SUB-CHEMISTRY CHAPTER-MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS (STUDY MATERIAL)

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1 1. Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close. Ans. Particles of hot sizzling food possess large kinetic energy and diffuse in air rapidly and reaches several metres away whereas, the particles of cold food possess less kinetic energy and are not able to reach several metres away. 2. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter? Ans. (i) All matter (elements or compounds) consists of very small particles. (ii) The particles of matter are in a state of continuous motion and possess kinetic energy. (iii) There are intermolecular spaces in between the particles (molecules) of matter. (iv) The particles (molecules) of matter attract each other with a force called intermolecular force which is maximum in solids and least in the gases. 3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does this observation show? Ans. Particles of water attract each other but the attraction is not strong enough to prevent the diver to cut through water. 4. Give reasons: a. A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept. b. A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container. c. A wooden table should be called a solid. d. We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood we need a karate expert. Ans. (a) The molecules of a gas have very high kinetic energy and large intermolecu-lar spaces and practically negligible in-termolecular forces and thus fill entire space of the vessel. (b)when the molecules of a gas which are having high kinetic energy strike against the walls of container, they exert some force per unit area, i.e., pressure. Therefore, a gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container. (c)a wooden table is solid because: i. It is rigid. ii. It has definite shape and volume. iii. It is not compressible. iv. It has any number of surfaces. (d) The molecules of a gas (air) have very large intermolecular spaces and negligible intermolecular forces. Hence, we can easily move our hand in air, whereas the intermolecular spaces between the molecules of a solid are very small and intermolecular forces are very large. Hence, a lot of force is needed to separate the molecules of a solid and we need karate expert to break a block of wood. 5. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have observed that ice floats on water. Find out why? Ans.Water expands on freezing and this leads to decrease in density. This means that for a given mass ice will have more volume as compared to liquid water. Thus being lighter (due to lower density), ice floats on water. 6. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale : (a) 300 K (b) 573 K Ans. Temperature in C = Temperature in Kelvin 273 (a)temperature in C = ( ) = 27 C (b) Temperature in C = ( ) = 300 C 7. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of state? 1

2 Ans. During the change of state, heat is absorbed but this heat gets used up in changing the state by overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles. Thus, there is no increase in average kinetic energy so temperature remains constant, although heat is being absorbed constantly. 8. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases. Ans. By applying pressure and reducing temperature, the atmospheric gases can be liquefied. 9. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day? Ans. In a desert cooler, hot and dry air passes through wet pads of wood-wool. Water takes heat from the hot air and evaporates. The evaporation of water cools the pads and the circulating water. As a result, the incoming air also gets cooled. 10. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer? Ans. An earthen pot has small pores in its walls. When water is poured into it, some of it seeps through these pores onto its outer surface. On reaching there, it evaporates. The heat required for evaporation is taken from the earthen pot and from the water in it. As a result, the water in an earthen pot gets cooled down. 11. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it? Ans. Acetone, petrol or perfume has very low boiling temperature. When we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on our palm, the particles of it gain energy from our palm and evaporate quickly which cause cooling. 12. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup? Ans. The rate of evaporation increases with an increase of surface area in the case of saucer as compared to the cup and thus hot tea or milk in saucer cools faster than cup. So, we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup. 13. What type of clothes should we wear in summer? Ans. We should wear cotton and light coloured clothes in summer. Cotton is a good absorber of water and absorbs the sweat which causes cooling effect by evaporation. Also the light colored clothes are poor absorber of heat. 14. Give reason for the following observations. I. Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid. II. We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away. Ans. (I) By absorbing heat energy from the surroundings, naphthalene balls slowly sublimes, i.e., solid naphthalene balls directly get converted into vapours and disappear with time without leaving any solid. (II) The molecules of perfume when enter in the air, diffuses in all directions as they are volatile and therefore, we can smell the perfume sitting several metres away. 15. Give two reasons to justify- a. Water at room temperature is a liquid. b. An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature. 16. (a) Water is a liquid because :(i) Intermolecular spaces are very large. (ii) Intermolecular forces are less and kinetic energy is more. The molecules of water can interchange their spaces. Thus, water is in liquid state at room temperature. (b) Iron almirah is; a solid because:(i) Intermolecular forces are very large. (ii) Intermolecular spaces and kinetic energy are very small. The molecules of iron almirah are held very tightly. The iron almirah has a definite shape and definite volume and thus it is a solid. 17. Why is ice at 273K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature? 18. Ans. Cooling takes place when heat is removed from a system. In case of ice at 0 C (273 K), it will take heat (latent heat) from the medium to convert itself first into water at 0 C (273 K) and then into water at a higher temperature. In short, in 2

