Comparing Cells from Different Biological Kingdoms

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Comparing Cells from Different Biological Kingdoms"

Transcription

1 Comparing Cells from Different Biological Kingdoms I. Introduction to Cells In 1655, the English scientist Robert Hooke made an observation that would change biological theory and research forever. While examining a dried section of cork tree with a crude light microscope, he observed small "chambers" and named them cells. Within a decade, researchers had determined that cells were not empty, but instead filled with a watery substance called cytoplasm. Over the next 150+ years, researchers developed what we now refer to as cell theory, which was first proposed by the German botanist Matthias Jacob Schleiden and the German physiologist Theodore Schwann in 1838 and formalized by the German researcher Rudolf Virchow in In its modern form, cell theory has four basic parts: 1. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life; all organisms are composed of cells. 2. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. Each cell contains genetic material that is passed down during this process. 3. All basic chemical and physiological functions (such as repair, growth, movement, immunity, communication, and digestion) are carried out inside of cells. 4. The activities of cells depends on the activities of sub-cellular structures within the cell (collectively termed organelles). Thus, cell theory leads to 2 very important generalities about cells and life in general. First, cells are alive. The individual cells of your organs are just as alive as you are, even though they cannot live independently. This means cells can take in energy and building materials (such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats), and use these to make new cellular structures, repair themselves, and make new generations of cells (reproduction). Second, the characteristics and needs of an organism are in reality are the characteristics and needs of the cells that make up the organism. For example, you need water because your cells need water for a variety of cellular processes (mainly cellular respiration) and as a solvent. We breathe in oxygen so that our cells can use it for cellular respiration. We exhale carbon dioxide to get rid of this deadly waste product of cellular respiration. We eat proteins to help build the actin and myosin fibers that make up the bulk of our muscle cells. The list goes on We will spend the next two semesters in BIO 110 and 111 exploring the relationship between cell structure and function in organisms. Similarities between all cells: Cytology is the study of cells and cytologists are scientists that study cells. Cytologists have discovered that the cells of all living organisms are similar in many ways, but quite different in others. All cells contain three basic features: 1

2 1. A plasma membrane (or cell membrane) consisting of a phospholipid bilayer, which is a membrane that houses the cell. This membrane contains several structures that allow the cell to perform necessary tasks. For example, cell membranes possess channels that allow substances to move in and out of the cell and molecules that allow the cell to be recognized by other cells. 2. A cytoplasm containing cytosol and organelles. Cytosol is a fluid, consisting mostly of water and dissolved nutrients, wastes, ions, proteins, and other molecules. Organelles, as stated earlier, are small structures suspended in the cytosol. The organelles carry out the basic functions of the cell, including reproduction, metabolism and protein synthesis. 3. Genetic material (DNA and RNA), which carry the instructions for the production of proteins. Differences between cells: Aside from these three basic similarities of all cells, the cells of organisms from different biological kingdoms are quite different. For example, some cells are single, independent units and spend their entire existence as individual cells (these are the unicellular organisms, such as Euglena, amoebas, and bacteria). Other cells are part of multicellular organisms, and cannot survive alone. Recall that prokaryotic cells (which include bacteria) lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells (which include members of the Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia) contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. The cells of autotrophic organisms contain an organelle called the chloroplast, which allows the cell to produce sugars using light energy in the process known as photosynthesis. The cells of some organisms are surrounded by a cell wall composed mostly of the carbohydrates. Other cells lack a cell wall but instead have a cytoskeleton, a network of long fibrous protein strands that attach to the inner surface of the plasma membrane and help them maintain shape. You will observe and document similarities and differences such as these, and many more, among various organisms during lab today! II. Objectives Upon completion of today's lab activities, you should be able to: 1. Apply techniques learned in the "Perfecting Microscope Skills" lab to observe, compare, and contrast cells from different biological kingdoms. 2. Calculate the field diameter for scanning, low, and high power 3. Estimate the approximate size of specimens in your field of view 4. Use the metric system to make basic measurements of length 5. Compare and contrast characteristics of plant and animal cells 6. Recognize various organelles of plant and animal cells observed in lab and describe their function 7. Relate the functions of cells and/or organelles to the characteristics of life 8. Explain why certain organelles (such as Golgi bodies, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum) cannot be seen with the compound microscope 9. Differentiate between: 2

