Carbon Allocation and Accumulation in Conifers
|
|
- Ralph Howard
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 216 R.]. Luxmoore et al. Waring, R. H., and Schlesinger, W. H. (1985). The carbon balance of trees. In "Forest Ecosystems Conce~ts and Management" (R. H. Waring and w. H. Schlesinger, eds.) pp AcademiC Press, Orlando, Florida. ' Warri~gton, I. J., Roo~, D. A., Morgan, D. C., and Turnbull, H. L. (1988). The influence of Simulated shadehght and daylight on growth, development and photosynthesis of Pinus radzata, Agathzs australzs and Dacrydium cupressium. Plant, Cell Environ. 12: Wadt~on: M.. A.,.and Casper, B. B. ( 1984). Morphogenetic constraints on patterns of carbo~ Istnbuuon m plants. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: Webb, ~ L. ( 1977). Rate.of. current photosynthate accumulation in roots of Douglas-fi seedh~gs: Seasonal vanauon. In "The Belowground Ecosystem: A Synthesis of PI tr Associated Processes" (J. K. Marshall, ed.), Range Sci. Dept. Sci. Ser. No. 26., pp.,:~~ 152. Colorado State Umv., Fort Collins Colorado. w.k., ei e~t, R. M., Welder, M., Lippert, M., Schramel, P., and Lange, 0. L. (1989). Photos n- t7etic performance, chloroplast.pigments, and mineral content of various needle Ige c asses of spruce _(Pzcea abies) with and without the new flush: An experimental a _ proach for analyzmg forest decline phenomena. Trees 3: p Went, F. W. (1974). Reflections and speculations. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 25: 1-26 Whittaker, R. H., and Woodwell, G. M. (1968). Dimension and production relations of w ~~ees and shrubs m t~e Brookhaven forest, New York.]. Ecol. 56:1-25. I, G. M., and Hodgkiss, P. D. (1977). Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus stresses on the. growth and form of radiata pine. N. z. J For. Sci. 7: W~lsvi.nkel, P. (1985). ~hl~em unl~a?in.g and turgor sensitive transport: Factors involved m smk control of assimilate partitionmg. Physiol. Plant. 65: Wood,. G. B. (1968). Photosy~thesis and growth in Pinus radiata D. Don as affected b envi~onmental factors and mherent qualities. Ph. D. Thesis, Australian National u ~ versity, Canberra. m Wo~dr~w, I. E., and Berry, J. A. (1988). Enzymatic regulation of photosynthetic C0 fixaz 2 tlon m C, plants. Ann~. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Bioi. 39: ahner, R. (1~62). Ter~mal growth and wood formation by juvenile loblolly pine under two sod moisture regimes. For. Sci. 8: Zahner, R. ( 1968).. Water deficits and growth of trees. In "Water Deficits and Plant Growth" (T. T. Kozlowski, ed.), pp Academic Press, New York. 7 Carbon Allocation and Accumulation in Conifers Stith T. Gower, J. G. lsebrands, and David W. Sheriff I. Introduction Forests cover approximately 33% of the land surface of the earth, yet they are responsible for 65% of the annual carbon (C) accumulated by all terrestrial biomes (Schlesinger, 1991). In general, total C content and net primary production rates are greater for forests than for other biomes, but C budgets differ greatly among forests. Despite several decades of research on forest C budgets, there is still an incomplete understanding of the factors controlling C allocation. Yet, if we are to understand how changing global events such as land use, climate change, atmospheric N deposition, ozone, and elevated atmospheric C0 2 affect the global C budget, a mechanistic understanding of C assimilation, partitioning, and allocation is necessary. Numerous abiotic and biotic factors influence C allocation patterns, which in turn affect the capacity of plants to obtain resources from the atmosphere and soil. Although reviews on various components of conifer forest C budgets, such as photosynthesis (see Chapter 4, this volume) and detritus production (Vogt et al., 1986), are available, a synthesis of the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on leaf, canopy, and stand-level C budgets of conifer forests is lacking. The objective of this chapter is to review the major factors that influence C allocation and accumulation in conifer trees and forests. In keeping with the theme of this book, we will focus primarily on evergreen conifers. However, even among evergreen co- Resource Physiology of Conifers 217 Copyright!995 by Academic Press. Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
