End-of-Course Test Study Guide: (15% of Final Average!) NAME

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1 End-of-Course Test Study Guide: (15% of Final Average!) NAME Content Domain 1: Scientific Processes and Nature of Biology 1. List the steps of the scientific method, in order. Write a brief description of each step. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. 2. In any experiment, what kind of data is collected; quantitative or qualitative? How do you know which is which? 3. What is a independent variable? How do you know? 4. What is a dependent variable? How do you know? 5. What are some controlled variables (constants)? 6. What is the difference between a conclusion and an inference? 7. Describe when you would use the following types of graphs: a. Line graph- b. Bar graph- c. Pie graph- 8. Label the parts of the microscope. How do you calculate total magnification?

2 9. Common Safety Rules: When should goggles be worn? When should you wash your hands? 10. What is the subject of each of the following branches of biology? a. Botany b. Ecology c. Genetics d. Microbiology e. Taxonomy f. Zoology 11. List the 7 levels of Linnaean classification in order from most broad to most specific.,,,,,, (King Philip Came Over For Great Sex) 12. The scientific name for humans is (write it properly). 13. Humans would be most closely related to organisms with the same (K P C O F G S). 14. What are the three domains determined by DNA. 15. Complete the following Kingdom Chart Kingdom Main characteristics Examples Content Domain 2: Cellular Basis of Life 1. List the 3 parts of the cell theory: 2. List the characteristics of living things: a. Made of b. Require food for to carry out life processes c. Respond to in their environment d. offspring e. and f. Maintain ; a balance of internal conditions g. Have and pass on a code 3. A organism has to perform all metabolic activities within one cell. 4. A organism has cells that perform certain jobs. 5. In multicellular organisms, a group of related cells makes up, which makes up, which are grouped into, which work together to make up the organism.

3 6. A cell does NOT contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. 7. A cell does have a nucleus and other organelles. 8. transport does not require energy. There are 3 examples: a. - movement of materials from high to low concentration. b. - movement of water from high to low concentration. c. - movement of materials from high to low, with the help of a transport protein. 9. transport does require energy input from the cell because materials are moving against the concentration gradient, from to. 10. Large particles may be engulfed into the cell by ; while they are removed from the cell by. Both of these require energy. 11. If a cell is placed in a solution, water will leave the cell, causing it to. Remember, water also goes from to. 12. If a cell is placed in a solution, water will enter the cell, causing it to. 13. If a cell is placed in an solution, there will be no net movement of water because dynamic equilibrium has already been reached. Label the following solutions as hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic. Use arrows to indicate the direction water will move. 5% NaCl 15% other 80% water 10% NaCl 5% NaCl 5% NaCl 5% NaCl 5% NaCl 15% other 15% other 5% other 15% other 15% other 75% water 80% water 90% water 80% other 80% other Match the organelle with its function. 14. plasma (cell) membrane 15. chloroplast 16. nucleus 17. nuclear membrane 18. cytoplasm 19. cell wall 20. Golgi body 21. endoplasmic reticulum 22. ribosome 23. chromatin/chromosome 24. vacuole 25. mitochondria a. Boundary that surrounds the nucleus b. Found in plants for support & protection c. Gel-like material where organelles are found d. Makes proteins e. Gatekeeper; controls what comes in & out of cell f. Control center of cell; where DNA is found g. Powerhouse; where energy is made from food h. Stores substances i. Packages proteins j. Site of photosynthesis in plant cells k. Distributes proteins like a roadway l. Structure inside nucleus that contains genetic code

