Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching of GeSbTe Thin Films in a HBr/Ar Gas
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1 Integrated Ferroelectrics, 90: , 2007 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN print / online DOI: / Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching of GeSbTe Thin Films in a HBr/Ar Gas Jang Woo Lee, Han Na Cho, Su Ryun Min, and Chee Won Chung Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-Dong, Nam-Ku, Incheon , Korea ABSTRACT Inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching of GeSbTe (GST) thin films with a photoresist mask was performed using a HBr/Ar gas mixture. The etch rate of GST films increased up to 20% HBr concentration and began to decrease with further increase of HBr concentration. The etch profiles were improved with increasing HBr gas concentration. In particular, clean and vertical etch profiles were achieved at % HBr gas concentrations. As the coil rf power and dc-bias voltage increased, the etch rates increased. The gas pressure had little influence on the etch rate. The good etch profiles were obtained at high coil power, low dc-bias and high gas pressure. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that Te showed highest reactivity with HBr gas chemistry. A high degree of anisotropic etching of GST films was achieved using HBr/Ar gas mixture at the optimized etch conditions. Keywords: GeSbTe; inductively coupled plasma; reactive ion etching; HBr 1. INTRODUCTION Among the chalcogenide materials, the Ge-Sb-Te alloys have been known to be applied to the optical data storages such as compact disc-rewritable (CD-RW), digital video recorder (DVR) and digital versatile disk-random access memory (DVD-RAM) [1 4]. These devices employ the different optical properties due to the phase change between the crystalline and amorphous phases. Recently, the study on phase-change random access memory (PRAM) using the phase-change phenomenon has been extensively carried out since the PRAM device is a nonvolatile memory and has the advantages of fast read/write Received May 31, Corresponding author. cwchung@inha.ac.kr [1221]/95
2 96/[1222] Jang Woo Lee et al. speeds, low voltage operation and high-density integration [5 7]. The PRAM device has drawn a great attention as a new memory for next generation along with ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) and magnetic random access memory (MRAM) devices. The operation principle of PRAM relies on the resistance difference due to the phase change between the amorphous and crystalline phases due to the heating. Among the stoichiometric compositions of this ternary system, Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) thin films have been known to be one of the most suitable materials for this application [8 10]. The studies on the deposition of GST thin films and their properties have been extensively carried out but the study on pattern transfer of GST films by dry etching have not found yet. The use of chlorine-based gases has been expected to be effective in the etching of GST film. The dry etching of GST thin films for the realization of high density PRAM needs to be developed. In this work, the reactive ion etching of GST thin films with a photoresist mask was studied using a high density plasma of a HBr/Ar gas mix. The etch characteristics of GST films were examined by varying various etch parameters including gas concentration, coil rf power, dc-bias voltage and gas pressure. In addition, the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the etched surfaces was performed to elucidate the etch mechanism of the GST films in HBr/Ar chemistry. 2. EXPERIMENTAL The preparation of GST thin films was carried out on Pt/Ti coated SiO 2 /Si substrates by rf magnetron sputtering. The composition of ceramic target used in this study was 14.1 : 23.7 : 62.2 (wt%) as the ratio of Ge : Sb : Te. The substrate was placed at a distance of 70 mm from the center axis of the target. The substrate was at room temperature and was rotated at 12 rev./min for uniform deposition of the films. The deposited GST thin films were annealed at the temperature range of C under N 2 ambient in a furnace and the phase change by temperature variation was confirmed using x-ray diffraction analysis. The GST films with the thickness of nm were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si substrate and then the lithography on GST films was performed using photoresist in order to form the patterns for the etching. The etch equipment used in this study was a high density inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etch system (ICPRIE) (A-Tech System, Korea). The equipment was configured with two separate MHz RF power supplies and an advanced cooling system. One of the RF supplies was connected to a coil fastened to the lid of the etching chamber, and was used to generate a high density plasma. The second RF supply was capacitively coupled to the substrate susceptor, and was used to provide a dc self-bias for accelerating ions into the substrate. The advanced cooling system provided flows of chilled water to the substrate platen, and helium gas to the backside of the substrate. The wafer was mechanically held down on the substrate platen.
