Comparative Studies of the Adsorption of Direct Dye on Activated Carbon and Conducting Polymer Composite

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1 ISSN: ; CODEN ECJHAO E-Journal of Chmistry , 9(3), Comparativ Studis of th Adsorption of Dirct Dy on Activatd Carbon and Conducting Polymr Composit J. RAFFIEA BASERI* 1, P. N. PALANISAMY 2 and P. SIVAKUMAR 3 1 Dpartmnt of Chmistry, Al-Amn Enginring Collg, Erod, Tamilnadu , India 2 Dpartmnt of Chmistry, Kongu Enginring Collg, Prundurai, Erod, Tamilnadu , India 3 Dpartmnt of Chmistry, Arignar Anna Govrnmnt Arts Collg, Namakkal, Tamilnadu , India raffia2010@gmail.com Rcivd 9-Nov-2011; Accptd 15-Jan-2012 Abstract: This study analyss th fasibility of rmoving Dirct Blu 71 from aquous solution by diffrnt adsorbnts such as activatd carbon (TPAC) and Poly pyrrol polymr composit (PPC) prpard from Thvtia Pruviana. Batch mod adsorption was prformd to invstigat th adsorption capacitis of ths adsorbnts by varying initial dy concntration, tmpratur, agitation tim and ph. Th prformanc of TPAC was compard with PPC. Among th adsorbnts, PPC had mor adsorption capacity (88.24%) than TPAC (58.82%) at an initial concntration of 50 mg/l and at 30 C. Th xprimntal data bst fittd with psudo scond ordr kintic modl. Th adsorption data fittd wll for Langmuir adsorption isothrm. Thrmodynamic paramtrs for th adsorbnts wr also valuatd. Th carbon mbddd in conducting polymrs matrix show bttr adsorptiv proprtis than activatd carbon. Ky words: Adsorption, Langmuir isothrm, kintics, conducting polymr, dirct blu 71. Introduction Txtil industris rank first in th usag of dys whn compard to othr industris lik food, papr, cosmtics and carpt industris 1. Efflunts dischargd from dying industris ar highly colord and toxic. Dcolorization of txtil fflunts using th convntional tchnologis is not ffctiv bcaus of thir limitations 2. Dirct dys possss good affinity to cllulosic fibrs and thy ar widly usd du to thir low cost, xcllnt colour rang and good light fastnss 3. Many of thm ar highly toxic and carcinognic 4. Many physical and

2 Comparativ Studis of th Adsorption of Dirct Dy 1123 chmical mthods including adsorption, coagulation, prcipitation and filtration hav bn usd to rmov harmful dys from colord wast watr. Adsorption is th most conomical and ffctiv mthod for rmoval of dys. Though commrcial activatd carbon is an idal adsorbnt for th rmoval of dys from fflunt, it is unconomical du to its high production cost and rgnration costs. Many rsarchrs hav provd svral low cost matrials such as par millt husk carbon 5, asprgillus nigr 6, ric husk, banana pith, cotton wast, kaolin 7, coir pith 8, guava sds 9, nm saw dust 10, clay 11 and mango sd krnl 12 as suitabl adsorbnts for th rmoval of dys. Conducting polymrs such as Poly pyrrol coatd on saw dust ar rcntly usd as novl adsorbnts du to thir lctrical conductivity and lctro ngativity 13. Also Polymrs hav an advantags of lss sludg gnration and ffctiv in both batch and column mod systms. In this study, Poly pyrrol polymr composit was chmically synthsizd on th saw dust of Thvtia pruviana. Also activatd carbon was prpard by carbonization of Thvtia pruviana wood followd by chmical imprgnation with H 3 PO 4. Th comparativ study of th conducting polymr composit and activatd carbon for th adsorption of dirct blu71 from txtil wast watr was conductd by batch mod adsorption tsts. Exprimntal Prparation of Activatd Carbon (TPAC) Thvtia Pruviana wood was cut into pics of 2 cm to 3 cm siz, drid in sunlight for 10 days. Th drid matrial was soakd in a boiling solution of 40 % H 3 PO 4 for on hour and kpt at room tmpratur for 24 hours. Aftr 24 hour, th wood matrial was sparatd, air drid and carbonizd in muffl furnac at 400 C. Th carbonizd matrial was powdrd and activatd in a muffl furnac at 800 C for a priod of 10 minuts. Thn th matrial was washd with plnty of watr to rmov rsidual acid, drid, sivd to a dsird particl siz and stord in a tight lid containr for furthr adsorption studis. Th charactristics of th activatd carbon ar analyzd as pr th standard procdurs 14,15 and givn in Tabl 1. Th surfac morphology of TPAC visualizd via Scanning Elctron Microscop (SEM), (Mak - Jol, Modl 6390LA) at 500X magnification. Prparation of PolyPyrrol Polymr Composit Thvtia pruviana Sawdust was washd with distilld watr in ordr to rmov any dust or impuritis and finally drid at 60 C for 2 hours in an air ovn. In ordr to achiv uniform coating, th sawdust sivd into a particl siz of 180 to 300 bfor coating. Th polymrization was don on sawdust by soaking in th monomr solutions (0.20 M). Th oxidant (0.50 M FCl 3 ) slowly addd with th mixtur at room tmpratur for 2 hours. Th polymr coatd sawdust was filtrd, washd with distilld watr, drid at 60 C (in an ovn) and sivd bfor us 16. Th coating prcntag of ach polymr onto saw dust dtrmind by wight diffrnc of th drid sawdust bfor and aftr coating and it was narly 5% 17. Prparation of Dirct Dy Solution Th dy usd in this study was Dirct Blu 71 having molcular formula C 40 H 23 N 7 Na 4 O 13 S 4 (Mol.Wt: ) with CI No Th molcular structur of DB71 is givn in Figur 1.Th stock solution of 1000mg/L of th DB71 dy was prpard by dissolving 1000mg of th dy in 1 litr doubl distilld watr. Th xprimntal solutions wr obtaind by diluting th dy stock solutions in accurat proportions to diffrnt initial concntrations.

