) and ortho-phosporic acid (GR grade) were purchased from Merck (Mumbai, India). Double distilled water was used during the entire HPLC procedure. Chromatographic Conditions The HPLC system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) consisted of a LC-20AT solvent module, 20AVP UV visible detector with LC solution software. The analytical column used was C18 column (Phenomenix, 250 mm 4.6 mm i.d, particle size 5µm) at temperature of 30 o C. The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile, potassium phosphate buffer (10 mm, ph 2.5) 34:66 v/v, the ph was adjusted to 2.5 with ortho phosporic acid. The elute was monitored at 270 nm, at a flow rate of 1mL 1 min 1. The injection volume was 50µL and detector sensitivity was set to AUFS. 3531

2 3532 Int J Pharm Sci Nanotech Vol 9; Issue 6 November December 2016 Preparation of the Calibration Standards and Quality Control (QC) Samples The stock solutions of DOMP and propronolol hydrochloride (PRNL) were prepared in methanol at a of 1.0 mgml 1 each. PRNL was used as an internal standard (Fig. 1b). The working solutions of 10 µgml 1 and 1.5 µgml 1 were prepared by appropriately diluting the stock solutions of DOMP and PRNL, respectively. DOMP working solution was used to prepare the spiking stock solutions for construction of nine-point calibration curve (2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ngml 1 ) and QC samples at three different levels (7. 5, 175 and 750 ngml 1 ). All the stock solutions were refrigerated (4 o C) when not in use. Calibration standards and QC samples were prepared in bulk by spiking 100 µl of respective spiking stock solutions to 0.5mL of control human serum and then aliquoted. These were stored at 2 o C until analysis. (R.E) values, respectively. Samples containing 7.5, 175 and 750 ngml 1 s were spiked for the determination of precision and accuracy. Five replicates at each were processed as described in the sample preparation on 1, 3, 5 and 10 to determine intra- and inter- precision and accuracy. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined using the signal-to- noise ratio (s/n) of 3:1 by comparing test results from samples with known s of analytes with blank samples. (a) (a) (b) (b) Fig. 1. Chemical structures of domperidone (a) and propranolol (b). Sample Preparation for Analysiss Aliquot (0.5 ml 1 ) of the human serum containing DOMP was pipetted into screw capped tubes and 100 µl of an internal standard (1500 ngml 1 of PRNL) was added and vortexed for 2min. followed by the addition of 5 ml of acetonitrile. This was vortexed for 5 min and centrifuged at 5000rpm for 15 min. The acetonitrile layer (4.5 ml 1 ) was separated and allowed to evaporate in vacuum oven (Sheldon Manufacturing Inc., Cornelius, USA). The evaporated residue was reconstituted with 100 µl of mobile phase and 50 µl of the reconstituted sample was injected in to the HPLC system. Assay validation The assay was validated according to the guidelines (Shah et al., 2000) with respect to linearity, range, LOD, LOQ and precision etc. The intra and inter- precision and accuracy of the assay were determined by percent coefficient of variation (C.V) and percent relative error (c) Fig. 2. HPLC chromatograms of (a) blank human serum (b) serum spiked with 2.5 ng of DOMP and 150ng of PRL and (c) Human serum collected at 4 h, after administration of DOMP, corresponding of DOMP was ngml 1. The retention times of DOMP and PRL were7.9 and 9.9 min respectively. Recovery The extraction recovery was determined by standard addition for QC samples at n of 7.5, 175 and 750 ngml 1 of DOMP and one (150 ngml 1 ) for IS. Five replicates of each QC sample

3 Bhargavi Latha et al: Development and Application of HPLC Method for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study of Domperidone 3533 were extracted by the above mentioned sample preparation and injected into the HPLC system. Stability studies To ensure the reliability of the results in relation to handling and storing of serum samples and stock standard solutions, stability studies were carried out at three different levels 7.5, 175 and 750 ng/ml. Freeze and thaw stability for three cycles was determined over three freeze-thaw cycles by thawing at room temperature for 2 8 h and then refreezing at 20 o C for h. The stability of spiked human serum stored at room temperature (bench top stability) was evaluated for 12 h. The long-term stability was assessed by carrying out the experiment after 30 s of storage at 20 o C. The stock solution stability of DOMP and PRNL each 1000 ngml 1 were determined at room temperature for 12 h and upon refrigeration (4 o C) for 20 s. The of DOMP after each storage period was related to the initial as determined for the samples that were freshly