3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching [1223]/97 The etch rates and etch profiles of the GST films were investigated by varying the HBr concentrations at the fixed etch conditions, which were coil rf power of 700 W, dc-bias voltage to susceptor of 300 V, and gas pressure of 5 mtorr. For the effect of etch parameters on GST films, coil rf power, dc-bias voltage to susceptor, and gas pressure were systematically varied at a constant concentration of an etch gas. The etch rates were measured using a Dektak surface profilometer and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The etch profiles of etched features were observed by FESEM and the etched surfaces of the films were investigated by XPS. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1 shows the etch rate variations of GST films and photoresist by varying HBr gas concentration in a HBr/Ar gas mix. The etch condition was coil rf power of 700 W, dc-bias voltage of 300 V and gas pressure of 5 mtorr. As the HBr concentration increased, the etch rate of GST films increased up to 20% HBr concentration and gradually decreased at more than 20% HBr gas. The maximum etch rate (420 nm/min) was obtained at 20% HBr concentration. It means that the etching of GST films follows the mechanism of reactive ion etching. The reason why the etch rates decrease at HBr gas concentration more than 20% is due to the role of hydrogen in HBr gas. As the HBr gas concentration increased, the amount of hydrogen which can be involved in the etching also Figure 1. Effect of HBr concentration on the etch rate of GST films and photoresist.
4 98/[1224] Jang Woo Lee et al. increased. The role of hydrogen in the etching is to protect the all exposed surfaces by forming thin layer containing hydrogen, which in turn helps the anisotropic etching of GST films. However, when the excess hydrogen is used, it can hinder the etching of GST film by forming thick layer. The etch rates of photoresist masks also showed the similar trend as the GST films. At 20% HBr concentration, the maximum etch rate showed and slightly decreased with further increase of HBr gas. The etch profiles of GST films etched at various HBr concentrations are shown in Fig. 2. The etch residues and redeposition were not observed on the sidewall of etched films for all etch conditions and a little redeposition on the sidewall was found for the etch condition of using pure Ar (Fig. 2a). Even the etch profile etched at 20% HBr was clean and had vertical etch sidewall slope. Figure 2. FESEM micrographs of GST films etched at different HBr concentrations. The etching condition was coil rf power of 700 W, dc-bias voltage of 300 V, and gas pressure of 5 mtorr. (a) 0% HBr (pure Ar), (b) 20% HBr, (c) 40% HBr, (d) 60% HBr, (e) 80% HBr, and (f) 100% HBr.
5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching [1225]/99 Figure 3. Etch rates of GST films etched at different etch parameters. The standard etching condition was 60% HBr, coil rf power of 700 W, dc-bias voltage of 300 V, and gas pressure of 5 mtorr. (a) Effect of coil rf power, (b) Effect of dc-bias voltage, and (c) Effect of gas pressure.
6 100/[1226] Jang Woo Lee et al. As the HBr gas increased, the degree of anisotropy was enhanced. At more than 80% HBr gas concentration (Figs. 2e and 2f), the perfect etch profiles with the vertical etch slope of 90 were obtained. It is clear from the observation of the etch profiles that the HBr gas reacts very well with GST films in this etching, leaving clean etch profiles. As mentioned earlier, it is thought that the hydrogen in HBr gas played an important role in forming a high degree of anisotropic etch profiles. Figure 4. FESEM micrographs of GST films etched by varying coil rf power. The etching condition was 60% HBr, dc-bias voltage of 300 V, and gas pressure of 5 mtorr. (a) 300 W, (b) 500 W, and (c) 700 W.