3 a. prokaryotic and eukaryotic b. autotrophic and heterotrophic c. unicellular and multicellular d. cell wall and plasma membrane 10. identify organelles using the plant and animal cell model III. Observation of cells from different Biological Kingdoms Before we observe cells, let's go over an overview of the characteristics of the 6 Biological Kingdoms: Recall that bacteria are the only prokaryotic organisms. Taxonomists now classify all bacteria into two Domains, which are technically taxonomic groupings above the Kindgom level, the Domains Bacteria and Archaea. Protista were the first of the eukaryotic kingdoms to evolve. The chief evolutionary importance of protists is their role as a stem group for the remaining Kingdoms: Plants, Animals, and Fungi. In other words, the Kingdom Protista includes species that are similar to the ones that gave rise to fungi, plants, and animals. The major groups within the Protista include the algae and other plant-like protists, the protozoa (the "animal-like protists"), and the slime-molds (the fungi-like protists). Today, the Kingdom Protista is not considered a valid Biological Kingdom because it includes groups of unrelated lineages. Fungi are almost entirely multicellular (with yeast, Saccharomyces cerviseae, being the prominent unicellular fungus), heterotrophic (deriving their energy from another organism, whether alive or dead), with cell walls make of chitin, and usually having some cells with two nuclei (multinucleate, as opposed to the more common one, or uninucleate) per cell. Ecologically this kingdom is important (along with certain bacteria) as decomposers and recyclers of nutrients. Economically, the Fungi provide us with food (mushrooms; Bleu cheese/roquefort cheese; baking and brewing), antibiotics (the first of the "wonder drugs", Penicillin, was isolated from a fungus Penicillium), and crop parasites (molds and rusts) which do several billion dollars per year of damage. Plantae include multicellular organisms that possess cell walls (composed of cellulose) that are autotrophic. Ecologically, this kingdom is generally (along with photosynthetic bacteria and protists) termed primary producers. Economically, this kingdom is unparalleled, with agriculture providing billions of dollars to the economy as well as the foundation of civilization. Food, building materials, paper, pharmaceutical drugs, and roses, are plants or plant-derived products. Animalia consists entirely of multicelluar heterotrophs that lack cell walls that are all capable (at some point during their life history) of motility. Ecologically, this kingdom occupies the level of consumers, which can be subdivided into herbivores (eaters of plants) and carnivores (eaters of other animals). Humans, along with some other organisms, are omnivores (capable of functioning as herbivores or carnivores). Economically, animals 3

4 provide meat, hides, beasts of burden, pets, transportation, and even scents (as used in some perfumes). Today we will compare and contrast the structure of plant, animal, and protist cells. A) Observations of plant cells using Elodea. Elodea (a.k.a., "waterweed") is a submersed South American aquarium plant that is naturalized in ponds, streams and lakes throughout North America. Most of the Elodea cell is occupied by a water-filled, large central vacuole. The chloroplasts (the little green disks) are displaced around the periphery of the cell, just inside the cell wall. To see additional chloroplasts you must focus up and down with the fine adjustment knob of the compound microscope. The transparent nucleus may not be visible on your slide. To observe these plant cells, do the following: 1) Obtain a piece of an Elodea leaf. 2) Place it gently on a clean, dry slide. 3) Add several drops of water and cover with a coverslip. 4) Observe under the microscope at low power (10X) and draw what you see. Be sure to label your drawing. Notes: 5) Locate the cell wall. Is a nucleus visible? 6) Count and record the number of cells across the diameter of the low power field, both lengthwise and side to side. Number of cells:. 4

5 7) Using the number you recorded in #6, calculate and record the length and width of an Elodea cell (in micrometers and millimeters) in the space below. 8) Now observe the Elodea cell at high power (40x) and draw what you see. Be sure to label your drawing. Notes: 9) How many cell layers thick is this leaf? 10) How were you able to determine #9? HINT - remember what we learned in the "Perfecting Microscope Skills" lab on depth of focus. 11) Based on your observations, are the chloroplasts evenly distributed throughout the cell? YES or NO (Circle one) 12) How are the chloroplasts distributed? 13) Switch back to a lower magnification and look to see if any cells show any internal movement. You should be looking for an obvious flowing movement of the chloroplasts around the periphery of the cell. This movement is called cyclosis or cytoplasmic streaming. 5

6 14) Locate the nucleus (if you haven't already). Where is it located? Why is it found in that location? 15) Locate the central vacuole (if you haven't already). Where is it located? How does its location affect the location of other organelles within the cell? Where are the other organelles located? Why are they found in that location? 16) Roughly how much of the area within each cell, on average, does the central vacuole occupy? 17) Based on your observations from #15 and 16, why are leafy vegetables, such as lettuce and cabbage, low in calories? 18) Observe the cell wall. Is it located INSIDE or OUTSIDE (Circle one) of the plasma membrane? B) Observation of animal cells using human epithelial cells (FYI - epithelial cells cover the body's surface and line its cavities). To observe these animal cells, do the following: 1) Obtain a sterile toothpick (your instructor will let you know where to get these) 2) Gently scrape the inside of your cheek with the toothpick. 3) Place the scrapings on a clean, dry slide. 4) Add a drop of methylene blue stain and cover with a coverslip (be careful with this stain - it will stain your clothes!) 5) Observe under the microscope, using the directions for focusing given above. Start with the scanning power objective to find some cells, then observe under both low and high power. 6) Locate the cell membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. 7) Make a drawing of what you see. Be sure to label the drawing with what it is, and what power you were using when you made your drawing. 6

7 8) Estimate and record the number of cells across the diameter of the high power field, both lengthwise and side to side. Number of cells:. 9) Using the number you recorded in #8, calculate and record the length and width of an cheek cell in micrometers and millimeters. 10) Record some obvious differences between the human cheek cells and the plant cells that you observed: 11) Record any similarities between the two types of cells. 7

8 C) Observation of unicellular protists. 1) make wet mounts or use prepared slides to observe the following unicellular protists: Euglena and Paramecium. 2) Sketch each specimen in the circles below, making notes of any visible characteristics you observed on each organism. Notes: Notes: 8

