A. Stimulus Response:

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "A. Stimulus Response:"

Transcription

1 Plant Hormones A. Stimulus Response: A house plant on a windowsill grows light. If you rotate the plant, it reorients its growth until its leaves face the window again. The growth of a shoot towards light is called. In the diagram below, molecular observations show that cells on the side of seedling are than those on the bright side of the plant. These different growth rates allowed the shoot s (actively dividing tips of roots and shoots) to bend towards light. Early experiments showed this different rate of growth in experiments. When the of a grass shoot was removed, the shoot grew and wouldn t bend toward light. And the shoot grew straight if the tip was. This proved that the tip was responding to. Later experiments showed the same with gelatin and mica. Further experiments involved cutting the of grass seedlings and putting them on a block of. Then the chemical messenger or diffused from the tip into the agar. The agar was then put as a substitute onto the different tipless plants below and grown in the to test only the chemical and not the sunlight. This showed that when shoots grow towards light they do so because of a concentration of the growth promoting chemical on the side of the shoot which is the hormone.

2 Another -an growth response to an environmental stimulus is. This is the idea that if you place a seedling on its side, it will grow so the shoot bends and the root curves. This response to gravity ensures that roots go in the soil and shoots reach sunlight regardless of how the seed landed when it was planted. Botanists are still not sure what causes this, but one hypothesis is by the settling of -organelles containing heavy/ dense. An uneven distribution of organelles may in turn signal the cell to redistribute. And another tropism is called. This is growth movement in response to. This can be seen when and other climbing plants contact an object and wrap around it. This is considered to be a lasting change. We will compare short, reversible changes later. B. Plant Hormones: Recall a hormone is made in part of the organism and influences cells at part. They can pass through and alter plant physiology. The 5 main classes will now be described. like IAA (indoleacetic acid) promote by cell elongation primarily in the of plants (the apical meristem). However, IAA promotes growth only when at a certain concentration. When IAA gets too, this causes the plant to make another hormone called that inhibits stem elongation. Auxins makes plants cells elongate by the inside primary cell walls. These H + then activate that break bonds of the in the cell walls. The cell then with water and elongates. This is because the weakened cell wall no longer resists the cell s tendency to take up water. The cell then stays bigger by synthesizing more cell wall material and.

3 The promote cell division also called. They are found in actively growing tissues, especially in the, which then may be transported throughout the plant to other target tissues. Cytokinins also retard the of and so are used to keep flowers fresh. Also, cytokinins influence organ development called. For example, the amount of cytokinin and auxin together can influence whether a plant is or. The tall plant on the left below has its bud intact so traveled down the stem and allowed the stem to elongate. This the auxillary side branches. The short plant on the right below had its terminal bud removed early on and meant no was there to both elongate the stem and the side branches. This then allowed the transported from the roots to activate the buds and the plant grew bushy. So the length/ fullness of a plant is controlled by the interplay of auxins and cytokinins. The are plant hormones made at the tips of and. They produce a wide variety of effects. One main effect is the in stems and leaves. High concentrations of GA can cause the elongation of stems. This is called. This action enhances the effects of the auxins. Also, in combination with auxins, giberellins influence development. Spraying gibberellins on some fruits makes them develop fertilization giving us such fruits as grapes. GA are also important in seed and can cause a seed to sprout when sprayed onto seeds.

4 There are times, such as the onset of or severe, when it s adaptive for a plant to become. The hormone (ABA) produced in the signals the buds to form that will protect them from harsh conditions. So ABA is a growth. ABA also causes to remain dormant. This is especially important to plants in because germination without enough water would quickly kill the plants. Seeds will not germinate until a downpour of washes ABA out of the seeds, getting rid of this inhibitor. So the ratio of ABA to (which promotes germination) determines if a seed sprouts or remains dormant. ABA also acts as hormone in growing plants. This helps them cope with adverse conditions. For instance, if a plant is, ABA accumulates in the leaves causing the stomata to close. ABA is named because it was once believed to cause or breaking off of leaves from trees in the fall. This has never been proven. At one time and grapefruit were ripened in sheds with stoves. Fruit growers thought it was the heat from the stoves, but it was actually due to a gaseous by-product called. We now know plants make their own ethylene that triggers fruit. Fruits ripen by the of that cause the characteristic color changes (green to yellow or red). This gas is why the phrase One spoils the is reality. And is why growers try and the action of ethylene. They do this by flushing stored apples with that inhibits the action of ethylene. So a person can put a very piece of fruit in a bag and cause an piece of fruit to ripen quicker. Ethylene also plays a role in the fall changes in leaves and and promotes, the of leaves.

