Science A. B2.1.1a, c Cells and cell structure

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1 Summary of changes This resource outlines the main changes that have been made to the assessment and subject content from our current A (4405), (4408) and (4410) specifications to the new : Trilogy specification. Our new specifications have been developed in line with the regulatory requirements provided by the Department for Education and Ofqual, and are designed to be accessible for students of all abilities. Biology content 4.1 Cell biology Cell structure : Trilogy A Eukaryotes and prokaryotes B2.1.1a, c Cells and cell structure the terms eukaryotic and prokaryotic knowledge of plasmids in prokaryotic cells Animal and plant cells B2.1.1a, b Cells and cell structure Cell specialisation B2.1.1e Cells and cell structure Cell differentiation B2.1.1e Cells and cell structure B2.2.1a Animal organs B2.7.1j Cell division Microscopy comparison of light and electron microscopes.

2 B1.1.2m, n, o How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease B2.1.1d Cells and cell structure Cell division : Trilogy A Chromosomes B2.7.1a, b Cell division B2.7.2c, f Genetic variation Mitosis and the cell cycle B2.7.1c, d, j Cell division phases of cell cycle, including the terms interphase and cytokinesis Stem cells B2.7.1g, l, m Cell division the use of stem cells from plants therapeutic cloning and the risks of using stem cells Transport in cells : Trilogy A Diffusion B2.1.2a, b, c Dissolved substances B3.1.1h, i, j, k, l Dissolved substances B3.1.3b Exchange systems in plants Osmosis B3.1.1a, b, c Dissolved substances understanding and calculating surface area: volume ratios factors affecting rate of diffusion.

3 Active transport B3.1.1g Dissolved substances B3.1.3a, b Exchange systems in plants B3.1.1d, e Dissolved substances reference to active transport of sugar in the gut. 4.2 Organisation Principles of organisation : Trilogy A Organisational hierarchy B2.2.1a, b, c, d Animal organs Animal tissues, organs and organ systems : Trilogy The human digestive system The heart and blood vessels A B2.2.1d Animal organs B2.5.1b Proteins B2.5.2a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h Enzymes B3.1.2b, c Gaseous exchange B3.2.1a, b, c, d, e, f, g The blood system B3.2.2b, c The blood Blood B3.2.2a, b, c, d, e The blood active sites including the Lock and key model. knowledge of natural and artificial pacemakers. recognition of different types of blood cell. Knowledge of oxyhaemoglobin not required.

4 Coronary heart disease: a noncommunicable disease B1.3.1c Drugs B3.2.1f The blood system extra detail on coronary heart disease effect of faulty heart valves and their replacement heart and lung transplants Health issues detail on how physical and mental factors interact and contribute to health The effect of lifestyle on some noncommunicable diseases B1.1.1a Diet and exercise complex link of risk factors to disease. Risk factors include the effect of diet, smoking, exercise, alcohol, carcinogens and radiation Cancer tumours as result of uncontrolled cell division. B1.1.1b, c, d, e Diet and exercise B2.5.2i, j Enzymes B3.1.2a Gaseous exchange Plant tissues, organs and systems : Trilogy Plant tissues and organ Plant organ system A B2.2.2a, b Plant organs B2.2.2a Plant organs B3.1.1g Dissolved substances B3.1.3a, b, c, d, e Exchange systems in plants B3.2.3a Transport systems in plants terms: palisade and spongy mesophyll tissues. knowledge of meristem tissue. basic structure of xylem and phloem tissues.

5 4.3 Infection and response Communicable diseases : Trilogy A Communicable (infectious) diseases B1.1.2a, b, f How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease Extra depth on what infectious organisms are and how they are spread. References to Semmelweis not included Viral diseases detail on measles, HIV and TMV Bacterial diseases detail on salmonella and gonorrhoea Fungal diseases detail on rose black spot Protist diseases detail on malaria Human defence systems Vaccination Antibiotics and painkillers B1.1.2c, d, e How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease B1.1.2e, l How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease B1.1.2g, h, i How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease detail on the non-specific defence systems against pathogens: skin, nose, trachea, bronchi and stomach term: phagocytosis. Content on MMR vaccine removed.