4 Label the following plant and animal cells.

5 Content Domain 3: Chemical Basis of Life 1. is anything that takes up space and has mass. The 3 states are,, and. 2. The is the building block of all matter. 3. An is a substance made up of all the same kind of atoms. The most common ones found in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. 4. hydrogen bonds: weak attractions between polar molecules. Ex- holds water molecules to other water molecules; holds nitrogenous bases together in molecule 5. A chemical is when chemical bonds are broken and new bonds form. 6. An compound always contains carbon and hydrogen. 7. An compound does not contain C & H and comes from nonliving things. 8. The most important inorganic compound for living things is. It is polar (the hydrogen side is positive while the oxygen side is negative). It is a great (it can dissolve most things), necessary for most chemical reactions in living things. 9. The scale, from 0 to 14, is a measure of how acidic or basic something is. Neutral is. Acids are than 7. Acids release hydrogen ions (H + ). Bases are than 7. Bases release hydroxide ions (OH - ). Stronger acids and bases are from 7, while weaker acids and bases are to The four basic types of organic compounds found in living things are,,, and. 11. Carbohydrates contain these 3 elements:,, and. Carbs provide a major source of. Monosaccharide example: polysacchararide example: and cellulose 12. Three types of lipids are,, and. The building blocks of lipids are 1 and 3. Uses in the body: 13. Proteins contain these elements:,,,, and. The building blocks are. They are used for growth and repair. A special type of protein that a chemical reaction is called an. 14. Nucleic acids contain an organism s. The building blocks are. Ex: & 15. When cells break down glucose to make energy, they are carrying out. Plants get this food by performing. 16. Write the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration: Circle the reactants, underline the products. 17. Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis: Circle the reactants, underline the products. 18. The molecule that cells use to carry out cellular activities is called. Energy is released when one is removed, forming. 19. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? 20. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? 21. What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration? and How many net ATPs are produced in each? How many net ATPs are produced in aerobic respiration? DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation 22. What 3 things make up a nucleotide? 23. How do the nitrogenous bases pair up? 24. What is it called when DNA is copied? Where does it take place?

6 25. What would the complementary strand of DNA look like for: A T T C G C A T G? 26. Name 3 ways that DNA and RNA differ. 27. What are the 3 types of RNA and what do they do? 28. What is it called when DNA is used to make mrna? 29. Transcribe the following A T T C G C A T G 30. Three bases in a row make up a. This matches to the found on the. The trna carries the appropriate to build a protein. This occurs at the. This final process is called protein synthesis, or. 31. What shape does a DNA molecule have? Content Domain IV: Genetics and Patterns of Change 1. The 2 main stages of the cell cycle are &. 2. Interphase is the longest phase. What 3 things happen during this phase? a. b. c. 3. Mitosis is the division of the in cells. 4. Cytokinesis is the division of the. 5. The two resulting cells are and are called cells. 6. The four phases of mitosis are (include a description of each): a. : b. : c. : d. : Label the following diagrams and put them in order. 7. The difference between animal cell division and plant cell division is the formation of a cell in cells 8. Cell division is necessary in order for a cell to. 9. Mitosis makes cells, which means there are 2 of each chromosome (pairs). In humans, these cells have chromosomes. Since the 2 chromosomes in the pair are similar, they are referred to as. 10. Meiosis is how cells are formed (also called ). They have the number of chromosomes and are therefore referred to as cells.

7 11. In meiosis, cells are formed, all of which are. In egg production, only egg forms, along with. It makes sperm. Genetics 12. Genetics is the study of. The father of genetics was, who did his research on plants. 13. A characteristic a person receives from his/her parent is a. The instructions for them are carried on, which are found on. 14. A person gets one gene for each trait from each parent. The alternative versions of genes are known as. If the two alleles are identical, the pair is, if the pair is different, it is, or hybrid. The combination of alleles is called the, while the physical appearance is the. 15. The allele that shows up is, while the one that is hidden is. 16. Mendel s work is summarized in 3 laws: a. Law of Dominance: b. Law of Segregation: c. Law of Independent Assortment: 17. A genetic cross involving only one trait is a trait. If it involves 2 traits, it is a trait. The cross is done on a square. 18. Black fur is dominant to white fur in rabbits. If a heterozygous rabbit is crossed with a white rabbit, what will the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring be? x Genotypic ratio: Phenotypic ratio: 19. The sex chromosomes in males are, while females have. 20. Some traits are carried only on the sex chromosomes. These are called traits. Usually, they are on the X chromosome, so are more common in males since males only have X chromosomes. 21. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes may over, resulting in a new combination of genes. 22. Changes in the genetic code of an organism result from, which may be spontaneous or caused by a. 23. Sometimes during meiosis, homologous pairs do not separate, so the resulting sperm or eggs will have either one extra or one missing chromosome. This is called and can lead to genetic disoders called trisomy or monosomy. An example of a trisomy of the 21 st chromosome is. 24. Genetic has lead to many advances in medicine and agriculture. Bacteria have been produced that can make insulin, thanks to DNA. 25. When a species changes over time, it is referred to as. This occurs due to. This theory was proposed by.

