MULTI-RESIDUE ANALYSES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN SURFACE WATER: STUDY CASE IN THE PARIS AREA

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1 Proceedings of the 13 th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Athens, Greece, 5-7 September 2013 MULTI-RESIDUE ANALYSES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN SURFACE WATER: STUDY CASE IN THE PARIS AREA V. BRIEUDES 1,2, S. LARDY-FONTAN 1, G. LAVISON 3, and B. LALERE 1, S. VASLIN- REIMANN 1, and H. BUDZINSKI 2 1 Laboratoire National de métrologie et d Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, Paris, France, 2 ISM-LPTC, UMR 5255, CNRS-Université Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, Talence, France, 3 DRDQE, Eau de Paris, 33 avenue Jean Jaurès, Ivry sur Seine, France. vincent.brieudes@lne.fr EXTENDED ABSTRACT Psychotropic drugs are commonly prescribed substances all over the world. This wide group of compounds displays great diversity of structures and effects. They are indicated in the treatment of several symptoms such as anxiety, depression, epilepsy, insomnia and Alzheimer s disease. Their common ground consists in exhibiting activity on the central nervous system. To a greater extent, drugs of abuse also share such properties. Number of evidence indicates that licit and illicit psychotropic substances and their degradation products are frequently detected in the environment. The present work aims at characterizing the occurrence of 68 compounds, including parent compounds as well as their major metabolites and glucuronide conjugates, in surface water in the Paris area. More specifically, a SPE-UPLC-MS² based methodology has been implemented to the quantitative determination of a broad range of analytes belonging to different classes of psychotropic drugs such as benzodiazepines, antidepressants, stimulants, opiates and opioids, anticonvulsants, anti-dementia drugs, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, the last being used as anthropic indicators. Furthermore, addition to the sample of not less than 25 isotopic labelled standards ensured both reproducibility and precision of the method, which is therefore readily applicable. Sampling campaigns were carried out monthly, during spring and summer Surface water from the Seine River was collected at three different locations along the Seine course through the city of Paris, thus providing space and temporal occurrence data. Moreover, the contamination levels of Seine and Marne Rivers, in the near upstream of Paris, were also evaluated by the initiation of a monitoring strategy using both conventional and integrative approaches. The present work reports the monitoring of original emerging substances in the aquatic system that contribute to a comprehensive assessment of their relevance as environmental pollutants. Keywords: pharmaceuticals, metabolites, psychotropic drugs, illicit drugs, surface water, ultra performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, solid phase extraction, passive sampler.

2 1. INTRODUCTION Through the last decade, numbers of publication highlighted the chronic contamination of aquatic environments by emerging substances. Among them, psychotropic drugs are a worldwide commonly prescribed group of compounds that has been characterised in waste and surface waters (Calisto et al., 2009). In France, in 2011, 6 out of 30 from the top seller pharmaceuticals were psychoactive. Moreover, health care services reported that, during the year 2000, almost 25% of the population were refund for the prescription of a psychotropic medication. Antidepressants, anxiolytics and antiepileptic drugs have been reported in French waste and surface waters (Togola et al., 2008). Regarding illicit drugs, estimation of the consumption is more difficult since it relies on population survey together with medical and crime statistics. Nevertheless, illicit substances have been quantified in wastewater effluent from the Paris area (Karolak et al., 2010). Occurrence of those kinds of pollutants as a complex mixture in the aquatic system is acknowledged. Yet, impacts on non-target organism are not well understood due to a lack of ecotoxicological data as well as scarce representative environmental information. Thus there is a great interest in providing occurrence data, especially for metabolites. The present work intends to set an experimental evaluation of the relevance of psychotropic substances and their metabolites as environmental pollutants. The initiation of a complementary approach using grab samples together with integrative tools emphasis on the representativity of the data collected. 2.. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1 Chemicals and reagents All reference standards and isotopic labelled standards (purity >98%) were purchased as powders or solutions in methanol (0.1 or 1 mg/ml) from Lipomed (Arlesheim, Switzerland), LGC Standards (Molsheim, France), Sigma-Aldrich (St. Quentin Fallavier, France), and Cluzeau Info Labo (Sainte Foy La Grande, France). All solvents used were LC/MS quality (J.T. Baker), while water was provided by a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Molsheim, France). Acetic acid (Normapur), formic acid (Normapur) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (Na 2EDTA) 3.7% in water (Merck) were obtained from VWR (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Ammonium hydroxide was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Individual stock solutions were prepared in methanol by gravimetry. Mixed solutions of 68 reference standards and 25 isotopic labelled standards were independently prepared at 5 mg/l and diluted as needed for working solutions preparations. All solutions were stored at 20 C in the dark. 2.2 Sample preparation Extraction and preconcentration of samples was achieved on Oasis MCX (60mg, 3cc) cartridge (Waters, France) conditioned with 3 ml methanol and 3 ml of Evian water (0.05% EDTA (v/v)) adjusted at ph 3 with formic acid. Prior to loading, 200 ml to 1 L of water sample was filtered through GF/F 0.7 µm glass fiber filter supplemented with 0.05% EDTA (v/v) and acidified to ph 3 with formic acid. Sample was then spiked with isotope labelled internal standards at 50ng/L. Briefly sample was percolated at a flow rate of 5 ml/min and cartridges were eluted with 3 ml MeOH and 3 ml MeOH with 0.2% ammonium hydroxide (v/v). Finally, extracts were evaporated dry under vacuum at 40 C and reconstituted with 100 μl H 20-MeOH (90:10, v/v).