6 Discovery and development of drugs B1.3.1a, b Drugs content on traditional development of drugs. B1.3.1d, e, f, g, h, i Drugs 4.4 Bioenergetics Photosynthesis : Trilogy A Photosynthetic reaction B2.3.1a, b Photosynthesis knowledge of symbol equation. term: endothermic. Some content is Higher Tier only Rate of photosynthesis B2.3.1c, d Photosynthesis shortage of chlorophyll as a limiting factor of photosynthesis. Most content is Higher Tier only Uses of glucose from photosynthesis B2.3.1e, f, g Photosynthesis

7 4.4.2 Respiration : Trilogy Aerobic and anaerobic respiration A B2.6.1b, c, d, e Aerobic respiration B2.6.2a, b, c Anaerobic respiration term: exothermic symbol equation for aerobic respiration anaerobic equations in animals, plants and some microorganisms economic importance of yeast Response to exercise B2.6.1g, h Aerobic respiration B2.6.2a, c, d Anaerobic respiration Some content is Higher Tier only. lactic acid converted back to glucose in liver amino acids deaminated to ammonia in liver. Some content is Higher Tier only Metabolism B2.6.1a, f Aerobic respiration

8 4.5 Homeostasis and response Homeostasis : Trilogy A Importance of homeostasis B1.2.2b Control in the human body B3.3 Homeostasis This section is a summary of what homeostasis is and details of types of control system The human nervous system : Trilogy A Structure and function B1.2.1a, b, d, e The nervous system Detail of the stimuli specific receptors detect is not included. B1.2.1c The nervous system B3.3.2b, c, d, e Temperature control Hormonal coordination in humans : Trilogy Human endocrine system Control of blood glucose concentration A B1.2.2b Control in the human body B2.6.1i Aerobic respiration B3.3.3a, b, c, d Sugar control extra content on the role of the pituitary gland knowledge of the positions of several glands in the body. Some content is Higher Tier only. detail on type 2 diabetes

9 Maintaining water and nitrogen balance in the body B3.1.1f Dissolved substances B3.3.1a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i Removal of waste and water control B3.3.2a, b Temperature control Some content is Higher Tier only. detail on the conversion of amino acids to ammonia, then to urea understanding water control by ADH on water levels. This includes the use of the term negative feedback. Knowledge of the urinary system and kidney structure is limited. Some content is Higher Tier only Hormones in human reproduction B1.2.2c, d Control in the human body B2.7.1f Cell division role of hormones in puberty function of testosterone knowledge of the role of progesterone. Some content is Higher Tier only Contraception B1.2.2e Control in the human body knowledge of additional methods of contraception: injections, barrier methods, intrauterine devices, spermicides, abstaining from intercourse and surgical methods The use of hormones to treat infertility B1.2.2e Control in the human body impact of undergoing fertility treatment. Higher Tier only Negative feedback the roles of adrenaline and thyroxine and control by negative feedback the use of other new

10 B1.2.2a Control in the human body B1.2.3a, b, c, d Control in plants terms: adrenal gland and basal metabolic rate. Higher Tier only. 4.6 Inheritance, variation and evolution Reproduction : Trilogy A Sexual and asexual reproduction B1.7.2a Reproduction B2.7.1f, g, n Cell division B2.7.2a Genetic variation knowledge of animal and plant gametes Meiosis B2.7.1e, g, h, i, k Cell division gametes are genetically different from each other DNA and the genome B1.7.1b Why organisms are different B2.7.2f, g, h Genetic variation the importance of understanding the human genome Genetic inheritance B1.7.1b, c Why organisms are different B2.7 Cell division and inheritance (introduction) Some content is Higher Tier only. B2.7.1i Cell division B2.7.2c, d, e Genetic variation Inherited disorders B2.7.3a, b, c Genetic disorders Sex determination B1.7.1b Why organisms are different B2.7.2b Genetic variation B2.5.1a Proteins B2.7.2i Genetic variation B2.7.3d Genetic disorders

11 4.6.2 Variation and evolution : Trilogy A Variation B1.7.1a, d Why organisms are different B1.8.1f Evolution content on how mutations are changed in the DNA code and how this can affect phenotype Evolution B1.8.1a, e Evolution B2.8.1f Old and new species Selective breeding Genetic engineering B1.7.2d, e, f Reproduction B1.7.2b, c Reproduction content on selective breeding: what it is why it is used how it is done. links to both animals and plants knowledge of benefits and risks of selective breeding terms: artificial selection, inbreeding. understanding why genetic engineering is useful, its potential risks and benefits, and the process of gene transfer in genetic engineering terms: vector and plasmid. Some content is Higher Tier only.