5 C. Internal Clocks: In humans, blood pressure, body temperature, alertness, rate of cell division, etc. all fluctuate rhythmically with the time of day. Plants also display rhythmic behavior like the and of stomata and movements. A biological cycle of about hours is called a. These rhythms persist even when an organism is from /external cues - like in constant dark or constant light. All research thus far indicates that circadian rhythms are controlled by timekeepers called. A biological clock continues to mark time in the absence of environmental cues, but to remain tuned to a period of exactly 24 hours, it requires signals from the environment. For example, if an organism is keep in a constant environment such as constant, its sleep movements slightly to a cycle of about hours. Just what is a biological clock? We aren t sure, but in humans the clock is a cluster of in the of the brain. In plants, we don t know what they are or where they are located. Unlike most metabolic processes, biological clocks and the circadian rhythms they control affected by shifts. This is important when you consider if a clock speed up or slowed down based on outside temperature, this would be a very timepiece. D. How plants distinguish the season: A biological clock not only times a plant s activities, it also influences events., seed, and the onset and ending of are all examples of stages in plant development that occur at specific times of the year. The environmental stimulus plants most often use to detect the time of year is called, the relative lengths of and. Plants whose is triggered by photoperiod fall into 2 groups: plants (long-night) and plants (shortnight). Short-day/long night plants flower in the late,, or winter when there is little or long. are an example of short-day plants. Long-day/short night plants flower in the late or early and include plants like, lettuce, iris, and many cereal grains. Spinach only flowers when exposed to hours of daylight. If this is interrupted by even a single of darkness, spinach will not flower.

6 We now know that flowering and other responses are not controlled by length, but actually by length. So the short-day plants are actually long-night plants, but this was discovered after they were named. Look at the figure below to understand when long-night and short-night plants will flower. There is no night length for when plants flower. The actual length of the varies from species to species. How does a plant actually measure photoperiod or night length? Plants do this with the aide of called -a colored protein that absorbs light. To understand this, look at the figure below. The letter on the light flash stands for light (wavelength 660 nm) and is effective at night length. stands for (wavelength 730 nm) and can correct the effects of the red light of the number of red light flashes so long as is the last flash the plant receives. Now let s consider the role of phytochrome. Phytochrome pigment molecule alternates between two forms, one absorbs light the other form absorbs light. The two forms are written as and. The from one form to the other happens quickly. However, plants only make. So if a plant is kept in the, the pigment remains as. Normally, each day at, the form is converted to and this sets a plant s. Then each day at, the form is converted to. The biological clock measure the time the conversion of these 2 forms, or the time from sunset to sunrise. So this pigment tells time of day and the and especially triggers responses such as seed,, and opening.

CONTROL SYSTEMS IN PLANTS

CONTROL SYSTEMS IN PLANTS AP BIOLOGY PLANTS FORM & FUNCTION ACTIVITY #5 NAME DATE HOUR CONTROL SYSTEMS IN PLANTS HORMONES MECHANISM FOR HORMONE ACTION Plant Form and Function Activity #5 page 1 CONTROL OF CELL ELONGATION Plant

More information

Regulatory Systems in Plants (Ch 39)

Regulatory Systems in Plants (Ch 39) Regulatory Systems in Plants (Ch 39) Plants show complex responses to environmental stimuli Problem: no nervous system (detection) & no muscular system (response) Various mechanisms for detecting stimuli

More information

Chapter 39. Plant Reactions. Plant Hormones 2/25/2013. Plants Response. What mechanisms causes this response? Signal Transduction Pathway model

Chapter 39. Plant Reactions. Plant Hormones 2/25/2013. Plants Response. What mechanisms causes this response? Signal Transduction Pathway model Chapter 39 Plants Response Plant Reactions Stimuli & a Stationary life Animals respond to stimuli by changing behavior Move toward positive stimuli Move away from negative stimuli Plants respond to stimuli

More information

Bio 100 Guide 27.