2 218 Stith T. Gower et al. nifers, leaf, canopy, and stand-level C and nutrient allocation patterns differ, often as a function of leaf development and longevity (Gower and Richards, 1990; Gower et al., 1993a; Reich et al., 1994). The terminology related to C allocation literature is often inconsistent, confusing and inadequate for understanding and integrating past and current research. For example, terms often used synonymously to describe C flow or movement include translocation, transport, distribution, allocation, partitioning, apportionment, and biomass allocation. A common terminology is needed because different terms have different meanings to readers. In this paper we use C allocation, partitioning, and accumulation according to the definitions of Dickson and Isebrands (1993). Partitioning is the process of C flow into and among different chemical, storage, and transport pools. Allocation is the distribution of C to different plant parts within the plant (i.e., source to sink). Accumulation is the end product of the process of C allocation. II. Distribution of Conifer Forests Evergreen conifers occur from tropical to boreal forests and from temperate rainforests to dry woodlands (Walter, 1979; Kikuzawa, 1991). Conifers commonly dominate in temperate regions only after disturbance or where soil infertility is low. The dominance of evergreen conifers in the Pacific Northwest of the United States can be explained partly by the unique environmental conditions of dry, warm days and cool nights in the summer and mild, moist conditions in the winter (Waring and Franklin, 1979). Although conifers occur on many of the major soil orders, conifers, especially pines, are more abundant on nutrient-poor soils (Miller et al., 1979). Nitrogen availability commonly limits net primary production (NPP) in temperate and boreal conifer forests whereas phosphorus availability limits NPP in subtropical and tropical environments (Ballard, 1984). In summary, temperature, moisture, and nutrient conditions differ greatly among evergreen conifer forests. To help understand assimilation and allocation patterns of conifer forests, we briefly contrast the major differences in C and nutrient cycles of evergreen conifer and deciduous forests. Perhaps the most striking difference between evergreen conifers and broadleaf deciduous species is leaf longevity, which is correlated to a number of leaf, canopy, and ecosystem structural and functional characteristics (Gower et al., 1993a; Reich et al., 1994). Even among conifer species leaf longevity ranges from less than a year for Larix spp. and Taxodium spp. to greater than 40 years for Pinus longaeva. Leaf litterfall nitrogen content is often less for evergreen conifers than for broadleaf deciduous forests (Vogt et al., 7. Carbon Allocation and Accumulation ). The litter of evergreen conifers. decomp?ses. slow~r than. th~t from deciduous trees due to its lower htte~ qu~hty (I.e., higher hgmn and lower nitrogen concentrations), resultmg m great~r forest floor mass beneath conifer forests compared to broadleaf deodu~us forests. Soil nitrogen availability is commonly lower in evergreen comfer. forests than in deciduous forests due to the positive feedback of leaf htt~~fall quality on soil nitrogen dynamics (Gower an~ Son, 1992). In addltlon, evergreen conifer forests have lower annual mtrogen uptake rates compared to deciduous forests (Gosz, 1981; Nadelhoffer et al., 1984; Son and Gower, 1991) Controls on Carbon Assimilation Net primary production of a seedling, tree,. or forest is t~e ~alance between total canopy photosynthesis (gross pnma_ry pro.du~twn, GPP) and the amount of Clost via respiration (autotrophic r.es~:nr~twn). There are numerous direct and indirect feedbacks on C assimilation a~d. allocatwn. In 10res c t s (FI g. 1). For example, net canopy photosynthesis. IS the. product of net photosynthetic rate and p~otosyn~hettc surface ar~a m tegrated over selected daily and seasonal tlme penods, and ne~ pnmary production is the difference between net canopy phot~synthesis and ~utotrophic respiration of woody tissues. Clearly, net I:'nmary p~oductwn cannot be estimated without a complete understandmg of the mftuen~e of biophysical controls on physiological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration (Chapter 4) and?n the allocation of C to components such as leaf area and live woody bwmass.. Under optimal environmental ~onditio.ns; NPP IS lmearly related to intercepted photosynthetically active radiatwn (IP~R) for cro~ plant~ and tree seedlings (Monteith, 1977) and for.ests (~I~der, 1985, Lands berg, 1986). Factors that influence the relati?nship mclude ( 1) canopy reflectance, (2) canopy architecture and persistance of the canopy during the year, and (3) light use efficiency (Cannell, 1989_)- The first factor that affects the relationship between NPP and IPAR IS canopy albed~, which averages 15-20% for deciduous forests versus.1~-15% for comfer forests (Rosenberg et al., 1983). Canopy charactenst~cs related to architecture include rate of leaf area development, maxim~m leaf a:ea, and leaf area duration. The rate of leaf area development m t?e sprmg, although important for deciduous species, is gradually less Important for evergreen conifers that retain their nee~les for. a greater numbe~ of ears because the new foliage comprises an mcreasmgly sm.aller fr~~twn ~f the total leaf area (Gower et al., 1993a). Leaf area duratwn positively influences annual IPAR. For example, Cannell et al. (1987) reported a
