2/22/ Photosynthesis & The Greenhouse Effect. 4.1 The Greenhouse Effect. 4.2 The Flow of Carbon
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1 4.1 Photosynthesis & The Greenhouse Effect Solar radiation warms the Earth. Most radiates back into space. Only 2% is captured for use by plants Nearly all life depends on that 2%! Earth Sun rays 2% captured Less heat escapes. Heat is trapped. Figure The Greenhouse Effect Sun Water has a high capacity to absorb and release heat, due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Heat (a) Water molecules Hydrogen bonds (b) Heat absorbed Hydrogen bonds break (c) Heat released; water cools Hydrogen bonds reform Figure The Flow of Carbon Carbon cycles between living organisms, the atmosphere, bodies of water, and the soil. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) Oxygen (O 2) Figure 4.3 1
2 4.4 Photosynthesis - Overview Photosynthesis = reverse cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide is combined with water, using blue & red light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. NOT green light. Photosynthesis is done ONLY by plants and some bacterial Blue-green algae. 4.4 Photosynthesis Occurs in organelles (b) called chloroplasts. : thick fluid inside chloroplasts. Thylakoids: disk-like structures give more surface area. Surface of thylakoid holds chlorophyll molecules Envelope Outer Inner Thylakoids Granum Figure 4.29b 4.4 Photosynthesis - The Reactions Photosynthesis takes place in 2 steps, in different areas of the chloroplast. 1. reactions (thylakoids): light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and excites chlorophyll electrons split H2O. 2. Carbon fixation: cycle in stroma binds CO2 to a 5C-Carbon fixing sugar to make glucose (6C-sugar) 2
3 4.4 Photosynthesis - The Reactions Water is split to give off oxygen and forms a plant niacin (NADPH). NADPH ferries electrons to the stroma for the cycle. Outer chloroplast Inner chloroplast energy NADP + + H + + 2e 1 energy 3 Electron transport chain NADPH CO 2 cycle Chlorophyll Sugar H + H + H+ synthase Chloroplast H 2O 2 Water is split Thylakoid O 2 Thylakoid Figure Photosynthesis C fixation Cycle No light required Occurs in the stroma energy reactions occur in the thylakoids. Thylakoids H 2O NADP + ADP + P CO 2 cycle NADPH Sugars Chloroplast The cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. O 2 Figure Photosynthesis C fixation Cycle energy reactions occur in the thylakoids. Thylakoids H 2O NADP + ADP + P CO 2 produced cycle NADPH Sugars binds CO2 to a 5C- Carbon fixing sugar to make glucose (6C-sugar) or other carbohydrates O 2 Chloroplast The cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. Figure
4 4.4 Photosynthesis Design for fixing CO2 Transpiration: movement of water out of a plant through stomata Guard cells regulate stomata openings Stomata open: plenty of carbon dioxide, loss of water, release O2 Stomata closed: conserves water, limits photosynthesis, O2 photorespiration Higher temperatures can lower the rate of photosynthesis. 4.4 Photosynthesis How Guard cells work 1. Blue light for PS activates a protein to pump OUT H+ ions. 2. Neg. charge cytoplasm takes up K+ salts. 3. More salt causes H2O to enter by osmosis. 4. More H2O causes Guard cell to swell. 5. As it swells stomata open. 4.4 Photosynthesis How Guard cells work 4
5 4.4 Photosynthesis - C 3 type Most common Close stomata to conserve water but builds up O2. C-fixation enzyme binds to O2 as well as CO2 causes photorespiration to occur To recycle C-fixing sugar More used than is produced making glucose during the cycle. Soybean C3 Crops Wheat Rice 4.4 Photosynthesis - C 4 type Spatial Difference C fixation and O2 formation occur in different tissues No photorespiration p Examples: Tropical grasses like, corn and sugar cane 5
6 C4 Crops Sugarcane Corn Vascular bundle H2O O2 Sucrose & Starch C4 type Photosynthesis CO2 Mesophyll cell Reaction C-fixation Cycle Glucose Bundle Sheath cell Latitudes for C3 & C4 plants 6
7 4.4 Photosynthesis CAM type Temporal (time) Difference At Night, CAM plants open their stomata only at night to fix CO2 into an acid and release O2. In Day, acid is broken down to carbon dioxide for use in photosynthesis to make glucose. Desert plants, like cactus and aloe vera CAM Crops Cactus Pineapple Comparison of CAM to C4 Plants C4 CAM 7
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