9 3) In what ways are Euglena similar to plant cells? To animal cells? 4) In what ways are Euglena different than plant cells? Than animal cells? 5) In what ways are Paramecium similar to plant cells? To animal cells? 6) In what ways are Paramecium different than plant cells? Than animal cells? IV. Questions Upon completion of this lab exercise, answer the following questions: 1) Why was it helpful today for your microscope to be parfocal? 2) List five things did before storing your microscope today. 3) What characteristics did all of the cells which you observed have in common? Hint: Consider things such as appearance (size, color, shape, organelles, etc.), behaviors, if any (movements, responses to stimuli, growth, etc.), etc. 9

10 4) In what respects do animal cells (e.g., human mouth epithelium) differ from plant cells (Elodea leaf)? Hint: You may wish to check your text to learn what characteristics do distinguish Animalia from Plantae. 5) Were any of the protists you observed today more similar to plants than animals or vice versa? If so, which do you think were "plant-like" protists and which were "animal-like" protists? 6) What does your answer to #5 above tell you about the organisms within the Kingdom Protista? 7) Do you think that most plant and animal cells are similar to those we observed today? Hint: The animal cells observed were from tissues at the surface (epithelium) and the plant cells were from leaves. Would you expect cells of wood, roots, muscle, bone, blood, and nerve to be constructed in any particular way to allow them to perform specialized functions? Explain. 10

What in the Cell is Going On?

What in the Cell is Going On? What in the Cell is Going On? Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect... (July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703) In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings

More information

What is a cell? Recall your work yesterday. When classifying cells, what are the two groups scientists separate cells into?

What is a cell? Recall your work yesterday. When classifying cells, what are the two groups scientists separate cells into? What is a cell? Recall your work yesterday. When classifying cells, what are the two groups scientists separate cells into? Light Microscopes and Total Power Magnification We can use microscopes to observe

More information

Discovery of the Cell

Discovery of the Cell Cell Structure Discovery of the Cell Who discovered cells? 1665 Robert Hooke used a compound microscope to examine a piece of cork (20X magnification) He saw little boxes in the cork and called them cells

More information

LIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 3 FLASHCARDS

LIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 3 FLASHCARDS LIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 3 FLASHCARDS Human beings are A. machines. B. organisms. C. systems. D. protists. One benefit of being a large organism is that you have A. larger cells. B. simpler functions. C. fewer

More information

Chapter 4 Cells: The Basic Units of Life The Big Idea All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Chapter 4 Cells: The Basic Units of Life The Big Idea All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Chapter 4 Cells: The Basic Units of Life The Big Idea All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Section 1 The Characteristics of Cells Key Concept Cells function similarly in all living organisms.

More information

Mid-Unit 1 Study Guide

Mid-Unit 1 Study Guide Mid- Study Guide Lessons 1, 3, & 4 1.1 Essential Questions: What are living things made of? What term describes the smallest unit that can perform all of the functions necessary for life? Eukaryotic cells

More information

Investigation: What Are the Different Types of Cells?

Investigation: What Are the Different Types of Cells? Name: Date: Investigation: What Are the Different Types of Cells? All living organisms are made of cells. The smallest cells are about 0.001 millimeters in diameter and belong to one of two domains: Bacteria

More information

The diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multicellular organism.

The diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multicellular organism. STATION 1 1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to a. assemble into multicellular organisms b. establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms c. obtain energy from the

More information

http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html 4A: Students will compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Robert Hooke (1665) Used a compound microscope to look at thin slices of cork (oak

More information

Cell Theory. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all living things, but no one knew they existed before the 17 th century!

Cell Theory. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all living things, but no one knew they existed before the 17 th century! Cell Notes Cell Theory All living organisms are made of. cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all living things, but no one knew they existed before the 17 th century! In 1665,

More information

CELL LAB OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION: CELL UNIT. After completing this lab you should be able to:

CELL LAB OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION: CELL UNIT. After completing this lab you should be able to: AP BIOLOGY CELL UNIT ACTIVITY #3 NAME DATE HOUR CELL LAB OBJECTIVES After completing this lab you should be able to: 1. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, 2. Prepare wet mount slides

More information

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. chapter 7 Test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Who was one of the first people to identify and see cork cells? a. Anton van

More information

Purpose (1 point) Investigate differences to cell size and shape across various kingdoms

Purpose (1 point) Investigate differences to cell size and shape across various kingdoms Living Cells Lab 61 points total As will be seen through this lab, there is no such thing as a typical cell. Though both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are often shown as general cells (p. 206), rarely

More information

Chapter: Life's Structure and Classification

Chapter: Life's Structure and Classification Table of Contents Chapter: Life's Structure and Classification Section 1: Living Things 1- What is an organism? Any living thing is called an organism. Organisms vary in size: 1)one-celled or unicellular

More information

All living things are made of cells

All living things are made of cells All about CELLS! 12F recognize that according to cell theory all organisms are composed of cells and cells carry on similar functions such as extracting energy from food to sustain life 12C recognize levels