3 1124 J. RAFFIEA BASERI Figur 1. Molcular structur of Dirct Blu 71. Batch Mod Adsorption Exprimnts Th adsorption xprimnts wr carrid out by agitating 100 mg adsorbnt with 200 ml of dy solutions of 25 to 100 mg/l concntration at 150 rpm on an Orbital shakr (REMI mak). Th mixtur was withdrawn at spcifid intrvals, cntrifugd using lctrical cntrifug (Univrsal mak) at 5000rpm for 20 minuts and unadsorbd suprnatant liquid was analyzd for th rsidual dy concntration using Elico mak UV Spctrophotomtr (CI 73) at max of 587 nm. Th ffct of ph was studid by using dilut HCl and NaOH solutions. Th ffct of tmpratur was studid at four diffrnt tmpraturs (30, 35, 40 and 45 C). All xprimnts wr carrid out in duplicat and th man valus ar rportd, whr th maximum dviation was within 4%. Th ffcts of ach paramtr (initial dy concntration, ph, agitation tim) wr valuatd in an xprimnt by varying that paramtr, whil othr paramtrs ar maintaind as constant. Th amount of dy on PAC adsorbnt was calculatd from th following quation q t ( C 0 C ) V, (1) M whr, q t (mg/g) is th amount of dy adsorbd at tim t, C 0 and C (mg/l) ar th concntrations of dy at initial and quilibrium rspctivly. V (L) is th volum of th solution and M (g) is th mass of dry adsorbnt usd. Dsorption Studis Th rgnration of th adsorbnt may mak th tratmnt procss conomical. Th suprnatant was sparatd aftr cntrifugation and th adsorbnt was sparatd and allowd to agitat with 100 ml of distilld watr at diffrnt ph (2 11) abov th quilibrium tim of adsorption. Th dsorbd dy solution was stimatd as givn in th adsorption studis 18. Rsults and Discussion Charactrization Studis Charactristics of carbon prpard from Thvtia Pruviana ar prsntd in Tabl 1. Examination of SEM micrograph (Figur 2a) of th TPAC showd rough aras on th surfac of th carbon. SEM micrographs of PPC (Figur 2 b) showd th formation of th polymr matrix on th surfac of th sawdust.