Bio 100 Guide 27. Bio 100 Guide 27 http://www.offthemarkcartoons.com/cartoons/1994-11-09.gif http://www.cneccc.edu.hk/subjects/bio/album/chapter20/images/plant_growth.jpg http://pgjennielove.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/apical_meristem.png

More information

Ch Plant Hormones

Ch Plant Hormones Ch. 39 Plant Hormones I. Plant Hormones Chemical signals that coordinate the parts of an organism. Only minute amounts are needed to get the desired response. Control plant growth and development by affecting

More information

Chapter 39. Plant Response. AP Biology

Chapter 39. Plant Response. AP Biology Chapter 39. Plant Response 1 Plant Reactions Stimuli & a Stationary Life u animals respond to stimuli by changing behavior move toward positive stimuli move away from negative stimuli u plants respond

More information

Plant Responses. NOTE: plant responses involve growth and changes in growth. Their movement is much slower than that of animals.

Plant Responses. NOTE: plant responses involve growth and changes in growth. Their movement is much slower than that of animals. Plant Responses A stimulus is anything that causes a reaction in an organism. Examples: light, gravity and temperature A response is the activity of an organism as a result of a stimulus. Examples: Growth,

More information

Chapter 33 Plant Responses

Chapter 33 Plant Responses Chapter 33 Plant Responses R. Cummins 1 Chapter 33 Plant Responses External Factors Light, Day Length, Gravity, Temperature Internal Factors Hormones R. Cummins 2 Tropisms R. Cummins 3 Phototropism and

More information

AP Biology Plant Control and Coordination

AP Biology Plant Control and Coordination AP Biology Plant Control and Coordination 1. What is the effect of the plant hormone ethylene on fruit ripening? 2. How does fruit change as it ripens? 3. What is the mechanism behind ripening? 4. Why

More information

Chapter 33 Control Systems in Plants

Chapter 33 Control Systems in Plants Chapter Control Systems in Plants Figure.0_ Chapter : Big Ideas PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

More information

Plant Stimuli pp Topic 3: Plant Behaviour Ch. 39. Plant Behavioural Responses. Plant Hormones. Plant Hormones pp

Plant Stimuli pp Topic 3: Plant Behaviour Ch. 39. Plant Behavioural Responses. Plant Hormones. Plant Hormones pp Topic 3: Plant Behaviour Ch. 39 Plants exist in environments that are constantly changing. Like animals, plants must be able to detect and react to stimuli in the environment. Unlike animals, plants can

More information

Plant. Responses and Adaptations. Plant Hormones. Plant Hormones. Auxins. Auxins. Hormones tell plants:

Plant. Responses and Adaptations. Plant Hormones. Plant Hormones. Auxins. Auxins. Hormones tell plants: Plant Responses and Adaptations Plant Hormones Hormone - a substance that is produced in 1 part of an organism & affects another part of the same individual (a chemical messenger) Plant hormones are chemical

More information

Chapter 33 Control Systems in Plants

Chapter 33 Control Systems in Plants Chapter 33 Control Systems in Plants PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by

More information

Plant Development. Chapter 31 Part 1

Plant Development. Chapter 31 Part 1 Plant Development Chapter 31 Part 1 Impacts, Issues Foolish Seedlings, Gorgeous Grapes Gibberellin and other plant hormones control the growth and development of plants environmental cues influence hormone

More information

Major Plant Hormones 1.Auxins 2.Cytokinins 3.Gibberelins 4.Ethylene 5.Abscisic acid

Major Plant Hormones 1.Auxins 2.Cytokinins 3.Gibberelins 4.Ethylene 5.Abscisic acid Plant Hormones Lecture 9: Control Systems in Plants What is a Plant Hormone? Compound produced by one part of an organism that is translocated to other parts where it triggers a response in target cells

More information

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal

More information

10/4/2017. Chapter 39

10/4/2017. Chapter 39 Chapter 39 1 Reception 1 Reception 2 Transduction CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASM Cell wall Plasma membrane Phytochrome activated by light Cell wall Plasma membrane Phytochrome activated by light cgmp Second messenger