7 Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching [1227]/101 As a next step, the effects of etch parameters on etch characteristics of GST films were systematically investigated at the HBr concentration of 60%. The selected standard etch conditions were 60% HBr concentration, 700 W coil rf power, 300 V dc-bias voltage, and 5 mtorr gas pressure. The etch parameters and their ranges used in this study were coil rf power from 300 to 700 W, dc-bias voltage from 200 to 400 V, and gas pressure from 1 to 10 mtorr, respectively. Figure 3 shows the change of etch rates for the variation of each parameter. When the selected parameter was varied, the other parameters were fixed at standard Figure 5. FESEM micrographs of GST films etched by varying dc-bias voltage. The etching condition was 60% HBr, coil rf power of 700 W, and gas pressure of 5 mtorr. (a) 200 V, (b) 300 V, and (c) 400 V.
8 102/[1228] Jang Woo Lee et al. Figure 6. FESEM micrographs of GST films etched by varying gas pressure. The etching condition was 60% HBr, coil rf power of 700 W, and dc-bias voltage of 300 V. (a) 1 mtorr, (b) 5 mtorr, and (c) 10 mtorr. etch conditions. As the coil rf power and dc-bias increased, the etch rates were almost linearly increased as shown in Figs. 3a and 3b. However, the etch rates maintained almost constant with increasing gas pressure (Fig. 3c). This change in etch rate for the variation of etch parameters is similar to the etching of other oxide films. The increase of etch rates with increasing coil power is due to the increase of plasma density which means the increase in bromine radicals and argon ions in a HBr/Ar plasma. The energetic argon ions break the bonding of GST films and/or sputter the GST films. The bromine radicals react with the
9 Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching [1229]/103 broken or damaged GST surface. This overall etch process lead to the increase of etch rate. The etch rates increase with increasing dc-bias voltage since the increase of dc-bias voltage resulted in the high bombarding energy of argon ions to the substrate. Little change in etch rate with increasing gas pressure is attributed to the result of interaction between the increased plasma density due to high gas pressure and the decreased argon ions due to short mean free path. Figures 4, 5 and 6 show the FESEM micrographs of the etched GST films for the variation of etch parameters. The etched GST films were stripped off after etching. As the coil rf power increased and dc-bias voltage decreased, the high degree of anisotropic etching without etch residues was achieved. It is evident that the GST films etched at high coil power of 700 W (Fig. 4) and low dc-bias of 200 V (Fig. 5) showed the vertical sidewall angle of approximately 90.At high coil power, more radicals and ions are created and especially increased ions play a crucial role in forming the anisotropic etch profile. At low dc-bias, less energetic ions bombard onto the film surface, compared to ions at high dc-bias. This weak bombardment at low dc-bias can help to maintain the protecting layer on the sidewall for anisotropic etching although the etch rate decrease at low dcbias (Fig. 3b). On the other hand, the bombardment of ions with high energy can remove the protecting layer on the sidewall and leads to the shallow etch profile. The anisotropic etch profile at high gas pressure of 10 mtorr was obtained, as Figure 7. XPS spectra of GST films etched at different etch times. The etching condition was 60% HBr, coil rf power of 700 W, dc-bias voltage of 300 V, and gas pressure of 5mTorr.
10 104/[1230] Jang Woo Lee et al. given in Fig. 6. It is conceivable that high pressure etching contributed to the weak impact of ions onto the films, leaving the protecting layer on pattern sidewall. It is expected that the anisotropic etch profiles obtained at high coil rf power, low dc-bias voltage and high gas pressure stem from reactive ion etching mechanism of GST films, bombarding ion energy onto the film surface and role of hydrogen in HBr plasma. Since the GST film consists of three components (i.e., Ge, Sb and Te), it is meaningful to compare the relative compositions of each component upon etching for the understanding of the etching mechanism. The XPS spectra were obtained for the GST films etched by varying etch time (Fig. 7). The etch conditions were 60% HBr concentration, 700 W coil rf power, 300 V dc-bias, and 5 mtorr gas pressure. The etch conditions used here gave clean etch profiles without any etch residues so that the measured compositions were those of etched GST film surfaces. The etch samples for this analysis were bare GST films without photoresist masks. It is evident from XPS full spectra that Te peak at 582 ev decreased with increasing etch time. Figure 8 shows the composition changes of GST film surface as a function of etch time. The relative atomic concentrations of Ge, Sb and Te elements in Fig. 8 were determined from XPS spectra of Fig. 7. The sensitivity factors of each element for XPS analysis were calibrated with the film composition obtained by the ICP analysis of Figure 8. Composition change of the GST film surface as a function of etch time, determined from XPS spectra. The etching condition was 60% HBr, coil rf power of 700 W, dc-bias voltage of 300 V, and gas pressure of 5 mtorr.