12 4.6.3 The development of understanding of genetics and evolution : Trilogy Evidence for evolution A B1.8.1a, b Evolution B2.8.1a Old and new species Fossils B2.8.1a, b, c, d Old and new species Extinction B2.8.1e Old and new species Resistant bacteria B1.1.2h, i, j, k How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease B1.8.1c Evolution B2.7Cell division and inheritance (introduction) Classification of living organisms : Trilogy Classification A B1.8.1d Evolution expanded content includes: understanding of Linnaean system knowledge of the development of new models including the threedomain system. terms: kingdom phylum class order

13 family genus species binomial system Archaea. 4.7 Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition : Trilogy Communities Abiotic factors A B1.4 Interdependence and adaptation (introduction) B1.4.1a, b, c, d Adaptations B1.4.2a, b Environmental change B1.4.2d Environmental change B2.4.1a Distribution of organisms Extra detail on interdependence within a community. additional abiotic factors: wind intensity and direction, and soil ph Biotic factors Adaptations B1.4 Interdependence and adaptation B1.4.1b, c Adaptations B1.4.1d, e, f, g Adaptations B1.4.2c Environmental change influence of predators.

14 4.7.2 Organisation of an ecosystem : Trilogy A Levels of organisation B1.5.1a Energy in biomass B2.4.1b Distribution of organisms understanding of the relationships between producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers. This includes predatorprey cycles How materials are cycled B1.6.1a, b, c, d Decay processes B1.6.2a The carbon cycle knowledge of the water cycle. The importance of these cycles to living organisms needs to be understood. B1.5.1b, c Energy in biomass B3.4.3c Biofuels B3.4.4a, b, c, d Food production Biodiversity and the effect of human interaction on ecosystems : Trilogy Biodiversity A understand what biodiversity is and why a rich biodiversity is important Waste management Land use Deforestation B3.4.1a, b Waste from human activity B3.4.1c Waste from human activity B3.4.2d Deforestation and the destruction of areas of peat B3.4.2a, b, c Deforestation and the destruction of areas of peat link to effect on biodiversity.

15 Global warming B3.4.3a Biofuels Maintaining biodiversity knowledge on methods to reduce negative effects caused by humans on ecosystems and biodiversity. Content links to evaluating the various conflicting pressures on maintaining biodiversity when given appropriate information. B3.4.3b Biofuels Chemistry content 5.1 Atomic structure and the periodic table A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes : Trilogy Atoms, elements and compounds A C1.1.1a, b Atoms C1.1.3b Chemical reactions C2.1.1a Structure and bonding Mixtures C1.4.1b Crude oil more methods of separation of mixtures Scientific models of the atom (common content with physics) Relative electrical charges of subatomic particles (common content with physics) C1.1.1c, d, e, f, g Atoms

16 Size and mass of atoms (common content with physics) C2.3.1a, b, c, d Atomic structure relative dimension of nuclear radius compared to the whole atom Electronic structure (common content with physics) C1.1.1h Atoms C2.3.1e Atomic structure The periodic table : Trilogy A The periodic table C1.1.2a The periodic table C3.1.1a The early periodic table C3.1.2a The modern periodic table Development of the periodic table C3.1.1a, b The early periodic table isotopes Metals and non-metals C1.1.3a Chemical reactions metals and nonmetals Group 0 C1.1.2b The periodic table Group 1 C2.1.1d Structure and bonding Group 7 C2.1.1e Structure and bonding C3.1.3a, b Trends within the periodic table C3.1.3e, f, g, h Trends within the periodic table C3.1.2b The modern periodic table boiling points of noble gases reason for increase in reactivity down group properties of Group 7 elements trends down group.