8 26. According to natural selection, organisms that are suited to their environment will and, therefore passing on their traits. 27. Evolution that involves small changes in a species is called. 28. Evolution that occurs slowly over where big changes occur is called. Content Domain 5: Viruses, Monerans, Protists, and Fungi Viruses 1. Viruses are [living, nonliving]. They are composed of an outer, with inside. They must replicate (where). 2. When a virus injects its DNA into the host cell, it hijacks the host, forcing it to of viral DNA. Once the viral proteins are assembled, the cell, releasing the viruses. This is referred to as the cycle. 3. If the viral DNA is not immediately copied, it becomes integrated within the. When the host cell divides, the daughter cells produces will also contain copies of the. The virus may be for several years in this state, but it is being spread. This is called the cycle. After time the lytic cycle will take over. 4. Some common diseases caused by viruses are. 5. Viruses do not respond to. The body produces to help fight viruses. Animals can receive immunity from viruses through, which is when the animal is injected with dead or weakened viruses so that will be produced against it. Bacteria 6. Bacteria belong to the Kingdom. They are -celled organisms [with, without] a nucleus. Therefore they are referred to as. 7. Most bacteria are because they must get food from an outside source. However, blue-green bacteria are who do photosynthesis. Some perform, getting food from chemical compounds. 8. The three shapes of bacteria are (which is ), (which is ), and, (which is ). 9. The circular DNA of bacteria is called a. Some bacteria also have a tail, called a. Some bacteria form, in which the DNA is protected in a coating until conditions are favorable. The process whereby bacteria reproduce is referred to as. They cannot do mitosis, since there is no. 10. In what ways are bacteria beneficial to us? 11. What are some foods produced with bacteria? 12. Some common diseases caused by bacteria are 13. Some bacteria cause disease by releasing, while others cause disease by breaking down tissues for. Bacterial diseases can be transmitted by,, contact, or (like ticks, fleas, lice, raccoons, etc.). To fight bacterial infections, may be taken. 14. Some ways to prevent bacterial infection are

9 Protists 15. Kingdom Protista is composed of mostly -celled organisms that all have a -bound. Thus, they are referred to as. 16. Plant-like protists are known as ; animal-like protists are referred to as, while fungus-like protists are just fungus-like protists! 17. Protozoa are classified based on their method of. 18. Algae contain in order to do photosynthesis. They must live in a environment. They are generally classified based on the color they contain. 19. How are protists beneficial? 20. What are some diseases caused by protists? 21. What is an algal bloom? 22. What causes red tides? Fungi 23. Fungi are usually -celled organisms that must to get energy. Unlike plants, they DO NOT perform. 24. Fungi are made of filaments called, which intertwine into a tangled mass known as a. Their cell walls are composed of. 25. Fungi reproduce both and. They are classified based on the way they form. 26. How are fungi beneficial? 27. What are some foods produced with fungi? 28. What are some diseased caused by fungi? What are some negative effects of fungi? Who am I? Content Domain 6: Ecology and the Environment 1. The thin layer of land, air, and water where life on Earth exists is the. 2. Ecology is the study of the interactions between and their. 3. A group of the same species of organisms living in an area is a. 4. All of the species in an area is a. 5. Different species of organisms in an area, plus the nonliving parts of the environment make up the. 6. Environmental factors that are living are referred to as, while those that are nonliving are known as. Plants, animals, and bacteria are examples of biotic factors. Four examples of abiotic factors are,,, and.