More information

Van Leeuwenhoek. 1 st crude microscope made by the Dutchman

Van Leeuwenhoek. 1 st crude microscope made by the Dutchman The Cell History of Cells In 1665, English scientist Robert Hooke used the first compound light microscope to see plant tissues He viewed several thin slices of cork He called the small chambers within

More information

Discovery of the Cell

Discovery of the Cell Cells Chapter 4 Discovery of the Cell 1665 Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a piece of cork. He saw little boxes in the cork and called them cells. 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person

More information

Chapter Life Is Cellular

Chapter Life Is Cellular Chapter 7 7-1 Life Is Cellular The Discovery of the Cell Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens microscope to observe tiny little organisms in pond water. The Discovery of the Cell In 1665, Robert Hooke

More information

Name: Class: Date: ID: A

Name: Class: Date: ID: A Class: Date: Ch 7 Review Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Researchers use fluorescent labels and light microscopy to a. follow

More information

CELL THEORY & FUNCTION

CELL THEORY & FUNCTION UNIT 1- THE CELL CELL THEORY & FUNCTION A Word From Bill Record your observations about the picture to the right. What do you think you are you looking at? Describe the structure with as much detail

More information

Biology Teach Yourself Series Topic 2: Cells

Biology Teach Yourself Series Topic 2: Cells Biology Teach Yourself Series Topic 2: Cells A: Level 14, 474 Flinders Street Melbourne VIC 3000 T: 1300 134 518 W: tssm.com.au E: info@tssm.com.au TSSM 2013 Page 1 of 14 Contents Cells... 3 Prokaryotic

More information

Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya

Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya Taxonomy Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts of environments Largest group of organisms on Earth Only a small amount cause disease Most have very important roles:, such

More information

Cell Structure: What cells are made of. Can you pick out the cells from this picture?

Cell Structure: What cells are made of. Can you pick out the cells from this picture? Cell Structure: What cells are made of Can you pick out the cells from this picture? Review of the cell theory Microscope was developed 1610. Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw living things in pond water. 1677

More information

What is a cell? (*Know the parts of the microscope!)

What is a cell? (*Know the parts of the microscope!) Cells What is a cell? All living things have cells whether it is one or many! Therefore, a cell is the basic unit of all life. The invention of the microscope was pivotal to the study of cell biology.

More information

Biology. Mrs. Michaelsen. Types of cells. Cells & Cell Organelles. Cell size comparison. The Cell. Doing Life s Work. Hooke first viewed cork 1600 s

Biology. Mrs. Michaelsen. Types of cells. Cells & Cell Organelles. Cell size comparison. The Cell. Doing Life s Work. Hooke first viewed cork 1600 s Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life s Work Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most

More information

How do we define what it means to be alive?

How do we define what it means to be alive? How do we define what it means to be alive? Defining Life-7 Characteristics of Life There is no universal definition of life. To define life in unequivocal terms is still a challenge for scientists. Conventional

More information

The Discovery of the Cell

The Discovery of the Cell 7-1 Life Is Cellular Review The cell is the basic unit of life! Life began with the first cell! All living things are composed of cells! Cells make up tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms! Understanding

More information

Pre-lab Homework Lab 4: The Cell

Pre-lab Homework Lab 4: The Cell Lab Section: Name: Pre-lab Homework After reading over the lab and the cell chapter in your textbook, answer these questions to be turned in at the beginning of the lab! 1. Define organelle : Two examples

More information

The Basic Unit of Life Copyright Amy Brown Science Stuff

The Basic Unit of Life Copyright Amy Brown Science Stuff Cell Structure and Function The Basic Unit of Life Copyright Amy Brown Science Stuff The Discovery of the Cell Robert Hooke looked at thin slices of cork (plant cells) under the microscope. Named it a

More information

STEMscopedia: CELL STRUCTURES AND HOMEOSTASIS B1A

STEMscopedia: CELL STRUCTURES AND HOMEOSTASIS B1A Reflect B1A Have you wondered why you shiver in the cold? Or maybe why your stomach gets upset after eating something bad? These and many other reactions are ways your body is responding to a change in

More information

Biology Test 2 The Cell. For questions 1 15, choose ONLY ONE correct answer and fill in that choice on your Scantron form.

Biology Test 2 The Cell. For questions 1 15, choose ONLY ONE correct answer and fill in that choice on your Scantron form. Name Block Date Biology Test 2 The Cell For questions 1 15, choose ONLY ONE correct answer and fill in that choice on your Scantron form. 1. Which pair of structures best shows that plant cells have functions

More information

Unicellular Marine Organisms. Chapter 4

Unicellular Marine Organisms. Chapter 4 Unicellular Marine Organisms Chapter 4 The Cellular Structure of Life: Review Cell wall: firm, fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists;

More information

Bio-CP Chapter 7 Cell Notes

Bio-CP Chapter 7 Cell Notes Bio-CP Chapter 7 Cell Notes I. Cell = Building block of all living organisms A. Robert Hooke (1665) observed cork under a crude microscope 1. He called the boxes cells because they looked like little rooms

More information

protein synthesis cell theory Centrioles specialization. unicellular ribosomes. mitochondria cell interdependence prokaryotes

protein synthesis cell theory Centrioles specialization. unicellular ribosomes. mitochondria cell interdependence prokaryotes All cells must generate proteins. Cells make protein through a process called protein synthesis All living things are made of cells, Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms,