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Nutrient Cycling in Land Vegetation and Soils
Nutrient Cycling in Land Vegetation and Soils OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 13 September 2012 Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 6 Outline 1. The annual Intrasystem Nutrient Cycle 2. Mass balance of the
More informationMycorrhizal Fungi. Symbiotic relationship with plants -- form sheath around fine roots and extend hyphae into soil and sometimes into root cells
Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiotic relationship with plants -- form sheath around fine roots and extend hyphae into soil and sometimes into root cells Mycorrhizae transfer nutrients to roots (important in infertile
More informationNutrient Cycling in Land Vegetation and Soils
Nutrient Cycling in Land Vegetation and Soils OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 15 September 2016 Reading: Schlesinger & Bernhardt, Chapter 6 2016 Frank Sansone Outline 1. The annual Intrasystem Nutrient
More informationChapter 7 Part III: Biomes
Chapter 7 Part III: Biomes Biomes Biome: the major types of terrestrial ecosystems determined primarily by climate 2 main factors: Temperature and precipitation Depends on latitude or altitude; proximity
More informationCarbon Input to Ecosystems
Objectives Carbon Input Leaves Photosynthetic pathways Canopies (i.e., ecosystems) Controls over carbon input Leaves Canopies (i.e., ecosystems) Terminology Photosynthesis vs. net photosynthesis vs. gross
More informationEarth s Major Terrerstrial Biomes. *Wetlands (found all over Earth)
Biomes Biome: the major types of terrestrial ecosystems determined primarily by climate 2 main factors: Depends on ; proximity to ocean; and air and ocean circulation patterns Similar traits of plants
More informationEcosystems. 1. Population Interactions 2. Energy Flow 3. Material Cycle
Ecosystems 1. Population Interactions 2. Energy Flow 3. Material Cycle The deep sea was once thought to have few forms of life because of the darkness (no photosynthesis) and tremendous pressures. But
More informationGlobal Biogeography. Natural Vegetation. Structure and Life-Forms of Plants. Terrestrial Ecosystems-The Biomes
Global Biogeography Natural Vegetation Structure and Life-Forms of Plants Terrestrial Ecosystems-The Biomes Natural Vegetation natural vegetation is the plant cover that develops with little or no human
More informationOCN 401. Photosynthesis
OCN 401 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Process by which carbon is reduced from CO 2 to organic carbon Provides all energy for the biosphere (except for chemosynthesis at hydrothermal vents) Affects composition
More informationPhysiological Ecology. Physiological Ecology. Physiological Ecology. Nutrient and Energy Transfer. Introduction to Ecology
Physiological Ecology Outline Introduction to Ecology Evolution and Natural Selection Physiological Ecology Behavioural Ecology Physiological Ecology study of species needs and tolerances that determine
More informationBIOMES. Definition of a Biome. Terrestrial referring to land. Climatically controlled sets of ecosystems. Characterized by distinct vegetation
BIOMES An Introduction to the Biomes of the World Definition of a Biome Terrestrial referring to land Climatically controlled sets of ecosystems Characterized by distinct vegetation 1 In a Biome There
More informationPhysiological (Ecology of North American Plant Communities
Physiological (Ecology of North American Plant Communities EDITED BY BRIAN F. CHABOT Section of Ecology and Systematics Cornell University AND HAROLD A. MOONEY Department of Biological Sciences Stanford
More informationLecture 24 Plant Ecology
Lecture 24 Plant Ecology Understanding the spatial pattern of plant diversity Ecology: interaction of organisms with their physical environment and with one another 1 Such interactions occur on multiple
More informationDynamik der Biosphäre. Exogene Dynamik, Biosphärenmodelle
Dynamik der Biosphäre Exogene Dynamik, Biosphärenmodelle Wintersemester 2004/2005 Wolfgang Cramer Lehrstuhl "Globale Ökologie" http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~cramer -> "Teaching" Heute... Modellierung der
More informationName Hour. Chapter 4 Review
Name Hour Chapter 4 Review 1. The average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation within a particular region are its weather. climate. greenhouse effect. d. biotic factors. 2. The
More informationHow does the physical environment influence communities and ecosystems? Hoodoos in Cappadocia, Turkey