4 Comparativ Studis of th Adsorption of Dirct Dy 1125 Tabl 1. Physico Chmical charactristics of TPAC and PPC. S.No Proprtis TPAC PPC 1 ph Moistur Contnt,% Conductivity, ms cm Mthyln Blu Numbr, mg/g Iodin Numbr, mg/g Volatil mattr, % Effct of Agitation Tim and Initial Dy Concntration In ordr to dtrmin th rat of adsorption, xprimnts wr conductd at diffrnt initial dy concntrations ranging from 25 to 100 mg/l at 30 C. Th variation in th prcntag rmoval of DB71 with contact tim at an initial dy concntration of 50 mg/l by various adsorbnts TPAC and PPC ar shown in Figur.3. It was obsrvd that th maximum amount of dy adsorbd within th contact tim of 30 minuts and it rachd quilibrium at 50 minuts for TPAC and 90 minuts for PPC. Aftr that no significant chang was obsrvd in th xtnt of adsorption. Th prcntag of dy rmoval dcrasd from % to % for TPAC and 96.30% to 83.08% for PPC whil incrasing th initial dy concntrations from 25 to 100 mg/l. If initial dy concntration is incrasd, thr is an incrasd comptition for th activ adsorption sits and th adsorption procss will slow down. (2a) (2b) Figur 2. Scanning Elctron Micrographs of TPAC and PPC. Th adsorption curvs ar singl, smooth and continuous till th saturation of dy on th carbon surfac. Th adsorption capacity at quilibrium incrasd from mg/g to mg/g for TPAC and mg/g to mg/g for PPC with an incras in th initial concntrations from 25 to 100mg/L. This is du to th incras in availability of th dy molculs nar adsorbnt. Similar bhaviors wr rportd for th adsorptiv rmoval of Dirct Blu 67 by low cost ric husk wast 19 and th adsorption of Dirct Yllow 86 and Dirct Rd 224 on carbon nanotubs 20.

5 % of dy rmoval % of dy rmoval % of dy rmoval 1126 J. RAFFIEA BASERI Th amount of DB71 rmoval by th TPAC is lss than that of PPC. This may b du to th htrognity obtaind by th prsnc of functional groups on th surfac of th polymr composits 16. Th pors on th surfac of activatd carbon may not b fully occupid by dy molculs whr as th dy molculs may occupy mor sits on th polymr composits du to th ordrly arrangmnt of polymr matrix. From th litratur 13, it was suggstd that th rat of dy rmoval was high du to th ion xchang mchanism btwn th oppositly chargd functionalitis originating from monomr (or oxidant solutions during thir synthsis )and th anionic dy molculs PPC TPAC Tim,min Figur 3. Effct of agitation tim on th prcntag rmoval of DB 71 dy on TPAC and PPC at 30 C (adsorbnt dosag, 100mg; ph, 4.3; initial dy concntration, 50 mg/l) C 35 C 40 C 45 C C 35 C 40 C 45 C Tim,min Tim,min 4(a) 4(b) Figur 4. Effct of tmpratur on th adsorption of DB 71 dy on to TPAC and PPC at initial concntration of 50 mg/l (adsorbnt dosag, 100mg; ph, 4.3). Effct of Tmpratur Th xprimnts wr carrid out at four diffrnt tmpraturs (30, 35, 40 and 45 C) to obsrv th ffct of tmpratur on th adsorption of DB71 by TPAC and PPC rspctivly and th rsults ar shown in Figur 4a & 4b. Th prcntag rmoval of DB71 incrasd from % to % on TPAC and % to % on PPC rspctivly on

6 Comparativ Studis of th Adsorption of Dirct Dy 1127 incrasing th tmpratur. This indicats that th sorption of dirct dy on givn activatd carbon and conducting polymr composit of Thvtia Pruviana is an ndothrmic procss. Effct of ph Th prcntag of dy adsorption by activatd carbon as wll as for polymr composits was maximum at ph 2 and dcrasd on incrasing th ph. This is du to high lctrostatic attraction btwn th positivly chargd (high concntrations of H + ) surfac of th adsorbnts and anionic dy 21. Whn th ph is incrasd; th lctrostatic rpulsion incrass and th adsorption rat gt dcrasd. Kintics Studis In this study, th adsorption DB71 onto diffrnt adsorbnts was analyzd using psudo-first ordr and psudo-scond ordr kintic modls. Psudo first - ordr kintic modl assums that th rat of chang of solut uptak with tim is dirctly proportional to diffrnc in solution concntration and th amount of solid uptak. Th psudo-first ordr rat quation proposd Lagrgrn 22 is dq dt t k ( q q ), (2) 1 t whr, q t and q ar th amount of dy adsorbd (mg/g) at tim t (min) and at quilibrium, and k 1 is th psudo-first ordr rat constant (min -1 ). Th intgratd linar form of psudofirst ordr quation is k log ( q q ) log q t. (3) t Th plot of log (q -q t ) vrsus t should giv a straight lin with slop of k 1 /2.303 and intrcpt log q. Calculatd valus of k 1 and q ar summarizd for th adsorption of DB71 on TPAC and PPC (figur not shown) at diffrnt initial dy concntrations and diffrnt tmpraturs in Tabl 2a & 2b. Similar rsults wr obsrvd for th adsorption of Congo rd by chitosan hydrogl bads imprgnatd with ctyl trimthyl ammonium bromid 23. Th psudo first-ordr kintic modl of Lagrgrn dos not fit wll with th xprimntal data ovr th whol rang of initial concntrations studid. Th psudo-scond ordr kintic quation is xprssd as t q t 1 t, (4) 2 k q q 2 whr, k 2 is th rat constant (g/mg min) and q is th quilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g) 23. Th initial adsorption rat, h, (mg/g min) is xprssd as 2 h = k q (5) 2