More information

Microscope History Robert Hooke

Microscope History Robert Hooke 1 Microscope History Robert Hooke First described cells in 1665. He viewed thin slices of cork and compared the boxy partitions he observed to the cells (small rooms) in a monastery. (1635 1702) 2 Microscope

More information

Lab 1: Using the Microscope & Cell Biology

Lab 1: Using the Microscope & Cell Biology Name Lab 1: Using the Microscope & Cell Biology The anatomy of the compound microscope Review or learn the following parts of the compound microscope and their functions. Eyepieces Objectives Arm Stage

More information

Biology 160 Cell Lab. Name Lab Section: 1:00pm 3:00 pm. Student Learning Outcomes:

Biology 160 Cell Lab. Name Lab Section: 1:00pm 3:00 pm. Student Learning Outcomes: Biology 160 Cell Lab Name Lab Section: 1:00pm 3:00 pm Student Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of today s lab you will be able to do the following: Properly use a compound light microscope Discuss the

More information

Cells and Microscopes Biology Concepts of Biology 2.1

Cells and Microscopes Biology Concepts of Biology 2.1 Cells and Microscopes Biology 100 - Concepts of Biology 2.1 Name Instructor Lab Section Objectives: To gain an understanding of how to: Correctly use the compound light microscope Differentiate between

More information

Microscopy and the Diversity of Microorganisms

Microscopy and the Diversity of Microorganisms Microscopy and the Diversity of Microorganisms Today we will learn how to use one of the most important tools a biologist has, the microscope. We will use the microscope to study organisms throughout the

More information

Cells Cytology = the study of cells. Nonliving Levels. Organization Levels of Life. Living Levels 11/14/13. More Living Levels

Cells Cytology = the study of cells. Nonliving Levels. Organization Levels of Life. Living Levels 11/14/13. More Living Levels Cells Cytology = the study of cells What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms? 1. Made of CELLS 2. Require ENERGY (food) 3. REPRODUCE (species) 4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS 5. ORGANIZED 6. RESPOND to environment

More information

Chapter 7. Cell Structure & Function

Chapter 7. Cell Structure & Function Chapter 7 Cell Structure & Function Scientists & Discoveries Early 1600 s (Holland): 1st microscope was constructed Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600 s) used single lens as a microscope to study and very carefully

More information

8.1 Life is cellular

8.1 Life is cellular 8.1 Life is cellular Early Microscopes In 1665, Englishman Robert Hooke used a microscope to look at a slice of cork. Cork was made of tiny, empty chambers that Hooke called cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

More information

THE CELL THEORY (R+R+R+E+G+N+T+S) 3).

THE CELL THEORY (R+R+R+E+G+N+T+S) 3). CELL BIOLOGY All living things are made up of small individual units called cells. Cells are the smallest functioning living unit. Cells can not normally be seen with the naked eye. To usually observe

More information

Comparing Kingdoms Lab

Comparing Kingdoms Lab Comparing Kingdoms Lab Name: Introduction: Living things are all around us. In der to identify ganisms effectively, scientists have developed methods of classifying ganisms into six maj groups called Kingdoms.

More information

Cell Biology. What is a cell? What is a cell?

Cell Biology. What is a cell? What is a cell? Cell Biology What is a cell? Cell = basic unit of life A cell is the smallest 'thing' that has all of the characteristics of life made of cells maintains homeostasis can reproduce uses energy grows is

More information

Dr. Dina A. A. Hassan Associate Professor, Pharmacology

Dr. Dina A. A. Hassan Associate Professor, Pharmacology Cytology Dr. Dina A. A. Hassan Associate Professor, Pharmacology Email: da.hassan@psau.edu.sa Cells All living things are made up of cells Basic building blocks of life It is the smallest functional and

More information

BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES A1 A1. Basic Biological Principles 1. Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms 2. Compare cellular structures and their function

More information

How do we define what it means to be alive?

How do we define what it means to be alive? How do we define what it means to be alive? Defining Life There is no universal definition of life. To define life in unequivocal terms is still a challenge for scientists. Conventional definition: must

More information

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 4-1 The History of Cell Biology

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 4-1 The History of Cell Biology STUDY GUIDE SECTION 4-1 The History of Cell Biology Name Period Date Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. One early piece of evidence supporting the cell theory was the observation

More information

2. Cell surface proteins or receptors, that help cells communicate, are embedded within the cell membrane s phospholipid bilayer.

2. Cell surface proteins or receptors, that help cells communicate, are embedded within the cell membrane s phospholipid bilayer. UNIT 3 TEST BIOLOGY: 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3 Cells, Cell Structures, Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic, Bacteria & Protists, Microscopes, Cell Communication, & Stem Cells True/False Indicate whether the statement

More information

Day 1. What You ll Learn. 1. Organisms are living things. 2. All organisms are made of one or more cells.