17 5.2 Bonding, structure and the properties of matter C3.1.3c, d Trends within the periodic table Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic : Trilogy Chemical bonds A C2.1.1b Chemical bonding details on bonding Ionic bonding Ionic compounds C2.1.1c Structure and bonding C2.1.1f Structure and bonding direct reference to metal and non-metal atoms dot and cross representation of ionic compounds relating charge on ion to group number. models of sodium chloride structure Covalent bonding C1.5.2a Polymers C2.1 introduction Structure and bonding C2.1.1g Structure and bonding very large molecules 3D model of bonding Metallic bonding C2.1 introduction Structure and bonding C2.1.1h, i Structure and bonding Content no longer Higher Tier only.

18 5.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances : Trilogy The three states of matter A Some content is Higher Tier only State symbols C2.6.1a Making salts Reworded to clarify Properties of ionic compounds C2.2.2a, b Ionic compounds Properties of small molecules C2.2.1a, b, c Molecules strength of intermolecular forces size of molecules. Content no longer Higher Tier only Polymers Giant covalent structures C2.2.3a Covalent structures general properties of giant covalent structures Properties of metals and alloys C1.3.2c Alloys C2.2.4b, c Metals metals as giant structures Metals as conductors C2.2.4a Metals explanation of why metals conduct thermal energy Content no longer Higher Tier only C1.3.2a Alloys C1.3.3a, b, c Properties and uses of metals

19 5.2.3 Structure and bonding of carbon : Trilogy A Diamond C2.2.3b Covalent structures Graphite C2.2.3c, d Covalent structures Graphene and fullerenes C2.2.3e Covalent structures extra properties of diamond properties of graphite: covalent bonds hexagonal rings high melting point. Content no longer Higher Tier only. graphene structure of fullerenes properties of carbon nanotubes. Content no longer Higher Tier only. C2.2.6a Nanoscience 5.3 Quantitative chemistry Conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation of chemical equations : Trilogy Conservation of mass and balanced chemical equations A C1.1.3b, c Chemical reactions balancing symbol reactions

20 Relative formula mass Mass changes when a reactant or product is a gas C2.3.1f Atomic structure sum of formula masses in balanced chemical equations Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances : Trilogy A Moles C2.3.1g Atomic structure symbol for mole Avogadro constant use of relative formula mass to calculate number of moles. Content is Higher Tier only Amounts of substances in equations Using moles to balance equations Limiting reactants Concentration of solutions C2.3.3a, b, c, d, e Quantitative chemistry Content is Higher Tier only Content is Higher Tier only Content is Higher Tier only Content is Higher Tier only

21 5.4 Chemical changes Reactivity of metals : Trilogy A Metal oxides The reactivity series Extraction of metals and reduction C1.3.1c, d Extracting metals definition of reduction Oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons C2.7.1e Electrolysis Content is Higher Tier only C1.3.1a, b, e, f, i, j Extracting metals Reactions of acids : Trilogy A Reactions of acids with metals Some content is Higher Tier only Neutralisation of acids and salt production C2.6.2a, b Acids and bases more detail on neutralisation Soluble salts C2.6.1c Making salts method of production of salts The ph scale and neutralisation C2.6.2d,e Acids and bases ph scale

22 Strong and weak acids Content is Higher Tier only C2.6.1b, d Making salts Electrolysis : Trilogy A The process of electrolysis C2.7.1a, b, c Electrolysis definition of electrolyte Some content is Higher Tier only Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds Using electrolysis to extract metals C2.7.1h Electrolysis extraction from molten compounds reason for extraction by electrolysis energy requirements of electrolysis Electrolysis of aqueous solutions Representation of reactions at electrodes as half equations C2.7.1e, g Electrolysis definitions of reduction and oxidation further examples of half equations. Content is Higher Tier only

23 C2.7.1d, f, i Electrolysis 5.5 Energy changes Exothermic and endothermic reactions : Trilogy Energy transfer during exothermic and endothermic reactions Reaction profiles The energy change of reactions A C2.5.1a, b, c Energy transfer in chemical reactions C3.3.1d Energy from reactions C3.3.1e, f, g Energy from reactions C3.3.1a, b, c, i Energy from reactions conservation of energy further examples of use of endothermic reactions. definition of activation energy clarification on calculations from bond energies Content is Higher Tier only 5.6 The rate and extent of chemical change Rate of reaction : Trilogy A Calculating rates of reactions C2.4.1a Rates of reaction measurement of quantity of reactant units. Some content is Higher Tier only