3 2.3 Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry Separation and detection of analytes was achieved by ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using an Acquity UPLC system associated with a Xevo TQ-MS triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Waters, Guyancourt, France). All compounds were separated on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7µm; 2.1mm x 100mm) heated at 40 C with a 0.6 ml/min mobile phase flow rate. Separation is achieved in gradient mode using water and acetonitrile with 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid each. Compounds were analysed by MRM using protonated or unprotonated molecular ion as the precursor; the most abundant product ion transitions is employed for quantification and the second most abundant product ion transitions for confirmation, when possible. 3.. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING The Seine is a 776 km long river crossing northern France through the most populated urban area of the country including the city of Paris. It is joined by one of its main affluent the Marne River in the surrounding suburbs (Figure 1). Monitoring of the contamination levels of the two rivers was conducted in the near upstream of Paris nearby drinking water catchments. At locations A and E, both conventional and integrative approaches have been managed simultaneously for two periods of fifteen days each. Polar compounds integrative samplers using Oasis HLB sorbent were set in a device which ensured a homogeneous exposure of POCIS as well as a follow-up of water amounts flowed though. Furthermore, environmental occurrence of investigated compounds was also set up in the Seine. Grab samples were indeed collected along the river s course at three different sites: Tolbiac bridge (B), île de la Cité (C) and Garigliano bridge (D) (Figure 1). Campaigns were carried out monthly over 6 six months, whereas extra sampling took place every two weeks during the last three months. Figure 1 Map of the Paris area with sampling sites

4 4.. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Method validation Instrumental validation parameters such as linearity and estimated environmental limit of quantification were investigated. Most compounds (69%) displayed estimated environmental limits of quantification (LOQ) inferior to 0.5 ng/l for a percolated volume of 200mL (figure 2). 21% of the studied compounds exhibited estimated LOQ ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 ng/l. Few analytes (6%) had higher ones ranging from 2.5 to 5 ng/l while the 3 molecules had limits superior to 10 ng/l. Calibration curves were built toward each analyte with independent triplicate for 9 levels of concentration from 0.16 to 100 ng/l. Linearity on the range LOQ-100 ng/l was established for all compounds. Figure 2 Estimated environmental limits of quantification for studied compounds for 200mL of percolated sample reconstituted in 100 µl after preparation. Absolute SPE recoveries were determined and varied from 71% to 116% for almost every compound. They ranged from 46% to 62% for acetaminophen and for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressants fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine and their metabolites norfluoxetine, and (-)trans-4-[4-(4 -Fluorophenyl)-3-piperidinylmethoxy]-2- methoxyphenol. Despites efforts, acetaminophen glucuronide conjugate showed low retention (6% recovery). In order to ensure both reproducibility and precision of the optimized method, overall extraction recoveries were determined relatively to isotopic labelled internal standards. These relative recoveries are displayed in Table 1 and ranged from 11% to 149% but, for 60 out of 68 analytes, they ranged from 71 to 126%. Intra-day (n=3) and inter-day (n=3x3) intermediate precisions were also established (Table 1). They were respectively varying from 1 to 12% and from 1 to 16 % for the great majority of compounds; only five were out of these limits. Method characteristics met requirements for environmental analysis and are comparable to the literature for such an application (Baker et al., 2011 ; Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008 ; Gros et al., 2006).Therefore, regarding challenges of multi-residue analysis, the herein method fit our purpose.

5 Table 1 SPE mean recoveries (n=3) at 50ng/L for studied compounds 4.2 Occurrence data The carried campaigns provided occurrence data in surface water in the Paris area; some parent compounds such as cocaine or the anti-alzheimer drug memantine and some metabolites such as benzoylecgonine or zolpidem 4-phenyl-carboxylic acid were investigated for the first time, to our knowledge. Simultaneous deployment of conventional and integrative approaches in the upstream of Paris highlighted the complementarity of the two approaches for a comprehensive environmental monitoring. On the top of that, the carried out campaigns provided space and temporal occurrence data along the Seine river in a limited but very urban area. Indeed, information relative to the different sampling sites gave a picture of environmental fate through the course of the river at the scale of the city while the sampling schedule was established to provide data with semi-seasonal variations. 5. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES The present work set an experimental evaluation of the contamination of surface waters by psychotropic substances in the Paris area. The implemented strategy contributed to a comprehensive assessment of these emerging compounds relevance as environmental pollutants of the aquatic system in the perspective of developing reference methods.

6 Furthermore, this work also emphasizes the importance of providing representative data, which can be for instance achieved by means of appropriate sampling strategy. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge Patrick Candido and on-site teams from Eau de Paris for their kind help with the sample collection. REFERENCES 1. Calisto, Vânia, and Valdemar I. Esteves Psychiatric Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. Chemosphere 77 (10): Karolak, Sara, Thomas Nefau, Emilie Bailly, Audrey Solgadi, and Yves Levi Estimation of Illicit Drugs Consumption by Wastewater Analysis in Paris Area (France). Forensic Science International 200 (1-3): Togola, Anne, and Hélène Budzinski Multi-residue Analysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Aqueous Samples. Journal of Chromatography A 1177 (1): Baker, David R., and Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern Critical Evaluation of Methodology Commonly Used in Sample Collection, Storage and Preparation for the Analysis of Extraction and Liquid Chromatography mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1218 (44) (November 4): Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara, Richard Dinsdale, and Alan Guwy Multiresidue Methods for the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products and Illicit Drugs in Surface Water and Wastewater by Solid-phase Extraction and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 391 (4): Pharmaceuticals and Illicit Drugs in Surface Water and Wastewater by Solid Phase 6. Gros, Meritxell, Mira Petrović, and Damiá Barceló Development of a Multi-residue Analytical Methodology Based on Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC MS/MS) for Screening and Trace Level Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Surface and Wastewaters. Talanta 70 (4) (November 15):