Day 1. What You ll Learn. 1. Organisms are living things. 2. All organisms are made of one or more cells. What You ll Learn Day 1 1. Organisms are living things. 2. All organisms are made of one or more cells. 3. There are two main types of cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic A cell is the basic unit and structure

More information

Cell Theory Essential Questions

Cell Theory Essential Questions Cells Vocab words 1. Cell 2. Cell theory 3. Nucleus 4. Eukaryote 5. Prokaryote 6. Organelle 7. Cytoplasm 8. Nuclear envelope 9. Chromatin 10. Chromosome 11. Nucleolus 12. Ribosome 13. Endoplasmic reticulum

More information

Ask yourself. Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function. Examples of Cells. A is cell the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

Ask yourself. Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function. Examples of Cells. A is cell the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function Ask yourself If you were a scientist living in the 1500s, what kind of questions would you ask yourself if you were the one to discover cells? Let me think. Cell Video

More information

Page 1. Name: UNIT: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION TOPIC: PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Page 1. Name: UNIT: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION TOPIC: PHOTOSYNTHESIS Name: 4667-1 - Page 1 UNIT: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION TOPIC: PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1) The diagram below illustrates the movement of materials involved in a process that is vital for the energy needs of organisms.

More information

CELL TYPE. Unit #4: Cell Structure & Func2on. Classifica(on, Endosymbiosis, Cell Type, Cell Organelles

CELL TYPE. Unit #4: Cell Structure & Func2on. Classifica(on, Endosymbiosis, Cell Type, Cell Organelles Unit #4: Cell Structure & Func2on Classifica(on, Endosymbiosis, Cell Type, Cell Organelles How are prokaryo(c cells and eukaryo(c cells similar? different? CELL TYPE Cell Theory Many scientists were involved

More information

An Introduction to the Science of Botany. Chapter 1

An Introduction to the Science of Botany. Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Science of Botany Chapter 1 TTU MS 43131 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Briefly describe the field of botany, and give short definitions of at least five subdisciplines of plant biology Summarize

More information

7 Characteristics of Life

7 Characteristics of Life 7 Characteristics of Life 1. Interdependence 2. Metabolism 3. Homeostasis 4. Cellular Structure and Function 5. Reproduction 6. Heredity 7. Evolution The Cell Theory All living things are composed of one

More information

II. Eukaryotic Cell Structure A. Boundaries 1. plasma membrane a. serves as a boundary b/w the cell and its environment b. controls movement of

II. Eukaryotic Cell Structure A. Boundaries 1. plasma membrane a. serves as a boundary b/w the cell and its environment b. controls movement of I. History of the cell theory A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600s) - dutch lens maker could see things with his lenses that were invisible to the naked eye - developed the simple microscope B. Robert Hooke

More information

Anaphase. Third phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. Animal Cell

Anaphase. Third phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. Animal Cell Anaphase Third phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. Animal Cell Antony Van Leevwenhoek 1643- Dutch microscope maker and merchant, observed and described

More information

BIOLOGY Cell Review Notes (source: SW Biology 11)

BIOLOGY Cell Review Notes (source: SW Biology 11) BIOLOGY Cell Review Notes (source: SW Biology 11) CELL STRUCTURE, FUNCTION & PROCESS Both living and nonliving things are composed of molecules made from chemical elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

More information

Cell Structure. Chapter 4. Cell Theory. Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.

Cell Structure. Chapter 4. Cell Theory. Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Cell Structure Chapter 4 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias Schleiden (1838) - Theodor Schwann (1839) Schleiden and Schwann proposed

More information

What is a cell? 2 Exceptions to The Cell Theory. Famous People. Can You Identify This Object? Basic Unit of all forms of Life. 1.

What is a cell? 2 Exceptions to The Cell Theory. Famous People. Can You Identify This Object? Basic Unit of all forms of Life. 1. Can You Identify This Object? CELLS Day 1: CELLULAR COMPONENTS & PROCESES What is a cell? Collection of living material enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from it s surroundings Basic Unit of

More information

Cell Structure. Chapter 4

Cell Structure. Chapter 4 Cell Structure Chapter 4 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias Schleiden (1838) - Theodor Schwann (1839) Schleiden and Schwann proposed

More information

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE CELL THEORY TIMELINE

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE CELL THEORY TIMELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1. composed of cells either uni/multi 2. reproduce sexual and/or asexual 3. contain DNA in cells 4. grow and develop 5. use material/energy in metabolic reactions 6. respond to

More information

Name Hour. Section 7-1 Life Is Cellular (pages )

Name Hour. Section 7-1 Life Is Cellular (pages ) Name Hour Section 7-1 Life Is Cellular (pages 169-173) Introduction (page 169) 1. What is the structure that makes up every living thing? The Discovery of the Cell (pages 169-170) 2. What was Anton van

More information

Biology Slide 1 of 31

Biology Slide 1 of 31 Biology 1 of 31 2 of 31 The Discovery of the Cell The Discovery of the Cell Because there were no instruments to make cells visible, the existence of cells was unknown for most of human history. This changed

More information

CELLS ARE BUILDING BLOCKS

CELLS ARE BUILDING BLOCKS CELLS ARE BUILDING BLOCKS Overview: In this lesson, students learn that individual cells are the building blocks of all living things. Microscopes help us to see these tiny wonders. Objectives: The student

More information

Cell Review. 1. The diagram below represents levels of organization in living things.