24 Factors which affect the rates of chemical reactions C2.4.1c, d, e, f Rates of reaction Collision theory and activation energy C2.4.1b Rates of reaction explanation of collision theory Factors that increase the rate of reaction C2.4.1c, e Rates of reaction Catalysts C2.4.1g Rates of reaction C3.3.1h Energy from reactions enzymes as biological catalysts drawing reaction profiles for catalysed reactions. C2.4.1h Rates of reaction Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium : Trilogy Reversible reactions A C2.3.3f Quantitative chemistry Energy changes and reversible reactions C2.5.1d Energy transfer in chemical reactions Equilibrium The effect of changing conditions on equilibrium C3.5.1c Making ammonia C3.5.1d Making ammonia Content no longer Higher Tier only effects of changing conditions and Le Chatelier s principle Content is Higher Tier only

25 The effect of changing concentration The effect of temperature changes on equilibrium The effect of pressure changes on equilibrium C3.5.1e, f Making ammonia C3.5.1g Making ammonia C3.5.1h Making ammonia Content is Higher Tier only Content is Higher Tier only effect of decreasing pressure on equilibrium Content is Higher Tier only 5.7 Organic chemistry Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock : Trilogy Crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes Fractional distillation and petrochemicals A C1.4.1a, c Crude oil C1.4.2a Hydrocarbons C1.4.2b Hydrocarbons source of crude oil homologous series names of alkanes. use of fractions uses of fuels Properties of hydrocarbons Cracking and alkenes C1.4.2c Hydrocarbons C1.4.3b Hydrocarbon fuels C1.5.1a, b, d, e Obtaining useful substances from crude oil properties of hydrocarbons complete combustion. demand for fuels

26 C1.5.2a Polymers C1.5.1c Obtaining useful substances from crude oil C1.5.2b, c, d Polymers C1.5.3a, b Ethanol C3.6.1a, b, c Alcohols C3.6.2a, b Carboxylic acids C3.6.3a Esters C1.6.1a, b, c Vegetable oils C1.6.2a, b Emulsions C1.6.3a, b Saturated and unsaturated oils 5.8 Chemical analysis Purity, formulations and chromatography : Trilogy Pure substances Formulations Chromatography A Identification of common gases : Trilogy A Test for hydrogen Test for oxygen Test for carbon dioxide C1.2.1e Calcium carbonate Test for

27 chlorine C1.2.1a, b, c, d, f, g Calcium carbonate C2.3.2 a, b. c Analysing substances C3.4.1a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h Analysing substances longer present in the new specification. 5.9 Chemistry of the atmosphere The composition and evolution of the Earth s atmosphere : Trilogy The proportions of different gases in the atmosphere A C1.7.2a The Earth s atmosphere The Earth's early atmosphere C1.7.2b, c The Earth s atmosphere production of nitrogen by volcanoes solution of carbon dioxide in oceans How oxygen increased C1.7.2f The Earth s atmosphere equation for photosynthesis role of algae How carbon dioxide decreased C1.7.1a, b, c, d The Earth s crust C1.7.2d, e, g, h, i, j The Earth s atmosphere longer present in the new specification.

28 5.9.2 Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases : Trilogy Greenhouse gases Human activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere Global climate change The carbon footprint and its reduction A Common atmospheric pollutants and their sources : Trilogy Atmospheric pollutants from fuels Properties and effects of atmospheric pollutants A C1.4.3a Hydrocarbon fuels C1.4.3c Hydrocarbon fuels production of particulates sulfur dioxide oxides of nitrogen. toxicity of carbon monoxide C1.4.3d, e Hydrocarbon fuels longer present in the new specification.