Biomes of the World How does the physical environment influence communities and ecosystems? Hoodoos in Cappadocia, Turkey ecosystems are shaped by: abiotic factors climate/weather space Rainfall Soil air
More informationOur Living Planet. Chapter 15
Our Living Planet Chapter 15 Learning Goals I can describe the Earth s climate and how we are affected by the sun. I can describe what causes different climate zones. I can describe what makes up an organisms
More informationEcosystem-Climate Interactions
Ecosystem-Climate Interactions Dennis Baldocchi UC Berkeley 2/1/2013 Topics Climate and Vegetation Correspondence Holdredge Classification Plant Functional Types Plant-Climate Interactions Canopy Microclimate
More informationSummary of the World s Major Terrestrial Biomes
Summary of the World s Major Terrestrial Biomes Tropical Rainforests Precipitation Pattern: High yearly rainfall >100, generally during a long wet season and a short dry season. Temperature/Growing Season:
More informationLesson Overview 4.4 Biomes
Lesson Overview 4.4 Biomes THINK ABOUT IT Why does the character of biological communities vary from one place to another? Why, for example, do temperate rain forests grow in the Pacific Northwest while
More informationremain on the trees all year long) Example: Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada
Coniferous Forest Temperature: -40 C to 20 C, average summer temperature is 10 C Precipitation: 300 to 900 millimeters of rain per year Vegetation: Coniferous-evergreen trees (trees that produce cones
More informationPages 63 Monday May 01, 2017
Pages 6 Notebook check: Biome basics and A Modern Desert Biome Warm up: Copy the graph below, title it Defining factor a biome: temperature and precipitation Pages 6 an based on regarding Learning scale:
More information16 Global Climate. Learning Goals. Summary. After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
16 Global Climate Learning Goals After studying this chapter, students should be able to: 1. associate the world s six major vegetation biomes to climate (pp. 406 408); 2. describe methods for classifying
More informationComparative Plant Ecophysiology
Comparative Plant Ecophysiology 2. Plant traits and climate factors that form bases for eco- physiological comparison 3. Life form comparisons of: Stomatal conductance Photosynthesis Xylem Anatomy Leaf
More informationIntroduction. Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Introduction Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. 1. The interactions between organisms and their environments determine the distribution and abundance
More informationTemperature and light as ecological factors for plants
PLB/EVE 117 Plant Ecology Fall 2005 1 Temperature and light as ecological factors for plants I. Temperature as an environmental factor A. The influence of temperature as an environmental factor is pervasive
More informationEcology 312 SI STEVEN F. Last Session: Aquatic Biomes, Review This Session: Plate Tectonics, Lecture Quiz 2
Ecology 312 SI STEVEN F. Last Session: Aquatic Biomes, Review This Session: Plate Tectonics, Lecture Quiz 2 Questions? Warm up: KWL KNOW: On a piece of paper, write down things that you know well enough
More informationFrom tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 13730 13734, December 1997 Ecology From tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning PETER B. REICH*, MICHAEL B. WALTERS, AND DAVID S. ELLSWORTH *Department
More informationBiomes Section 2. Chapter 6: Biomes Section 2: Forest Biomes DAY ONE
Chapter 6: Biomes Section 2: Forest Biomes DAY ONE Of all the biomes in the world, forest biomes are the most widespread and the most diverse. The large trees of forests need a lot of water, so forests
More informationBiomes. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 4.4 Biomes
Lesson Overview 4.4 THINK ABOUT IT Why does the character of biological communities vary from one place to another? Why, for example, do temperate rain forests grow in the Pacific Northwest while areas
More informationChapter 02 Life on Land. Multiple Choice Questions
Ecology: Concepts and Applications 7th Edition Test Bank Molles Download link all chapters TEST BANK for Ecology: Concepts and Applications 7th Edition by Manuel Molles https://testbankreal.com/download/ecology-concepts-applications-7thedition-test-bank-molles/
More informationPlant Ecophysiology in a Restoration Context
Objectives: How can the foundations of and theory in plant ecophysiological restoration ecology ecological restoration? Light and energy relations Photosynthesis Microclimate Belowground resource availability
More informationLungs of the Planet with Dr. Michael Heithaus
Lungs of the Planet with Dr. Michael Heithaus Problem Why do people call rain forests the lungs of the planet? Usually it is because people think that the rain forests produce most of the oxygen we breathe.