7 1128 J. RAFFIEA BASERI Tabl 2(a). Kintic paramtrs for th adsorption of dirct dy DB 71 onto TPAC and PPC with diffrnt initial dy concntration at tmpratur 30 C. Adsorbnts TPAC PPC Paramtr Initial dy concntration, mg/l q xp.(mg/g) Psudo first ordr kintics k 1x 10-2 (min -1 ) q cal (mg/g) r Psudo scond ordr kintics k 2 x 10-4 (g/mg min) h q cal (mg/g) r Tabl 2(b). Kintic paramtrs for th adsorption of dirct dy DB 71 onto TPAC and PPC with diffrnt tmpraturs at initial dy concntration of 50mg/L. Adsorbnts TPAC PPC Paramtr Tmpratur, C q xp.(mg/g) Psudo first ordr kintics k 1x 10-2 (min -1 ) q cal (mg/g) r Psudo scond ordr kintics k 2 x 10-4 (g/mgmin) h q cal (mg/g) r Figur 5a & 5b show th psudo-scond ordr plots for th adsorption of DB71 on TPAC and PPC rspctivly at various initial dy concntrations and 30 C. Th valu of k 2 and q dtrmind from th intrcpt and slop of th plot. Th rat constant, k 2 dcrass with

8 t/qt,min/mg/g t/qt,min/mg/g Comparativ Studis of th Adsorption of Dirct Dy 1129 incras in initial dy concntration. From th rsults givn in Tabl 2(a & b), th adsorption of DB71 at diffrnt initial dy concntration and tmpraturs fits wll to th psudo scond ordr kintic modl than th psudo first ordr kintic modl with high corrlation cofficint mg/l 50 mg/l 75 mg/l 100 mg/l mg/l 50 mg/l 75 mg/l 100 mg/l Tim,min Tim,min 5(a) 5(b) Figur 5. Psudo scond ordr plots for th adsorption of DB 71 dy onto TPAC and PPC at 30 C (adsorbnt dosag, 100mg; ph, 4.3). Equilibrium Adsorption Isothrm Adsorption isothrm indicats th rlationship btwn th adsorbat in th liquid phas and th adsorbat adsorbd on th surfac of th adsorbnt at quilibrium at constant tmpraturs 24. Th applicability of th isothrm quation is compard by judging th corrlation cofficints (r 2 ). Th Langmuir adsorption isothrm is th bst known linar modl for monolayr adsorption on th homognous surfac and most frquntly utilizd to dtrmin th adsorption paramtrs. Langmuir modl is rprsntd by th following quation: C q 1 Q b o L 1 C, Q o (6) whr q th amount is adsorbd at quilibrium (mg/g), capacity (mg/g), Qo is th monolayr adsorption C is th quilibrium concntration of adsorbat (mg/l) and Langmuir constant rlatd to nrgy of adsorption. bl is Figur 6(a&b) show a linarizd plot of C/q against C. Valus of Q o and b L wr calculatd and givn in Tabl 3. Th Langmuir adsorption capacitis of DB71 dy varis from mg/g to