29 5.10 Using resources Using the Earth s resources and obtaining potable water : Trilogy Using the Earth's resources and sustainable development A Potable water C3.2.2a, c, d Purifying water definition methods of production Waste water treatment Alternative methods of extracting metals C1.3.1g, h Extracting metals Content is Higher Tier only C1.3.2b Alloys C2.2.4d Metals C2.2.5a, b Polymers C2.6.2c Acids and bases C3.2.1a, b, c, d, e, f, g Hard and soft water C3.2.2b Purifying water C3.5.1a, b Making ammonia longer present in the new specification Life cycle assessment and recycling : Trilogy Life cycle assessment Ways of reducing the use of resources A

30 Physics content 6.1 Forces Forces and their interactions : Trilogy A Scalar and vector quantities Contact and non-contact forces Gravity P2.1.4d Gravitational force Resultant forces P2.1.1b, c Resultant forces P3.2.1a, b, c, d, e Centre of mass P3.2.2a, b, c, d, e, f Moments P3.2.3a, b, c Hydraulics definition of force of gravity definition of centre of mass proportionality of weight and mass. free body diagrams component forces vector diagrams. Most content is Higher Tier only longer present in the new specification.

31 6.1.2 Work done and energy transfer : Trilogy Work done and energy transfer A P2.2.1a, b, c, d Forces and energy definition of joule Forces and elasticity : Trilogy A Forces and elasticity P2.1.5a, b, c, d Forces and elasticity equation E e = 1 2 k e Forces and motion Describing motion along a line : Trilogy A Distance and displacement definitions of distance and displacement Speed P3.1.2c Ultrasound Velocity P2.1.2d Forces and motion scalar quantity typical values of speeds distance travelled in a specific time. velocity changes in circular motion Velocity changes in circular motion is Higher Tier only.

32 The distance time relationship Acceleration P2.1.2b, c Forces and motion P2.1.2e, f, g, h Forces and motion P2.1.4b, c Forces and terminal velocity P2.1.4a Forces and terminal velocity Determining acceleration by drawing a tangent and measuring gradient is Higher Tier only. v 2 u 2 = 2 a s longer present in the new specification Forces, accelerations and ton s Laws of motion : Trilogy ton s First Law A P2.1.1d, e Resultant forces P2.1.3a Forces and braking inertia Some content is Higher Tier only ton s Second Law ton s Third Law P2.1.2a Forces and motion P2.1.1a Resultant forces inertial mass Some content is Higher Tier only. P3.2.4a, b, c Circular motion longer present in the new specification.

33 Forces and braking : Trilogy A Stopping distance P2.1.3b, c Forces and braking Some content is physics only Reaction time P2.1.3d Forces and braking typical values for reaction times Factors affecting braking distance 1 P2.1.3f Forces and braking Factors affecting braking distance 2 P2.1.3e Forces and braking relation between speed, braking force and deceleration Some content is Higher Tier only Momentum : Trilogy A Momentum is a property of moving objects P2.2.2a Momentum Higher Tier only Conservation of momentum P2.2.2b Momentum Higher Tier only. 6.2 Energy Energy changes in a system, and the ways energy is stored before and after such changes : Trilogy Energy stores and A

34 systems Changes in energy Energy changes in systems P2.2.1f, g Forces and energy elastic potential energy, E e = 1 k e Work P2.2.1a, b Forces and energy Power P2.2.1e Forces and energy P2.4.2b Current, charge and power P = W t Conservation and dissipation of energy : Trilogy Energy transfers in a system A P1.2.1a, b, c Energy transfers and efficiency Efficiency P1.2.1d Energy transfers and efficiency rate of energy transfer preventing unwanted energy transfers National and global energy resources : Trilogy National and global energy resources A Content drawn from Generating electricity. knowledge of the main energy resources on Earth

35 distinction between renewable and non-renewable energy resources. 6.3 Waves Waves in air, fluids and solids : Trilogy A Transverse and longitudinal waves P1.5.1a, b, c, f General properties of waves evidence for wave moving Properties of waves P1.5.1i, j General properties of waves definitions period formula: T = 1 f P1.5.1g, h General properties of waves P3.1.2a, b, d Ultrasound longer present in the new specification Electromagnetic waves : Trilogy A Types of electromagnetic waves P1.5.1c, d, e General properties of waves EM waves transfer energy from source to absorber Properties of electromagnetic waves 1 Most content is Higher Tier only Properties of electromagnetic waves 2 Radio waves Higher Tier only.