More informationLungs of the Planet. 1. Based on the equations above, describe how the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate to each other.
Lungs of the Planet Name: Date: Why do people call rain forests the lungs of the planet? Usually it is because people think that the rain forests produce most of the oxygen we breathe. But do they? To
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi: 10.1038/nature06059 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Plant Ozone Effects The first order effect of chronic ozone exposure is to reduce photosynthetic capacity 5,13,31 (e.g. by enhanced Rubisco degradation
More informationAbiotic Factors. Biotic Factors
Name: Date: Block: Ecology Packet #1 Please read Ch. 3.1 (page 64-68) of your text. Answer questions below and practice organizing the information presented using the following graphic organizers. For
More informationDescription of 3-PG. Peter Sands. CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products and CRC for Sustainable Production Forestry
Description of 3-PG Peter Sands CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products and CRC for Sustainable Production Forestry 1 What is 3-PG? Simple, process-based model to predict growth and development of even-aged
More informationUnit 1. Sustaining Earth s Ecosystem
Unit 1 Sustaining Earth s Ecosystem 1. Identify distinctive plants, animals, and climatic characteristics of Canadian biomes (tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate rainforest, grasslands)
More informationUNIT 5: ECOLOGY Chapter 15: The Biosphere
CORNELL NOTES Directions: You must create a minimum of 5 questions in this column per page (average). Use these to study your notes and prepare for tests and quizzes. Notes will be stamped after each assigned
More informationName Hour. Section 4-1 The Role of Climate (pages 87-89) What Is Climate? (page 87) 1. How is weather different from climate?
Name Hour Section 4-1 The Role of Climate (pages 87-89) What Is Climate? (page 87) 1. How is weather different from climate? 2. What factors cause climate? The Greenhouse Effect (page 87) 3. Circle the
More informationFeb 6 Primary Productivity: Controls, Patterns, Consequences. Yucatan, Mexico, Dry Subtropical
Feb 6 Primary Productivity: Controls, Patterns, Consequences Yucatan, Mexico, Dry Subtropical History Hutchinson (1959), What factors limit the number of species in a place? - habitat heterogeneity - habitat
More informationCHAPTER 6 & 7 VOCABULARY
CHAPTER 6 & 7 VOCABULARY 1. Biome 2. Climate 3. Latitude 4. Altitude 5. Emergent layer 6. Epiphyte 7. Understory 8. Permafrost 9. Wetland 10.Plankton 11.Nekton 12.Benthos 13.Littoral zone 14.Benthic zone
More information1 Soil Factors Affecting Nutrient Bioavailability... 1 N.B. Comerford
Contents 1 Soil Factors Affecting Nutrient Bioavailability........ 1 N.B. Comerford 1.1 Introduction........................... 1 1.2 Release of Nutrients from the Soil Solid Phase........ 2 1.3 Nutrient
More informationBIO B.4 Ecology You should be able to: Keystone Vocabulary:
Name Period BIO B.4 Ecology You should be able to: 1. Describe ecological levels of organization in the biosphere 2. Describe interactions and relationships in an ecosystem.. Keystone Vocabulary: Ecology:
More informationTerrestrial Biomes. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege
Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The Earth s biomes are categorized into two major groups: terrestrial and aquatic. Terrestrial biomes are based on land, while aquatic biomes include both ocean and freshwater biomes.
More informationsoils E) the Coriolis effect causes the moisture to be carried sideways towards the earth's oceans, leaving behind dry land masses
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A biome is characterized primarily by A) flora and fauna. B) soil structure and flora. C) temperature
More informationClimate and Biomes. Adapted by T.Brunetto from: Developed by Steven Taylor Wichmanowski based in part on Pearson Environmental Science by Jay Withgott
Climate and Biomes Adapted by T.Brunetto from: Developed by Steven Taylor Wichmanowski based in part on Pearson Environmental Science by Jay Withgott Remember that an ecosystem consists of all the biotic
More informationDefine Ecology. study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment
Ecology Define Ecology Define Ecology study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment Describe each of the following terms: Biosphere Biotic Abiotic Describe each of the
More information10/6/ th Grade Ecology and the Environment. Chapter 2: Ecosystems and Biomes
7 th Grade Ecology and the Environment Chapter 2: Ecosystems and Biomes Lesson 1 (Energy Flow in Ecosystems) Each organism in an ecosystem fills an energy role. Producer an organism that can make its own
More informationInterrelationships. 1. Temperature Wind Fire Rainfall Soil Type Floods Sunlight Altitude Earthquake
Interrelationships Abiotic Factors A. A Partial List 1. Temperature Wind Fire Rainfall Soil Type Floods Sunlight Altitude Earthquake B. Aquatic Adaptations 1. Pumping salt out a. Salt water fish 2. Pumping
More informationChapter 8. Biogeographic Processes. Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to:
Chapter 8 Biogeographic Processes Chapter Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to: 1. Define the terms ecosystem, habitat, ecological niche, and community. 2. Outline how
More informationName ECOLOGY TEST #1 Fall, 2014
Name ECOLOGY TEST #1 Fall, 2014 Answer the following questions in the spaces provided. The value of each question is given in parentheses. Devote more explanation to questions of higher point value. 1.
