Physical Science Research Activities of Korea Basic Science Institute

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1 institutes in asia PaCiFiC BULLETIN Physical Science Research Activities of Korea Basic Science Institute JouhAhn Lee head ADVAnCeD nano-surface ReSeARCh group, KBSI Fig. 1: Overview of Korea Basic Science Institute. KBSI The Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) is a fundamental research platform that conducts research support and joint research utilizing advanced research equipment and outstanding researchers. KBSI has built and has been operating large, state of the art research equipment and has conducted joint research with, and also provided support for, the research activities of researchers at universities, research institutes and private corporations. With these interactions, KBSI fulfills the role as a platform for fundamental research as KBSI provides a multi-functional system in which large cutting-edge equipment is integrated with research support programs and joint projects that are essential elements for basic scientific research. KBSI provides world class service on analytical support using a network that includes the Daedeok HQ, the Ochang Center and 10 regional centers around the nation. Managing national 18

2 AUGUST 2015 VOL. 25 NO. 4 institutes in asia PaCiFiC research equipment and cultivating human resources in analytical science and technology, KBSI plays a pivotal role in the development of the scientific technology of the nation by making contributions to the efficient management and use of basic research infrastructures. KBSI has created excellent research outcomes through its global infrastructure and has developed research equipment with new concepts based on the best technologies of analytical science. We at KBSI are trying our utmost to achieve our goal of turning the institute into one of the world s top basic research institutes, open to all those who share our vision. PHySICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH GROUPS Advanced Nano-Surface Research Group The Advanced Nano-Surface Research Group in KBSI is pursuing the physical and chemical phenomena residing at the surface and interface of various materials, particularly from the viewpoint of in situ analysis. We support the development of information and communication technologies by means of the latest nano-surface analysis techniques. Last year s activities are indicative of the strong performance of the research team. In 2014, 28 highly renowned SCI papers were published. 10 patents were produced and one of the patents was transferred for industrial application. In 2010, we also launched the construction of a state-of-the-art total surface analysis system for the first time in Asia. With this system, we have collaborated with schools and institutes, and have garnered support for research and production activities in the industry. The single system that integrates the processes and analysis altogether, A combination of processes and analyses should provide essential information on the basic science that is the foundation for the cutting-edge, modern electronic devices of today, and that will be the foundation for the nano-electronics and material science of the future. In particular, the physical properties of nano-materials are still not fully understood; for example, some accurate measurements for some nanomaterials have not been established. The basic properties of next-generation devices should be carefully analyzed without being exposed to the external environment to the greatest extent possible, since the physical and chemical properties of new materials or interface states are drastically changed by ambient conditions. Fig. 2: In situ nano-surface analysis system being constructed in KBSI. We provide robust support to nanotechnology and other complex sciences with qualified data and information on basic knowledge on new or forthcoming materials for the future. Equipment for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) and low energy electron microscopy / photoemission electron microscopy (LEEM/PEEM)) was installed in this analysis system. Eventually angle resolved UV photoelectron spectroscopy will be attached to this system. Plasma atomic thin film evaporators were used as the process equipment (plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition), and thermal deposition (thermal evaporator), chemical deposition (chemical vapor deposition), and ion sputtering deposition were also integrated into this system. All the analysis units and the process equipment are connected with an automatic sample transfer system so that samples are not exposed to the outside environment, and the units have the ability to obtain a component analysis and tomographic image data, which includes the overall electronic structure. (See Fig. 2.) 19

3 institutes in asia PaCiFiC BULLETIN Fig. 3: BP-TiO 2 Complex as a photocatalyst and its mechanism (Lee et. al. Scientific Reports, 5, 8691, (2015)). Our main research topic is focused on the characterization and development of low dimension materials such as graphene, boron nitride (BN), transition metal chalcogenide (transition metal dichalcogenides, TMDCs) and the latest two-dimensional material, black phosphorus (BP). We have recently reported the first application of BP as a highly improved photocatalyst activity. The complex was prepared by replacing the commonly used TiO 2 with BP-TiO 2 so that the photocatalytic action of BP-TiO 2 would react only with ultraviolet rays extended over a wide wavelength range, from visible light to near infrared ray, and 45% of the solar spectrum as possible to occupy a visible light region. (See Fig. 3.) In addition, carbon nanoparticle quantum dots have been characterized and developed in this team. The existing quantum dots are applied to bio-imaging to visualize the living cells, as metallic elements have difficult problems, such as toxic ingredients. However, carbon nanoparticles have high chemical stability and have non-toxic, stable light emission characteristics and excellent biological reserves. They have many advantages and are highly suitable as a material and as these uses go beyond the limits of conventional quantum dot research, global competition is fierce. Thus, we are always welcoming collaborations from related research groups who can benefit from using our cutting edge surface analysis system. Fig. 4: High voltage electron microscope. Fig. 5: 3D atomic imaging of Si nanocrystal. 20