3 case of ice at 0 C (273 K) have no latent heat of fusion that s why it is more effective in cooling. 19. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam? Ans. Steam produces more severe burns. Steam has the highest specific latent heat of vaporization whose value is 2260 kj/kg. Thus 1 kg of steam at 100 C contains 2260 kj of more heat energy than 1 kg of water at 100 C. It is this enormous amount of heat energy in steam which causes more severe burns. 20. Why gases are compressible but not liquids? (i) Gases are compressible due to weak force of attraction between molecules of gases and more intermolecular space. (ii) In liquids, there is strong force of attraction as compared to gases therefore, they are not easily compressible. 21. Why do plants acquire more leaves during summer? Ans. Evaporation of water from the leaves is called transpiration. Transpiration helps plants to keep cool. During summer, when the temperature is high, a plant must transpire more to keep itself cool. More transpiration requires more leaves. So, plants acquire more leaves during summers. 22. Air becomes liquid at 82 K and solid at 61K. Convert these temperatures on Celsius scale. Ans. Tc = Tk - 273, therefore we have Tc = = C and Tc = =-212 C. (Where Tc = Temperature in C Tk = Temperature in K) 23. Which phenomenon occurs during the following changes :(a) Formation of clouds (b) Drying of wet clothes(c) Wax melts in the sun (d) Size of naphthalene balls decreases. Ans. (a) Condensation, (b) Evaporation(c) Fusion (d) Sublimation. 24. Why does evaporation cause cooling? Ans. Evaporation is an endothermic process, i.e., a liquid absorbs heat during evaporation. This heat may be provided by the liquid itself or by the surroundings. On evaporation, the liquid takes heat from the other parts of the liquid, thereby cooling down. On the other hand, if the liquid takes heat from the surroundings, it causes a cooling of the surroundings. 25. Name the factors on which evaporation depends. Ans. Evaporation depends upon :(i) The area of the exposed surface. (ii) The nature of the liquid. (iii) The temperature of the liquid. (iv) The blowing of air over the liquid surface.(v) The pressure on the liquid surface. (vi) The dryness (humidity) of the air. 26. Differentiate between boiling & evaporation. Evaporation Boiling Evaporation of a liquid takes place of its own. Boiling occurs only when the liquid is heated. Evaporation takes place at all temperatures. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon and occurs only from the surface of the liquid. Cooling is always caused during evaporation. It is a slow process. 3 Boiling takes place at a specific temperature known as the boiling point of the liquid. Boiling occurs from the surface as well as from below the surface of the liquid. No cooling is caused during boiling. It is rapid process.

4 27. Solids are generally very heavy while gases are light. Explain. In the solids, the particles are very closely packed. As a result, the number of particles per unit volume is quite large. Therefore, the solids are normally quite heavy. In the gases, the particles are loosly packed. The number of particles per unit volume is comparatively small. Therefore, gases are light. 28. Carbon dioxide gas is heavier than both nitrogen and oxygen. Why does not it form lower layer in the atmosphere? Ans. The diffusion of a gas is not affected by gravity. This means that carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) remains uniformly mixed in air. Therefore, the gas does not form the lower layer in the atmosphere. 29. Ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases are both pungent smelling in nature. These are released from the two opposite corners in a room. Which gas will reach first a person sitting in the centre of the room? Ans.The particles of the lighter gas will diffuse faster as compared to those of heavier gas. Out of the two gases, ammonia is lighter than hydrogen chloride gas. Therefore, its smell will reach first a person sitting in the centre of the room. 30. Solids are normally not compressible. Why can a sponge be readily pressed? Ans. A sponge made up of rubber has a large number of fine pores in which air remains filled. When the sponge is pressed, the air from the pores escapes and vacant spaces are left. Therefore, the sponge can be readily pressed on applying pressure. 31. Why is it not proper to regard the gaseous state of ammonia as vapours? Ans. The gaseous state of a substance can be regarded as vapours only in case it is a liquid at room temperature. Since ammonia is a gas at room temperature, its gaseous state cannot be regarded as vapours., 32. What happens to the heat energy which is supplied to the solid once it has started melting? Ans. The heat energy supplied is taken up by solid particles and helps in their melting or fusion. It is known as latent heat of fusion. 33. Kelvin scale of temperature is regarded as better than the Celsius scale. Assign reason. Ans. In the Celsius scale of temperature we often come across a negative sign for the temperature (e.g., C). Since the sign is always positive in the Kelvin scale, it is regarded as better. 34. Gases can be compressed but not solids. Explain. - Ans. In gases, interparticle spaces are quite large. On applying pressure, these spaces decrease and the molecules of gas come closer. As a result, the gases can be compressed. In solids, the interparticle spaces are already very small. Therefore, on applying pressure, the constituent particles in a solid do not come close and the solids cannot be pressed. 35. A rubber band changes its shape when stretched. Can it be regarded as solid? Ans. Yes, it can be still regarded as solid. There are certain special cases where a solid undergoes a Change in shape on applying pressure. When the pressure is released, it regains its original shape. 4