prepared. Robustness To determine the robustness of the developed method experimental conditions were purposely altered and the resolution of DOMP and PRNL was evaluated. The effect of percent organic strength (acetonitrile 35 ± 2%), flow rate (1.0±0.2 ml 1 ), buffer (10 ± 5 mm), temperature (30 ± 5 o C) and ph of buffer (4.6 ± 0.2) while the mobile phase components were held constant as stated above. Application to pharmacokinetic study The pharmacokinetic study was conducted in six humans (body weight 55 ± 5 kg), with the permission from the institutional ethical committee, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India. Tablets containing 10mg of DOMP were administered to humans and blood samples (5 ml) were collected from the cubital vein at the intervals of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 18.0 and 24.0 hrs. All blood samples were allowed to clot and centrifuged (MIKRO 220R, Germany) for 10min at 3000 rpm. The serum was separated and transferred into clean micro centrifuge tubes and stored at 20 o C until HPLC analysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters like peak serum (Cmax), time to reach peak (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC) and elimination half-life (t1/2) for DOMP were obtained for each human volunteer using a computer program KINETICA 2000 (Version 3.0, Innaphase corporation, Philadelphia, USA) meant for calculation of model independent parameters. Results and Discussion Chromatography The chromatographic conditions and sample preparation for the proposed method were optimized to suit the preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. The analytical process of DOMP and internal standard (I.S) were resolved with good symmetry. No endogenous interfering peaks were observed in individual blank serum at the retention times of DOMP and PRNL, thereby confirming the specificity of the analytical method. System suitability parameters for the method were as follows: theoretical plates for DOMP and I.S were 8581 and 10990, respectively. Tailing factor was less than 1.1 for both DOMP and I.S and resolution between DOMP and IS was 3.1. Quantification and calibration curve The calibration curve was linear in the range of ngml 1. The calibration regression equation of the calibration curve obtained from nine points was y = x with a correlation coefficient of Accuracy and precision The inter- accuracy and precision were determined on four different s and the results are shown in Table 1. The percentage C.V and percentage R.E were determined by analysis of five replicates of QC samples at three different s. The inter- and intra- precisions of the QC samples were satisfactory with C.V less than 15%, and accuracy with R.E within ± 1%. TABLE 1 - and inter- precision and accuracy data for assay of domperidone in human serum (n = 5). Added (ngml 1 ) Calculated (ngml 1) % C.V. % Error Limit of quantitation and limit of detection LOQ was established by determining the s of five spiked calibration standards. The LOQ of the method was found to be 2.5ngmL 1 for DOMP in human serum with C.V less than 20% and an accuracy of 85 to 110%. The LOD was determined to be 1 ngml 1. Recovery The extraction recovery was calculated by comparing the peak areas of the prepared standard samples with those of the standard solutions; the results are shown in Table 2. The extraction recovery of DOMP at 7.5, 175 and 750 ngml 1 was 104.3, 98.5 and 98.9%, respectively. The mean recovery of PRNL was found to be 96.2 ± 1.43%. The recovery of DOMP using the described procedure was consistent and efficient. Stability The result of the stability study was showed in Table 3. More than 99% of DOMP and PRNL were remained in standard solution, suggesting that both analytes are stable for at least 20 s when stored at 4 o C and for 12 h at room temperature. The results of bench top stability revealed that DOMP in serum was

4 3534 Int J Pharm Sci Nanotech Vol 9; Issue 6 November December 2016 stable for at least 12 h at room temperature. The repeated freezing and thawing (three cycles) of serum samples spiked with DOMP and long term stability study at three levels, showed more than 96%. The results of the stability studies indicated that the DOMP was stable in the studied conditions. Robustness The robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate, variations in method parameters, and provides an indication of its reliability during normal usage. The results of robustness study are shown in Table 4. It can be seen that every employed condition, the chromatographic parameters are in accordance with established value (Shah et al., 2000). A change of mobile phase composition (organic phase), flow rate, buffer, temperature and ph of buffer had no impact on chromatographic