10 7. The place where an organism lives is its, while it s job or way of life is called its. 8. The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is the, but only % of this energy is transferred to the next level. 9. Organisms that make their own food are called or. They are found at the of the energy. 10. The path of energy from producer to consumer is a. Make one containing at least four organisms. 11. Many interconnected food chains make up a. 12. T or F. Energy is recycled in an ecosystem. 13. T or F. Matter is recycled in an ecosystem. 14. Water Cycle: Rain, snow, and sleet are examples of. When liquid water changes into the gaseous state, it is called. When water evaporates from leaves into the atmosphere, it is called. When water changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state, it is called. 15. Nitrogen Cycle: are found in the root nodules of special plants called ; they convert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants. Animals get this nitrogen when they. When organisms die, nitrogen is returned to the soil. 16. Carbon Cycle: Carbon enters the atmosphere when are burned, when organisms do cell, and during volcanic eruptions. Carbon leaves the atmosphere (CO2-abiotic) and enters the biotic parts when plants perform and when break down dead organisms. 17. Phosphorus Cycle: Plants get phosphorus from the. Animals get it when they. It is returned to the soil when plants and animals. 18. When communities change over time, it is called ecological. There are 2 types. If NO LIFE existed there before, it is. The first organisms to colonize such an area are pioneer species, such as. What types of organisms are next? 19. When there used to be life, but a disaster occurs, killing everything, succession occurs. It is faster because is already present. This type usually begins with things like. 20. A community that is relatively stable and unlikely to change is called a community. 21. If the number of births equals the number of deaths in a community, is the result. 22. If the population grows exponentially because there are no factors, the growth curve looks like the letter. The population size will rapidly exceed the and will likely crash. 23. If the population levels off (stabilizes) at the, due to factors, the curve is called logistic, and is shaped like the letter 24. Some examples of limiting factors are 25. A large region that has a certain climate and characteristic animals and plants is called a. The climate is based on amount of and.

11 Biome Climate Animals Plants Tropical rainforest Savanna Desert Temperate grassland Temperate forest Taiga Tundra 26. Aquatic environments: examples of standing water:, examples of moving water:. There is freshwater and. An is a combination of the two. 27. The photic zones of lakes and the ocean have, while the aphotic zone can only support organisms that can live in the. 28. What are some ways humans have caused the extinction of species? 29. A harmful product, or waste product in the environment is a. Much air pollution is caused from burning of. Examples of air pollutants are. A combination of smoke, gases is called. If air pollutants SOx and NOx (sulfur oxides and nitrous oxides) combine with water vapor, it produces. 30. The greenhouse effect is vital on our planet to temperature. If too much carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is present in the atmosphere, it leads to the effect. This is thought to contribute to. 31. What are some things that may cause water pollution? 32. What are two alternate sources of energy for electricity, instead of burning fossil fuels? power & power 33. All plants are [unicellular, multicellular] and are [eukaryotes, prokaryotes]. 34. Plant cells contain 2 things not found in animal cells: &. 35. The cell walls are made of, which is a type of. 36. Some small plants transport water and food only by diffusion. These are plants. Larger, more complex plants have conductive tissue for this job. 37. Bryophytes (2 examples: & ) are nonvascular plants that reproduce by producing. -found in environment. 38. Plant life cycles are referred to as alternation of generations, cycling between haploid ( N, gametophyte) and diploid ( N, sporophyte) generations. 39. Alternation of generations: the haploid gametophyte generation produces (eggs & sperm) by mitosis. They come together to form a, which is the sporophyte. The sporophyte then produces by meiosis. They develop into the gametophyte. 40. The two types of vascular tissue are (which transports up from the roots to the rest of the plant) and (which transports from the leaves to the rest of the plant). 41. The seed of a plant contains the and a food supply (endosperm) surrounded by the. 42. Seed-producing plants are divided into 2 groups: (naked seeds, often in cones) and (flowering plants). Examples of gymnosperms are

12 ,, and. Examples of angiosperms are,, and. 43. In flowers, the seeds are protected within a (an enlarged ovary). They are further divided into 2 groups: monocots (one cotyledon, ex- ) and dicots (2 cotyledons, ex- ). 44. The three main organs of a plant are the,, and. 45. Three jobs of roots:,, and. Two kinds of roots: &. 46. Two jobs of stems: &. 47. Main job of leaves: 48. What can carry their pollen?,, or 49. Under the right conditions, seeds will sprout, or. 50. What are some ways that humans use plants? 51. Label the parts of the flower. 20. Animals with a backbone are ; those without are. 21. Comparative Invertebrate Survey this should look like a table you have already done! Phylum Name (scientific) Word Bank pistil petal stamen stigma ovary ovule filament style anther sepal Common name Body plan (symmetry) Type of body cavity Circulatory system type? Digestive system type? nervous system type/ cephalization? Type of Reproduction? Porifera Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Echinodermata Examples 22. All vertebrates have symmetry, a [true coelom, pseudocoelom, or no coelom] and an [endoskeleton, exoskeleton].

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