5 Such solids are known as elastics. 36. What are the factors which are responsible for bringing a change in the physical state of a substance? Ans. Temperature and pressure are the two factors which can bring about the change in physical state. But they have opposing effects. Increase in temperature pulls the constituents of a substance apart. Increase in pressure tends to bring them closer. 37. How will you demonstrate that air contains water vapors? 38. Thoroughly dry a glass beaker and take some crushed ice in it. After sometime, droplets of water appear on the outer surface of glass. How are these formed? It is because of water vapours present in air, which get condensed when they come in contact with the glass surface where the temperature is very low. 39. What is plasma? Ans. Plasma is a state of matter consisting of super-excited particles of very high energy order. These particles are present in the form of ionized gases. 40. Is it true to say that fluorescent tube contains plasma? Explain. Ans. It is not correct to say that fluorescent tube contains plasma. In fact fluorescent e contains helium or some other rare gas. The particles of the gas gets ionized, i.e., charged in the presence of high voltage applied. These charged particles are called plasma, which actually glow. 41. Why do the sun or the stars glow? Ans. Because of the high temperature inside sun or stars, particles of hydrogen gas or helium get ionized and plasma is created. The plasma helps the sun or stars to glow. 42. Do all particles or plasma glow similarly? Ans. The plasma glows with different colours depending on the nature of the containing. Neon sign bulb (containing neon gas) glows differently than a fluorescent tube (containing helium gas). 43. What is the difference between a gas and plasma? Ans. Gas consists of particles which are neutral and are associated with energies comparable with atmospheric temperature. Plasma is super energetic particles in the form of ionized gases. 44. Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter. (b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container, shape, kinetic energy and density. Characteristics Solids Liquids Gases Ans. (1) Rigidity Highly rigid Very less rigid Not rigid (2) Compressibility Negligible Low High (3) Fluidity Do not flow Flow from higher lower to level Flow in all directions (4) Filling a Do not need Need container to Need container container to container them contain them fill to them (5) Shape Definite shape Take the shape of the Not have container shape definite (6) Kinetic Energy Least K.E. More K.E. than solids maximum K.E. (7) Density Maximum density Less density than Least denser solids 5

6 45. Define (i) Latent heat of fusion and (ii) Latent heat of vaporization. Ans. Latent heat of fusion. The amount of heat energy required to convert 1 kg of ice into water at 1 atmospheric pressure at constant temperature of 0 C is called latent heat of fusion. Latent heat of vaporization. The amount of heat required to convert 1 kg of water at its boiling point, i.e., 100 C and 1 atmospheric pressure is called latent heat of vaporization. 46. What is the relation between boiling point of a liquid and the intermolecular forces of attraction between the particles of a liquid? Stronger the intermolecular forces of attraction, higher would be the boiling point. For example, particles of alcohol have weaker intermolecular forces of attraction than those of water particles. This is in conformity with the fact that alcohol boils at lower temperature of 78 C as compared to boiling point of water which is 100 C. 47. What is sublimation? Give an example with illustration. Ans. Generally matter changes its state on heating from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas. However, there are some substances that change directly from solid state to gaseous state and vice versa. This change of state from solid to gas without changing into liquid state or vice versa is called sublimation. For example, camphor on heating directly changes into vapors. 48. What do you mean by diffusion? Explain giving an example. Ans. Particles of matter are always in a state of motion. They move to interact with other particles and distribute themselves equally in all available space. This intermixing of particles of two substances on their own is called diffusion. Particles of a gas diffuse faster in particles of a liquid. Example: Light an agarbatti in one corner of the room, and stand in other corner. Very soon, you will feel smell of agarbatti. The particles of perfume in the agarbatti stick mix with particles of air and spread out and eventually reach to us even at a distance. This is due to diffusion of agarbatti particles into particles of air. 49. Do solids diffuse? What happens on heating? Ans. Solids do diffuse but at a very slow speed. On heating diffusion increases. For ample, when agarbatti stick is not heated, you take it close to your nose to have a smell stick. On lighting the stick, we get smell of stick even at a distance. 50. Give an example of (i) a liquid diffusing into a solid, (ii) solid diffusing to a liquid and (iii) Solid diffusion into a solid. Ans. (i) liquid diffusing into solid. If we put a drop of ink on the centre of a clean blotting paper we find the liquid spreading out by diffusing into the blotting paper which is solid. (ii) Solid diffusing into liquid. When we put a crystal of potassium permanganate in iter, slowly the color of potassium permanganate spreads throughout water. (iii) Diffusion of a solid into a solid. Diffusion of solids is very very slow. So diffusion a solid into other solids is rare and very small. When we write on a black board with a 6

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