performance. The tailing factor for DOMP and PRNL was found to be less than 2 and both analytes were well separated under all the changes carried out. The resolution ranged between DOMP and PRNL 2.09 to Considering the result of modifications in the system suitability parameters and the specificity of the method, it would be concluded that the method conditions are robust. TABLE 2 Recovery and accuracy of the proposed method. Concentration (ngml 1 ) Absolute recovery Concentration Accuracy(%) Mean ± S.D (n=5) Mean(%) ± S.D (n=5) Range (Min max) % C.V Mean ± S.D (n=5) Range (Min max) % C.V ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± TABLE 3 Stability study results of domperidone. Spiked Concentration (ngml 1 ) Calculated comparison sample (ngml 1 ) d Calculated stability sample (ngml 1 ) d Average percentage Stability Mean ± S.D. C.V. Mean ± S.D. C.V. Bench top ± ± ± ± ± ± Freeze and thaw ± ± ± ± ± ± Long term ± ± ± ± ± ± TABLE 4 The robustness data of the developed HPLC method. Parameter Modification Retention time Retention time Tailing factor Tailing factor Theoretical plates Theoretical plates resolution Dom Prop Dom Prop Dom Prop Mobile phase ratio ACN) (Buffer : Flow rate Buffer ph Triethanolamine Temperature

5 Bhargavi Latha et al: Development and Application of HPLC Method for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study of Domperidone 3535 Application to pharmacokinetic study The method was applied to the analysis of serum samples obtained after application of 10mg of DOMP to eight humans. Fig. 1 depicts the mean serum time curve of DOMP. The pharmacokinetic parameters estimated were showing Table 5. After application, a peak of ng.ml (Cmax) for DOMP was reached at 1.44 h (Tmax). The halflife was found to be h. Area under serum (AUC 0-24) was found to be 107.1ng ml 1. preparation by protein precipitation and extraction into dichloromethane solvent system, followed by chromatographic separation and UV detection. No interfering peaks were observed at the elution times of DOMP and I.S. The method was accurate, reproducible, specific and applicable to the evaluation of pharmacokinetic profiles of DOMP in humans. The developed HPLC method was found to be suitable for the analysis of DOMP in human serum and may use for the estimation of pharmacokinetics after administration of DOMP by i.v. route, where the blood s are expected to be more. Fig. 1. Mean serum time profile of DOMP in healthy human volunteers (n = 6) after administration of DOMP values represented are mean ± S.D. TABLE 5 Pharmacokinetic parameters of domperidone after administering to healthy human volunteers (n=6). Parametr Value Cmax (ngml 1 ) ± 6.1 Tmax (hr) 1.44 ± 0.18 AUC0-24 (ngml 1 hr 1 ) ± AUC0- (ngml 1 hr 1 ) ± T½ (hr) ± 2.34 CL (mlmin 1 ) 0.08 ± Conclusions A simple, sensitive and reliable method for the determination of DOMP over the range of ng/ml in human serum by HPLC was developed and validated. The method consisted of sample References Brogden RN, Carmine AA, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS (1982). Domperidone. A review of its pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in the symptomatic treatment of chronic dyspepsia and as an antiemetic. Drugs 24: Heykants J, Hendriks R, Meuldermans W, Michiels M, Scheygrond H, Reyntjens H (1981). On the pharmacokinetics of domperidone in animals and man. IV. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous domperidone and its bioavailability in man following intramuscular, oral and rectal administration. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokin 6: Huang YC, Colaizzi JL, Bierman RH, Woestenborghs R, Heykants J (1986). Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of domperidone in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 26: Maria K, Kamila K (2000). High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for the determination of domperidone in human plasma. J Chromatogr B 744: Shah VP, Midha KK, Findlay JW, Hill HM, HulseJD, Mc Gilveray IJ, Mc Kay G, Miller KJ, Patnaik RN, Powell ML, Tonelli A, Viswanathan CT, Yacobi A (2000). Bioanalytical method validation--a revisit with a decade of progress. Pharm Res 17: Yamamoto K, Hagino M, Kotaki H, Iga T (1998). Quantitative determination of domperidone in rat plasma by highperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B 720: Zavitsanos AP, MacDonald C, Bassoo E and Gopaul D (1999). Determination of domperidone in human serum and human breast milk by high-performance liquid chromatographyelectrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 730: Address correspondence to: Dr. Prasad Neerati, DMPK & Clinical Pharmacology Division, UCPS, Kakatiya University, Warangal , Telangana, India. prasadneerati@gmail.com; yamsani123@gmail.com