More informationTREES. Functions, structure, physiology
TREES Functions, structure, physiology Trees in Agroecosystems - 1 Microclimate effects lower soil temperature alter soil moisture reduce temperature fluctuations Maintain or increase soil fertility biological
More informationSGCEP SCIE 1121 Environmental Science Spring 2012 Section Steve Thompson:
SGCEP SCIE 1121 Environmental Science Spring 2012 Section 20531 Steve Thompson: steventhompson@sgc.edu http://www.bioinfo4u.net/ 1 Ecosystems, energy flows, and biomes Today s going to be a bit different.
More informationAbiotic Dominant Dominant Factors Plants Animals
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES Abiotic Dominant Dominant Factors Plants Animals Tropical Rain Forest Hot & wet year round Ferns Woody vines Broad leaved evergreen trees Sloths Jaguars Monkeys Toucans Tropical Dry
More informationClimate: long term average weather. Use climograph to display climate data. Climograph
March 27, 2014: Introduction to climate. If you have not yet taken Exam 1 or Exam 2, please email me to set up a time to take a makeup. All makeup exams should be completed before taking Exam 3. Climate:
More informationEcosystems. Component 3: Contemporary Themes in Geography 32% of the A Level
Ecosystems Component 3: Contemporary Themes in Geography 32% of the A Level Component 3 Written exam: 2hrs 15mins Section A Tectonic Hazards One compulsory extended response question 38 marks Section B
More informationGlobal Patterns Gaston, K.J Nature 405. Benefit Diversity. Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity Definitions the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they
More informationBiosphere Organization
Biosphere Organization What is a biome? Biomes refer to a large region or area characterized by the following: 1. A particular climate pattern of the annual temperature and precipitation distribution,
More informationTUNDRA. Column 1 biome name Column 2 biome description Column 3 examples of plant adaptations
Biome Cards (pp. 1 of 7) Cut out each biome card and divide each card into three sections. Place all sections in a plastic storage bag. Have one bag for every two students. Column 1 biome name Column 2
More informationInterdisciplinary research for carbon cycling in a forest ecosystem and scaling to a mountainous landscape in Takayama,, central Japan.
Asia-Pacific Workshop on Carbon Cycle Observations (March 17 19, 2008) Interdisciplinary research for carbon cycling in a forest ecosystem and scaling to a mountainous landscape in Takayama,, central Japan.
More informationBiome- complex of terrestrial communities that cover a large area; characterized by soil, climate, plants, and animals Plants and animals vary by
Major Land Biomes Biome- complex of terrestrial communities that cover a large area; characterized by soil, climate, plants, and animals Plants and animals vary by tolerance to temperature and precipitation
More information3 Temperate and Polar Zones
CHAPTER 3 3 Temperate and Polar Zones SECTION Climate BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What biomes are found in the temperate zone? What biomes
More informationThe role of soil moisture in influencing climate and terrestrial ecosystem processes
1of 18 The role of soil moisture in influencing climate and terrestrial ecosystem processes Vivek Arora Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Meteorological Service of Canada Outline 2of 18
More informationEKOLOGI BIOMA (BIOME) TEMA 10. Program Studi Tadris Biologi Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Ilmu Keguruan Institut Agama Islam Negeri Jember
EKOLOGI TEMA 10 BIOMA (BIOME) Program Studi Tadris Biologi Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Ilmu Keguruan Institut Agama Islam Negeri Jember What is difference of this picture????? Why are they different????? Have
More informationQuizizz. Mean Green Science: Interdependency Date and: Life Science Quiz 2. Name : Class : What is a producer?