Cell Review. 1. The diagram below represents levels of organization in living things. Cell Review 1. The diagram below represents levels of organization in living things. Which term would best represent X? 1) human 2) tissue 3) stomach 4) chloroplast 2. Which statement is not a part of

More information

Cell Structure and Function How do the structures and processes of a cell enable it to survive?

Cell Structure and Function How do the structures and processes of a cell enable it to survive? Name Cell Structure and Function Date How do the structures and processes of a cell enable it to survive? Before You Read Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about the topic. Record

More information

Organelles & Cells Student Edition. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole

Organelles & Cells Student Edition. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole Name: Date: 1. Which structure is outside the nucleus of a cell and contains DNA? A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole 2. A potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure

More information

Lesson 2 The Cell. Student Labs and Activities. Launch Lab 25

Lesson 2 The Cell. Student Labs and Activities. Launch Lab 25 Lesson 2 The Cell Student Labs and Activities Page Launch Lab 25 Content Vocabulary 26 Lesson Outline 27 MiniLab 29 Content Practice A 30 Content Practice B 31 Language Arts Support 32 School to Home 34

More information

BIOLOGY 1021 UNIT 1: MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURE CHAPTER 15 P AND CHAPTER 16 P

BIOLOGY 1021 UNIT 1: MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURE CHAPTER 15 P AND CHAPTER 16 P BIOLOGY 1021 UNIT 1: MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURE CHAPTER 15 P. 307-311 AND CHAPTER 16 P. 328-331 Be sure to know flow chart an understanding from atoms to multicellular organisms. Importance of carbon, hydrogen,

More information

Life is Cellular Section 7.1

Life is Cellular Section 7.1 Life is Cellular Section 7.1 Objectives Understand Cell theory Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Understand different types of microscopy, and how they work in more detail What is a Cell?

More information

Living Things. Chapter 2

Living Things. Chapter 2 Living Things Chapter 2 Section 1: What is Life? 6 Characteristics of Living Things: 1. cellular vs. cellular 2. Composed of 5 essential chemicals 1. 2. - main energy source 3. 4. (Fats) 5. - genetic material

More information

3) What are the names of the SIX kingdoms? Next to each one, write whether it is prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

3) What are the names of the SIX kingdoms? Next to each one, write whether it is prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Topic #1: Taxonomy 1) What is taxonomy? system of naming and classifying organisms 2) Name the eight levels of taxonomic categories, starting with the most general and ending with the most specific. Domain,

More information

Cellular basis of life History of cell Biology Year Name of the scientist Importance

Cellular basis of life History of cell Biology Year Name of the scientist Importance Cellular basis of life History of cell Biology Year Name of the scientist Importance 1590 Jansen 1650 Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1665 Robert Hooke 1831 Matthias Schleiden 1831 Theodore Schwann 1855 Rudolf Virchow

More information

Cell Theory and Structure. Discoveries What are Cells? Cell Theory Cell Structures Organelles

Cell Theory and Structure. Discoveries What are Cells? Cell Theory Cell Structures Organelles Cell Theory and Structure Discoveries What are Cells? Cell Theory Cell Structures Organelles Discoveries In 1665 Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of cork from an oak tree What he saw reminded him of

More information

Student Exploration: Cell Types

Student Exploration: Cell Types 3. Name: Date: Student Exploration: Cell Types Vocabulary: ATP, bacteria, carbon dioxide (CO 2), cell, cellular respiration, compound light microscope, eukaryote, multicellular, muscle cell, neuron, organelle,

More information

CELLS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CELLS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CELLS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Jhia Anjela D. Rivera Department of Biological Sciences School of Science and Technology Centro Escolar University DISCOVERY OF CELLS Robert Hooke (1665): Observed a thin slice

More information

Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function 7.1: Life is Cellular

Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function 7.1: Life is Cellular Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function 7.1: Life is Cellular Key Questions: 1) What is the cell theory? 2) How do microscopes work? 3) How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different? THINK ABOUT IT

More information

Unit 5: Living beings

Unit 5: Living beings Unit 5: Living beings 1. Characteristics of living beings 2. Composition of living beings 3. The cell 4. The vital functions 5. Levels of organisation Think and answer? a. What living beings can you see

More information

7.1 Life is Cellular. Robert Hooke: Anton van Leeuwenhoek: The smallest unit of any organism- the cell. Robert Hooke

7.1 Life is Cellular. Robert Hooke: Anton van Leeuwenhoek: The smallest unit of any organism- the cell. Robert Hooke 7.1 Life is Cellular Sunday, December 16, 2012 1:07 PM Vocabulary: Cell: basic unit of all forms of life Cell theory: fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells;

More information

CELL THEORY & FUNCTION

CELL THEORY & FUNCTION CELL THEORY & FUNCTION DISCOVERY OF THE CELL Can t see cells, so who knew they existed? Discovered after the microscope was invented. Mid 1600s when scientists began using microscopes Robert Hooke

More information

CELL HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CELL HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CELL HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION The cell is the smallest unit of life that can carry out life processes. Chapter 4 Robert Hooke 1665 -observed cork through a light microscope. Anton Van Leewenhoek

More information

Structures and Life Functions of Single-Celled Organisms

Structures and Life Functions of Single-Celled Organisms Structures and Life Functions of Single-Celled Organisms 7.L.1.1 - Compare the structures and life functions of single-celled organisms that carry out all of the basic functions of life including: Euglena

More information

The Unity of Life. All living things are made up of small individual units called cells.