36 Uses and applications of electromagnetic waves P1.5.1k General properties of waves P1.1.1a, b, c, d, e Infrared radiation P1.5.2a, b, c Reflection P1.5.3a, b, c Sound P3.1.1a, b X- rays P3.1.1c X-rays P3.1.3a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i Lenses P3.1.4 a, b, c, d, e, f, g The eye P3.1.5a, b, c Other applications using light infrared for cooking/ cameras ultraviolet for lamps/ tanning. longer present in the new specification. 6.4 Electricity Current, potential difference and resistance : Trilogy Standard circuit diagram symbols A P2.3.2c Electrical circuits Electrical charge and current Current, resistance and potential difference P2.3.2a Electrical circuits P2.3.2f, g, h, i Electrical circuits Resistors P2.3.2d, e, f, m, n, p, q Electrical circuits P2.3.1a, b, c, d, e Static electricity P2.3.2b, j, o Electrical circuits applications of thermistors applications of LDRs. longer present in the new specification.

37 6.4.2 Series and parallel circuits : Trilogy A Series and parallel circuits P2.3.2k, l Electrical circuits equation R total = R1 + R Domestic uses and safety : Trilogy A Direct and alternating current P2.4.1a, b, c Household electricity Mains electricity P2.4.1d, e, f Household electricity detail on function of Earth, live and neutral wire. P2.4.1g, h, i, j, k Household electricity P3.3.1c, d The motor effect P3.3.2a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k Transformers longer present in the new specification Energy transfers : Trilogy A Power P2.4.2c Current, charge and power equation P = I 2 R Energy transfers in everyday appliances P1.3.1a, b, c Transferring electrical energy P2.4.2d Current, charge and power Content no longer Higher Tier only The National Grid P1.4.2a, b, c The National Grid

38 P1.3.1d Transferring electrical energy P2.4.2a Current, charge and power longer present in the new specification. P1.4.1a, b, c, d, e, f Generating electricity 6.5 Magnetism and electromagnetism Permanent and induced magnetism, magnetic forces and fields : Trilogy Poles of a magnet Magnetic fields A The motor effect : Trilogy A Electromagnetism P3.3.1a The motor effect information on solenoids Fleming s left-hand rule P3.3.1e The motor effect concept of magnetic flux density equation F = B I L Higher Tier only Electric motors P3.3.1b The motor effect Higher Tier only.

39 6.6 Particle model of matter Changes of state and the particle model : Trilogy Density of materials A Changes of state P1.1.2a, b Kinetic theory conservation of mass in state change Internal energy and energy transfers : Trilogy Internal energy A P1.1.3a Energy transfer by heating concept of energy stores and systems Temperature changes in a system and specific heat capacity Changes of heat and specific latent heat P1.1.4d Heating and insulating buildings P1.1.3b, c, d Energy transfer by heating P1.1.4 a, b, c Heating and insulating buildings distinction between specific heat capacity and latent heat longer present in the new specification.

40 6.6.3 Particle model and pressure : Trilogy A Particle motion in gases 6.7 Atomic structure Atoms and isotopes : Trilogy A The structure of an atom (common content with chemistry) P2.5.1a, b Atomic structure relative dimension of nuclear radius compared to the whole atom Mass number, atomic number and isotopes (common content with chemistry) P2.5.1c, d, e Atomic structure way of representing atoms isotopes The development of the model of the atom (common content with chemistry) Atoms and nuclear radiation : Trilogy A Radioactive decay and nuclear radiation P2.5.2a, c, e Atoms and radiation nuclei of atoms give out ionising radiation as they change to become more stable definition of Becquerel

41 Nuclear equations Half-lives and the random nature of radioactive decay Radioactive contamination P1.5.4a, b, c, d, e Red-shift P2.5.2d Atoms and radiation P2.5.2h Atoms and radiation P2.5.2g Atoms and radiation P2.5.2b, f Atoms and radiation P2.6.1a, b, c, d, e Nuclear fission P2.6.2a, b, c, d, e, f Nuclear fusion definition of count rate extension of information on penetrating properties. randomness of radioactive decay Some content is Higher Tier only. definitions of contamination and irradiation precautions against nuclear radiation. longer present in the new specification.

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