Quizizz Name : Class : Mean Green Science: Interdependency Date and: Life Science Quiz 2 1. What is a producer? a) an organism that gets energy from eating other organisms c) an organism that gets energy
More informationMajor Ecosystems of the World
6 Major Ecosystems of the World Overview of Chapter 6 Earth s Major Biomes Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems Interaction of Life Zones and Humans Earth s Major Biomes
More informationGeography Revision Guide: The Living World (Ecosystems) 1. What is an ecosystem?
Geography Revision Guide: The Living World (Ecosystems) 1. What is an ecosystem? An ecosystem is community of plants and animals living together in a habitat. The lives of the plants and animals are closely
More informationWhat is a Biome? An Overview of Biomes. The Holdridge Life Zones. Tundra 9/14/2010. In the following slides, you ll
An Overview of Biomes What is a Biome? A biome describes a habitat type Biomes are primarily described by average temperature, annual precipitation, length of growing season, and dominant vegetation type
More informationUNIT 3. World Ecosystems
UNIT 3 World Ecosystems Description and Review World Geography 3202 World Ecosystems Climax Vegetation Climax Vegetation is the natural vegetation in the last possible stage of vegetation development.
More informationTypes and Categories of
Types and Categories of Range Plants Plants are the "ultimate" source of organic energy in ecosystems Plants produce their through Photosynthesis: Get raw material from soil. When leaves are removed from
More informationTerrestrial Biomes. Bởi: OpenStaxCollege
Terrestrial Biomes Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Earth s biomes can be either terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial biomes are based on land, while aquatic biomes include both ocean and freshwater biomes. The eight
More informationBreeding for Drought Resistance in Cacao Paul Hadley
Breeding for Drought Resistance in Cacao Paul Hadley University of Reading Second American Cocoa Breeders Meeting, El Salvador, 9-11 September 215 9 September 215 University of Reading 26 www.reading.ac.uk
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I
Global Carbon Cycle - I OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 11 1. Overview of global C cycle 2. Global C reservoirs Outline 3. The contemporary global C cycle 4. Fluxes and residence
More informationModule 3. Basic Ecological Principles
Module 3. Basic Ecological Principles Ecosystem Components Abiotic Biotic Species & Habitat The Biomes of North America Communities Energy & Matter Cycles in Ecosystems Primary Productivity Simple Ecosystem
More informationDesertification : loss of productive potential due to human activity. Can happen in A climates as well as in arid climates
W, S,, m, 60 m 30 0 30 60 What do these all have in common? Small group question: What leaf shape/shedding habit do you expect to find in each of these and why? Tropical Monsoon (m) Found primarily along
More informationEnvironmental Science
Environmental Science A Study of Interrelationships Cui Jiansheng Hebei University of Science and Technology CH06 Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, you
More informationChapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Ecology The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Ecology Integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental
More informationTAKE A LOOK 3. Complete Carbon dioxide in the air is used for. The Cycles of Matter continued
CHAPTER 2 1 The Cycles of Matter SECTION Cycles in Nature BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: Why does matter need to be recycled? How are water,
More informationDynamic Global Vegetation Models. Rosie Fisher Terrestrial Sciences Section, NCAR
Dynamic Global Vegetation Models Rosie Fisher Terrestrial Sciences Section, NCAR What is the D in DGVM? Recruitment Assimilation Growth Competition Movement of vegetation in space predicted by model Mortality
More informationin angiosperms 10/29/08 Roots take up water via roots Large surface area is needed Roots branch and have root hairs Cortex structure also helps uptake
in angiosperms A. Root System Roots take up water via roots Large surface area is needed Roots branch and have root hairs Cortex structure also helps uptake 1 B. Minerals Nitrogen (NO 3-,NH 4+ ) Potassium
More informationBiomes. Land. What are land biomes? Lesson. p 6.LS2.4, 6.ESS3.3 ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Lesson 1 Land Biomes ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are land biomes? By the end of this lesson, you should be able to describe the characteristics of different biomes that exist on land. The North American prairie
More informationOverview of Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems of the World Overview of Chapter 6 Earth s Major Biomes Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems Interaction of Life Zones and Humans Earth s Major
More informationChapter 6 Major Ecosystems of the World
Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems of the World Overview of Chapter 6 Earth s Major Biomes Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems Interaction of Life Zones and Humans Earth s Major
More informationBright blue marble floating in space. Biomes & Ecology
Bright blue marble floating in space Biomes & Ecology Chapter 50 Spheres of life Molecules Cells (Tissues Organ Organ systems) Organisms Populations Community all the organisms of all the species that
More informationWhat Is Climate? (page 87) The Greenhouse Effect (page 87) Section 4-1 The Role of Climate (pages 87-89) Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities
Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities Section 4-1 The Role of Climate (pages 87-89) This section explains how the greenhouse effect maintains the biosphere's temperature range. It also describes Earth's
More informationHonors Biology Unit 5 Chapter 34 THE BIOSPHERE: AN INTRODUCTION TO EARTH S DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTS
Honors Biology Unit 5 Chapter 34 THE BIOSPHERE: AN INTRODUCTION TO EARTH S DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTS 1. aquatic biomes photic zone aphotic zone 2. 9 terrestrial (land) biomes tropical rain forest savannah (tropical
More informationCarbon Assimilation and Its Variation among Plant Communities
Carbon Assimilation and Its Variation among Plant Communities Introduction By, Susan Boersma, Andrew Wiersma Institution: Calvin College Faculty Advisor: David Dornbos Currently, global warming remains
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I Systematics: Reservoirs and Fluxes
OCN 401-10 Nov. 16, 2010 KCR Global Carbon Cycle - I Systematics: Reservoirs and Fluxes The Global carbon cycle Reservoirs: biomass on land in the oceans, atmosphere, soil and rocks, waters Processes:
More informationLesson 2: Terrestrial Ecosystems
Lesson 2: Terrestrial Ecosystems A terrestrial ecosystem is a land ecosystem. Terrestrial ecosystems include tundra, forests, grasslands, deserts, and rainforests. 1 The arctic tundra is earth s coldest
More informationBIOMES AND ECOSYSTEMS
BIOMES AND ECOSYSTEMS What is a biome? A biome is a group of land ecosystems with similar climates and organisms There are 6 major land biomes and 2 major water ecosystems? LAND (6): RAINFORESTS, DESERTS,
More informationBiomes. Chapter 4.4. Chapter 4.4
Biomes Chapter 4.4 Chapter 4.4 What is a biome? Biomes are described in terms of abiotic factors and biotic factors. Each biome is associated with seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation. Major
More informationHow does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere s temperature range? What are Earth s three main climate zones?
Section 4 1 The Role of Climate (pages 87 89) Key Concepts How does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere s temperature range? What are Earth s three main climate zones? What Is Climate? (page 87)
More informationTerrestrial land surfacesa pot pourri
CALTECH JPL Center for Climate Sciences March 26, 2018 Terrestrial land surfacesa pot pourri Graham Farquhar Australian National University What do we want from our models? Timescale is a key issue What
More informationUsing mathematical inverse theory to estimate respiratory and photosynthetic fluxes in a heterogeneous conifer canopy
Using mathematical inverse theory to estimate respiratory and photosynthetic fluxes in a heterogeneous conifer canopy John M. Zobitz with David R. Bowling, Frederick R. Adler, James P. Keener, Jerome Ogée
More informationH14D-02: Root Phenology at Harvard Forest and Beyond. Rose Abramoff, Adrien Finzi Boston University
H14D-02: Root Phenology at Harvard Forest and Beyond Rose Abramoff, Adrien Finzi Boston University satimagingcorp.com Aboveground phenology = big data Model Aboveground Phenology Belowground Phenology
More informationClimate Change and Biomes
Climate Change and Biomes Key Concepts: Greenhouse Gas WHAT YOU WILL LEARN Biome Climate zone Greenhouse gases 1. You will learn the difference between weather and climate. 2. You will analyze how climate
More informationPHOTOSYNTHESIS. Joseph Priestly 1772 experiment. SFSU Geography 316 Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Nutrient Cycling I. A.Photosynthesis B. Respiration C. Production Primary productivity Gross Production Net Production II. Types of photosynthesis A. C3, B. C4, C. CAM D. Comparisons III. General Carbon
More informationBiomes. What is a Biome?
Biomes What is a Biome? Ecosystems can be grouped into larger categories called biomes Biome A collection of ecosystems that are related to each other, usually based on the type of places they support
More informationClimax Vegetation is the natural vegetation in the last possible stage of vegetation development. Climax vegetation is stable and in balance with the
Climax Vegetation is the natural vegetation in the last possible stage of vegetation development. Climax vegetation is stable and in balance with the climatic conditions. It should change very little if
More information