9 C/q,g/L C/q,g/L 1130 J. RAFFIEA BASERI C,mg/L 30º C 35º C 40º C 45º C 30º C º C 40º C º C C,mg/L 6(a) 6(b) Figur 6. Langmuir adsorption isothrm plots for th adsorption of DB 71 dy onto TPAC and PPC (adsorbnt dosag, 100mg; ph, 4.3; agitation tim, 120 min) mg/g for TPAC and mg/g to mg/g for PPC rspctivly on incrasing in tmpratur from 30º C to 45º C. This indicatd that th adsorption was favor at high oprating tmpratur. Similar valus wr rportd alrady for th rmoval of dirct dy DB71 by th low cost adsorbnt 25. Th maximum adsorption corrsponds to a saturatd mono layr of dy molculs on th adsorbnt surfac with constant nrgy and thr is no transmission of dy molculs on th adsorbnt surfac occurs. Furthr it confirms th ndothrmic natur of th procsss involvd du to th incras in adsorption capacity with incras in tmpratur of th systm. Th xprimntal data fits quit wll for Langmuir isothrm with th good corrlation cofficint as shown in Tabl 3. Th sparation factor R L is calculatd by th following quation to confirm th favorability of th adsorption procss. R L = 1/ (1+ b L.C 0 ), (7) whr b L is th Langmuir constant and C 0 is th initial concntration of dy (mg/l). Th valus of R L found to b btwn 0 and 1 indicating that th adsorption procss is favorabl. Th Frundlich quation is an mpirical rlationship dscribing th sorption of soluts from a liquid to a solid surfac. Linar form of Frundlich quation is log q 1 log k f log C (8) n

10 Comparativ Studis of th Adsorption of Dirct Dy 1131 Tabl 3. Isothrm Constants for th adsorption of dirct dy, DB 71 onto TPAC and PPC at various Tmpraturs Adsorbnts TPAC PPC Paramtr Tmpratur C Langmuir Isothrm Q 0 (mg/g) b L (L/mg) r Frundlich Isothrm n k f (mg 1-1/n L 1/n g -1 ) r Dubinin-Raduskvich Isothrm q D (mg/g) E (kj/mol) r A plot of log q vrsus log C givs a linar lin with a slop of 1/n and intrcpt of log k f and th rsults ar givn Tabl 3. From th xprimntal data, k f valus incrasd on incrasing tmpratur, implying that th adsorption procss is ndothrmic in natur. Valus n>1 rprsnt a favorabl adsorption condition. Th corrlation cofficint valus ar poor whn compard to th Langmuir isothrm modl. Th D-R isothrm dscribs th adsorption on a singl uniform por. Dubinin- Raduskvich isothrm is gnrally xprssd as follows 26 : Th linar form of D-R isothrm quation is rprsntd as: ln q 2 ln qd B (9) 1 RT ln(1 ), (10) whr q D is th thortical saturation capacity (mol/g), B is a constant rlatd to th man fr nrgy of adsorption pr mol of th adsorbat (mol 2 / J 2 ), ε is th Polanyi potntial. Th D-R constants q D and B wr calculatd from th linar plots of ln q vrsus ε 2 (figur not shown) and th rsults ar givn in Tabl 3. Th constant B givs an ida about th man fr nrgy E (kj/mol) of adsorption pr molcul of th adsorbat whn it is transfrrd to th surfac of th solid from th solution and can b calculatd from th following rlationship 27 C E = 1/ (2B) 1/2 (11)

11 Tmpratur, K ΔHº,kJ/mol ΔSº,kJ/K/mol ΔGº,kJ/mol ΔHº,kJ/mol ΔSº,kJ/K/mol ΔGº,kJ/mol 1132 J. RAFFIEA BASERI Th adsorption is physisorption whn th nrgy of activation is 5 to 40 kj/mol and chmisorption whn th nrgy of activation is 40 to 800 kj/mol 28. From th Tabl 3, it was suggstd that th adsorption of DB71 by TPAC and PPC is physisorption in natur. D-R isothrm is not abl to dscrib th xprimntal data proprly bcaus of th poor corrlation cofficint. Thrmodynamics of Adsorption Thrmodynamic paramtrs provid in-dpth information of inhrnt nrgtic changs associatd with adsorption; thrfor, ths paramtrs should b accuratly valuatd. Langmuir isothrm quation was applid to calculat th thrmodynamic paramtrs as follows: G RT ln kl (12) S R H 1 R T ln k L =, (13) H and whr k L is th Langmuir quilibrium constant, S ar th standard nthalpy and ntropy changs of adsorption rspctivly. Thrmodynamic paramtrs lik H, S and G wr dtrmind from th slop and intrcpt of Van t Hoff s plot of ln k L vrsus 1/T (figur not shown) and th rsults ar givn in Tabl 4. Th G valus indicating that th adsorption of DB71 is spontanous and thrmodynamically favorabl. Th positiv H valus indicat that th adsorptions of DB71 dy onto TPAC and PPC was an ndothrmic procss, which was supportd by th incras of adsorption of th dy with incras in tmpratur. Furthrmor, th positiv S indicats that th dgrs of frdom incrasd at th solid liquid intrfac during adsorption of th dirct dy. Gnrally, G for physisorption is btwn -20 to 0 kj/mol and for chmisorption is btwn -80 to -400 kj/mol 29. Th G valus wr calculatd from quation (12) and givn in Tabl 4. This confirms that th adsorption of DB71 onto th givn adsorbnts (TPAC and PPC) is physisorption. Tabl 4. Thrmo dynamical paramtrs from Van t Hoff plots for th adsorption of dirct dy DB 71 onto TPAC and PPC at various tmpraturs. TPAC PPC