4 AUGUST 2015 VOL. 25 NO. 4 institutes in asia PaCiFiC Fig. 6: The layout and installation picture of 28 GHz superconducting ECR ion source and heavy ion accelerator. Nano-Bio Electron Microscopy Research Group In order to establish national user facilities for electron microscopy at the highest level in this country, our research group is actively conducting its own research related to cutting-edge microscopy techniques and research support for national users, with high-end facilities for electron microscopy which include a high voltage electron microscope (HVEM) (See Fig. 4.), an aberration-corrected energy filtering transmission electron microscope (UC-EF-TEM), a field emission transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM), a Bio-TEM dedicated to biological applications, and other related equipment. The faculty also consists of highly specialized scientists in the field of electron microscopy. Among the up-to-date instruments, the high voltage electron microscope has unique characteristics that enable us to observe the 3-dimensional atomic arrangement of materials with a combination of atomic resolution and high tilting. Based on advanced electron microscopy techniques, our scopes are to found high-end electron microscope facilities in the country and to establish an autonomous and creative collaboration system for electron microscopy. Instrumental improvements and auxiliary equipment inventions for cutting edge techniques are also within our research capacities. Ion Beam Research Group The ion beam research group of the Busan center at the Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) has developed a multipurpose ion beam facility employing a 28 GHz superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source and heavy ion radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator since The aim of this project is to generate the high flux fast neutron through inverse kinematics, which will be used for non-destructive testing by acquiring the neutron s tomographic image. A highlycharged heavy ion beam from a state of the art ECR ion source and its acceleration up to several MeV/u of beam energy would be satisfied by this. Following VENUS of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL, US) and SC-ECRIS of RIKEN (Japan), KBSI has successfully finished the development of 28 GHz superconducting ECR ion source. The cutting-edge technologies in the third generation ECR ion source and heavy ion accelerator need to combine the multidisciplinary design and manufacturing technologies in the field of radio frequency, superconducting magnets, high vacuum, high precision engineering, high voltages/insulation, X-ray techniques, and so on. Figure 6 depicts the layout of Fig. 7: The shape of ECR plasma at the plasma chamber. 21

5 institutes in asia PaCiFiC BULLETIN Fig.8: Cryogenic and high magnetic properties measurement system. the ECR ion source and RFQ accelerator and picture of installation at the KBSI. In 2014, the experiment of first ECR plasma ignition was carried out by supplying oxygen and argon species. Figure 7 shows the typical star shape of ECR plasma. After 28 GHz ECR plasma ignition, we successfully extracted through the high voltage beam extraction unit. We also confirmed the heavy ion beam under the operation of low energy beam transport (LEBT) system. We have now successfully developed a 28 GHz superconducting ECR ion source and RFQ linear accelerator. This system is now partially opened to the public users. Tentative species are now available at gas species such as H, He, N, O, Ne, Ar, C, Xe and so on. Ion beams at several hundreds kev energy as well as 1016 order of dose is prepared to the users sample before the accelerator stage. We look forward to welcoming your interest and your request of use for the ion beam facility. Spin Engineering Research Group The spin engineering group s research focuses on material properties and their applications to industry by manipulating the spin state of the materials with both electric and magnetic fields. These materials include bulk, film, nano-materials, organic and inorganic materials. We have developed material characterization techniques with respect to temperature, magnetic field, and high frequency. Our research project topics include: low temperature and high magnetic field co-work and support, the study of magnetic and ultra-high frequency dynamics, the study of spin dynamics, carrier-dynamics based on first-principles calculations, the study of low temperature thermal transport, the study of nano-structured material for thermal transport, and the study of nanofluid, cryogen-free hight temperature superconducting NMR study. We have carried out experimental support and collaboration to characterize and investigate functional materials and spin/thermal devices, which was done by 16 T PPMS (physical property measurement system), 7T MPMS (magnetic property measurement system), CPS (cryogenic probe station), and other low temperature and high magnetic instruments with 0.5 K 400 K. Recently, we are trying to develop low temperature and high magnetic field instrument using cryogen-free cryostat and its related techniques. New measurement tools and related technologies are being developed for investigating new physical phenomena of new materials and functional devices under extreme conditions. High field magnets can be utilized not only for analysis for material property, control of composition and reaction of materials and micro-gravity, but also for the separation of nano-materials. We have developed a new cryo-free probe station using low temperature refrigerators and made the world s smallest tunable linear magnetic sensor by investigating the electronic transport properties of functional spin devices. We have improved the sensitivity of magnetic field sensing with spin controlling techniques applied to a bipolar pulse. We have designed the thermal conductor of probe stations physical property measurements using a cryocooler and developed a low temperature cooling technique and a high vacuum cryogenic probe station. We also designed rectangular and cylindrical ferromagnetic resonators 22

6 AUGUST 2015 VOL. 25 NO. 4 institutes in asia PaCiFiC Fig.9: Wireless communication demonstration utilizing a spin-torque oscillator. to measure the damping constant, which play a key role in determining the switching properties of spin device. Low temperature FMR has been also developed using the co-planar wave guide. We reported an experimental method to estimate the bias dependence of the perpendicular spin torque in magnetic tunnel junctions. The bias dependence of the perpendicular spin torque at high bias was found to be linear for a voltage polarity. This method will be useful to address spin torque effects in magnetic tunnel junctions at high bias. From these, we developed two analytical methods, and performed six projects. Recently, we measured the characteristic behavior of a spin device, which can be realized as a nanoradio (wireless communication with nano-sized device). This research has been done in shield room where the electro-magnetic noise is minimized and blocked. FUTURE ExPECTATIONS The research groups of physical science and engineering at Korea Basic Science Institute are clearly based on the best science research facilities and the latest analytical equipment. The strong relationship between the academic world, industry and KBSI is the most important factor in achieving the goals of this institute. Currently, physical science at KBSI mainly covers condensed matter physics and the development of scientific infrastructure. In order to provide excellent contributions to physical and chemical science, KBSI will continue to introduce the latest instruments from analytical science and also will develop new instruments and equipment for the international scientific community. Jouhahn lee is a head of the Advanced Nano-Surface Research Group at the Korea Basic Science Institute. He received his PhD in physics from King s College London in 2000 and worked for Samsung Electronics. Then he joined KBSI in 2004 as a member of the senior research staff and became a principal researcher in His main research interests are in condensed matter physics and surface physics. 23

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