11 Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching [1231]/105 as-deposited GST film. The main etching products in this study are expected to be bromine compounds since the etch gas used was a HBr/Ar gas mix. As the etching proceeded, the relative atomic concentration of Ge and Sb gradually increased while that of Te kept decreasing. These results imply that in this etching condition Te component easily reacts with Br radicals to form TeBr x compound, compared to Ge and Sb. From the comparison of the relative atomic concentration of Ge, Sb and Te on the etched GST surfaces, the etch rate of Te is faster than those of Ge and Sb. 4. CONCLUSIONS The etch characteristics of GST thin films with a photoresist mask were investigated using a HBr/Ar gas mix in an inductively coupled plasma. As the concentration of HBr gas increased, the etch rate of GST films increased up to 20% HBr concentration and gradually decreased at the HBr concentration of more than 20%. It implies that the etching of GST films follows the reactive ion etching mechanism. The etch rates increased with increasing coil rf power, dc-bias voltage and had little effect on gas pressure. The degree of anisotropy of GST films was enhanced with increasing coil rf power and gas pressure but at dc-bias voltage the vertical etch profile was obtained at low dc-bias. These results can be interpreted by the reactive ion etching mechanism, the amount of hydrogen and the bombarding ion energy. It was found from XPS analysis that the Te component was etched faster than the Ge and Sb. It can be concluded that the high degree of anisotropic etching of GST films was achieved using a HBr/Ar chemistry at the optimized etch conditions. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by an INHA University Research Grant. REFERENCES 1. B. Tieke, M. Dekker, N. Pfeffer, R. Woudenberg, G. F. Zhou, and I. P. D. Ubbens, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 3, 762 (2000). 2. H. J. Borg, M. v. Schijndel, J. C. N. Ripers, M. H. R. Lankhorst, G. Zhou, M. J. Dekker, I. P. D. Ubbens, and M. Juijper, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 1592 (2001). 3. K. Chiang, T. R. Jeng, D. R. Huang, Y. Y. Chang, and C. P. Liu, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1649 (1999). 4. E. M. Sanchez, E. F. Prokhorov, J. G. Hernandez, and A. M. Galvan, Thin Solid Films 471, 243 (2005).
12 106/[1232] Jang Woo Lee et al. 5. T. Y. Lee, K. B. Kim, B. K. Cheong, T. S. Lee, S. J. Park, K. S. Lee, W. M. Kim, and S. G. Kim, J. Appl. Phys. 80,18(2002). 6. S. M. Kim, M. J. Shin, D. J. Choi, K. N. Lee, S. K. Hong, and Y. J. Park, Thin Solid Films 469, 322 (2004). 7. S. Hosaka, K. Miyauchi, T. Tamura, H. Sone, and H. Koyanagi, Microelectronic Eng. 73, 736 (2004). 8. G. F. Zhou, Materials Sci. and Eng. A304, 73(2001). 9. V. Weidenhof, N. Pirch, I. Friedrich, S. Ziegler, and M. J. Wuttig, Appl. Phys. 88, 657 (2000). 10. N. Yamada, E. Ohno, K. Nishiuchi, and N. J. Akahira, Appl. Phys. 69, 2849 (2001).
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