12 Comparativ Studis of th Adsorption of Dirct Dy 1133 Dsorption Studis Th dsorption of dys by minral acids and alkalin mdium indicats th dys ar adsorbd onto th activatd carbon by physisorption. Maximum dsorption of DB71 is 31.5% for TPAC and 42.3 % for PPC at a ph rang of 6 to 8. Thr is no chang in dsorption of th dirct dy DB71 abov th ph of 8. Conclusions In this invstigation, activatd carbon (TPAC) and polymr composit (PPC) wr prpard from th wood of Thvtia Pruviana for th adsorption of Dirct Blu 71 from its aquous solution. Th amount of DB71 adsorption incrasd from mg/g to mg/g for TPAC and mg/g to mg/g for PPC with an incras in th initial concntrations from 25 to 100mg/L. Th adsorption of th DB71 incrasd with incras in tmpratur indicats that th adsorption is ndothrmic in natur. Kintic studis showd that adsorption of DB71 by TPAC and PPC followd psudo- scond ordr modl. Th data obtaind from adsorption isothrms ar wll fittd with Langmuir modl which suggsts th monolayr covrag of th dy on surfacs of TPAC and PPC. Th ngativ G valus obtaind from Van t Hoff plots confirm that th adsorption of DB71 by ths adsorbnts is spontanous in natur. Th Positiv H valus suggst that th adsorptions of th dirct dy on TPAC and PPC ar ndothrmic in natur. From th kintic and thrmodynamic analyss, it was suggstd that th polymr composit PPC is suitabl for th rmoval of DB71 compard to th activatd carbon TPAC. Acknowldgmnts Th scond and third authors gratfully acknowldg th financial support givn by th Univrsity Grants Commission (UGC), Nw Dlhi undr th Major rsarch projct schm to carry out this rsarch projct. Rfrncs 1. O Nill C, Hawks F R, Lournco N D, Pinhiro H M and Dl W, J Chm Tchnol Biotchnol., 1999, 74, Willmott N, Guthir J, Nlson G, J. Soc. Dy color.,1998, 114, Kaushik C P, Tutja R, Kaushik N and Sharma J K, Chm. Eng. J., 2009,115, Bayramoglu G and Arica M Y, J. Hazard. Matr., 2007, 143, Inbaraj B S, Slvarani K and Sulochana N, J.Sci.Ind.Rs., 2002, 61, Fu Y, Viraraghavan T, Watr SA, 2003, 29, Ghosh D, Bhattacharyya K G, Appl. Clay Sci., 2002, 20, Namasivayam C, Kumar D M and Slvi K, Bio- mass Bionrgy, 2001, 21, Rahman I A, Saad B, Malays.J.Chm., 2003, 5, Khatri S D and Singh M K,Watr, Air & Soil Pollution.2000, 120, Gurss A, Karaca S, Dogar C, Bayrak R, Acikyildiz M and Yalcin M, J. Colloid Intrfac Sci., 004, 269, Vasanth K and Kumar A, Biochm Eng J., 2005, 27, Rza Ansari and Zahra Mosaybzadh, Iran.Polym.J., 2010, 19, ISI, Activatd Carbon, Burau of Indian Standards, Nw Dlhi, 1989, IS Amrican Socity for Tsting Matrials (ASTM), 1980, D Ansari R, Acta Chim Slov., 2006, 53, Ansari R and Fahim N K, Ract Funct Polym., 2007, 67,

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