The Unity of Life. All living things are made up of small individual units called cells. The Unity of Life All living things are made up of small individual units called cells. Robert Hooke (1600 s) - examined slices of cork with a magnifying glass and observed box-like structures which he

More information

Today s materials: Cell Structure and Function. 1. Prokaryote and Eukaryote 2. DNA as a blue print of life Prokaryote and Eukaryote. What is a cell?

Today s materials: Cell Structure and Function. 1. Prokaryote and Eukaryote 2. DNA as a blue print of life Prokaryote and Eukaryote. What is a cell? Today s materials: 1. Prokaryote and Eukaryote 2. DNA as a blue print of life Prokaryote and Eukaryote Achadiah Rachmawati What is a cell? Cell Structure and Function All living things are made of cells

More information

Discovering Cell/ The Cell Theory. * Cells are the basic, smallest units of structure and function of living things.

Discovering Cell/ The Cell Theory. * Cells are the basic, smallest units of structure and function of living things. Discovering Cell/ The Cell Theory * Cells are the basic, smallest units of structure and function of living things. Since they are so small, before the invention of the microscope (around 1590), no one

More information

= Monera. Taxonomy. Domains (3) BIO162 Page Baluch. Taxonomy: classifying and organizing life

= Monera. Taxonomy. Domains (3) BIO162 Page Baluch. Taxonomy: classifying and organizing life Taxonomy BIO162 Page Baluch Taxonomy: classifying and organizing life species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Spaghetti Good For Over Came Phillip King Domains (3) DOMAINS 1. Bacteria 2. Archea

More information

Biology Homework Chapter 5: The Cell Pages Answer the questions with complete thoughts!

Biology Homework Chapter 5: The Cell Pages Answer the questions with complete thoughts! Name Biology Homework Chapter 5: The Cell Pages 115-133 Answer the questions with complete thoughts! Per. * Sections 5.1 through 5.3: Cells Are the Units of Life: Read pages 115 to 122 PART A: Define the

More information

Grade 7 Science Learning Standards

Grade 7 Science Learning Standards Grrade 7 Sciience Currrriicullum Overrviiew Middle School Science Hands-on, Minds-On, Science is the primary focus of the middle school science program, and includes content from Earth and Space Science,

More information

The Discovery of the Cell

The Discovery of the Cell The Discovery of the Cell The Discovery of the Cell Because there were no instruments to make cells visible, the existence of cells was unknown for most of human history. This changed with the invention

More information

Topic 3: Cells Ch. 6. Microscopes pp Microscopes. Microscopes. Microscopes. Microscopes

Topic 3: Cells Ch. 6. Microscopes pp Microscopes. Microscopes. Microscopes. Microscopes Topic 3: Cells Ch. 6 -All life is composed of cells and all cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA. pp.105-107 - The development of the microscope was the key to understanding that all living

More information

Introduction to Cells. Intro to Cells. Scientists who contributed to cell theory. Cell Theory. There are 2 types of cells: All Cells:

Introduction to Cells. Intro to Cells. Scientists who contributed to cell theory. Cell Theory. There are 2 types of cells: All Cells: Intro to Cells Key Concept: Cells are the basic unit of life. Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: 1 Animal Cell

More information

Study of Biology. copyright cmassengale

Study of Biology. copyright cmassengale Study of Biology 1 What is Biology? Biology is the study of all living things Living things are called organisms Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals 2 All Living Things Share

More information

Cell Theory. Cell Structure. Chapter 4. Cell is basic unit of life. Cells discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke

Cell Theory. Cell Structure. Chapter 4. Cell is basic unit of life. Cells discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke Cell Structure Chapter 4 Cell is basic unit of life Cell Theory Cells discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke Early cell studies conducted by - Mathias Schleiden (1838) - Theodor Schwann (1839) Schleiden &

More information

5. The cells in the liver that detoxify poison substances contain lots of a. smooth ER b. rough ER c. Golgi apparatus d. lysosomes e.

5. The cells in the liver that detoxify poison substances contain lots of a. smooth ER b. rough ER c. Golgi apparatus d. lysosomes e. Chapter 7 practice 1. What scientist originally came up with the term "cell"? a. von Leeuwenhoek d. Watson b. Hooke e. Virchow c. van der Waals 2. When you wish to look at the coat of a virus on the surface

More information

Pre-lab homework Lab 4: The Cell

Pre-lab homework Lab 4: The Cell Pre-lab homework Lab 4: The Cell Lab Section: Name: After reading over the lab and chapter 5 in your textbook, answer these questions to be turned in at the beginning of the lab! 1. Define organelle 2.

More information

Structure and Function of Plant and Animal Cells

Structure and Function of Plant and Animal Cells Science 14 Unit C: From Life to Lifestyle Chapter 8 Structure and Function of Plant and Animal Cells WORKBOOK Name: 8.1 A Closer Look pp. 158-164 Read pp. 158-159 Before the invention of microscope technology,

More information