More information

Plant Responses and Adaptations Video

Plant Responses and Adaptations Video Plant Responses and Adaptations Video Hormone -a substance that is produced in one part of an organism & affects another part of the same individual Plant hormones are chemical substances Control a plant

More information

Chapter 31 Active Reading Guide Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Chapter 31 Active Reading Guide Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 31 Active Reading Guide Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals This concept brings together the general ideas on cell communication from Chapter 5.6 with specific

More information

Growth and development of plants influenced by: Genetic factors External environmental factors Chemicals Plants respond to chemicals that are

Growth and development of plants influenced by: Genetic factors External environmental factors Chemicals Plants respond to chemicals that are Plant Responses PLANT HORMONES Growth and development of plants influenced by: Genetic factors External environmental factors Chemicals Plants respond to chemicals that are naturally inside them and to

More information

Name Date Class. As you read Chapter 12, which begins on page 278 of your textbook, answer the following questions.

Name Date Class. As you read Chapter 12, which begins on page 278 of your textbook, answer the following questions. CHAPTER 12 DIRECTED READING WORKSHEET Plant Processes As you read Chapter 12, which begins on page 278 of your textbook, answer the following questions. Strange but True! (p. 278) 1. How do wasps act as

More information

Name Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase.

Name Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. Assessment Chapter Test B Plant Responses In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. 1. thigmonasty 2. auxin 3. ethylene 4. phytochrome 5. abscisic

More information

Ch 25 - Plant Hormones and Plant Growth

Ch 25 - Plant Hormones and Plant Growth Ch 25 - Plant Hormones and Plant Growth I. Patterns of plant growth A. Plant continue to grow, even in old age. i.e. new leaves, needles, new wood, new cones, new flowers, etc. B. Meristem continues to

More information

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Growth and Development Plant Growth and Development Concept 26.1 Plants Develop in Response to the Environment Factors involved in regulating plant growth and development: 1. Environmental cues (e.g., day length) 2. Receptors

More information

Sensory Systems in Plants

Sensory Systems in Plants Sensory Systems in Plants 1. If temperatures suddenly rise 5 to 10º C, proteins are produced to help stabilize other proteins. 2. Rapid turgor pressure changes in specialized multicellular swellings called

More information

Chapter 25 Plant Processes. Biology II

Chapter 25 Plant Processes. Biology II Chapter 25 Plant Processes Biology II 25.1 Nutrients and Transport Plants grow by adding new cells through cell division Must have steady supply of raw materials to build new cells Nutrients (most) Plants

More information

Forces in Everyday Life

Forces in Everyday Life reflect What kinds of things can do work? You probably answered that people do work. Perhaps you also thought of machines that help us do work, like scissors or bicycles. Perhaps you thought of animals

More information

PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 84 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Ethylene is used for a. Retarding ripening of tomatoes b. Hastening of ripening of fruits c. Slowing down

More information

Plant Processes. Plant Responses

Plant Processes. Plant Responses CHAPTER 11 Plant Processes LESSON 2 Plant Responses What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with

More information

Campbell's Biology: Concepts and Connections, 7e (Reece et al.) Chapter 33 Control Systems in Plants Multiple-Choice Questions

Campbell's Biology: Concepts and Connections, 7e (Reece et al.) Chapter 33 Control Systems in Plants Multiple-Choice Questions Campbell's Biology: Concepts and Connections, 7e (Reece et al.) Chapter 33 Control Systems in Plants 33.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is a health benefit associated with increasing

More information

Lesson 2 Plant Responses

Lesson 2 Plant Responses Lesson 2 Plant Responses Student Labs and Activities Page Launch Lab 25 Content Vocabulary 26 Lesson Outline 27 MiniLab 29 Content Practice A 30 Content Practice B 31 Math Skills 32 School to Home 33 Key

More information

Unit Two: Chemical Control

Unit Two: Chemical Control Unit Two: Chemical Control 3.1 Plant growth and development are regulated by hormones Tropism is a biological phenomenon in which plants grow toward or away from an environmental stimulus, such as light,

More information

3 Plant Development and Responses

3 Plant Development and Responses CHAPTER 13 3 Plant Development and Responses SECTION Plant Processes 7.1.f, 7.5.a California Science Standards BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions:

More information

Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Energy Processing in Plants Lesson 2 Plant Responses Chapter Wrap-Up

Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Energy Processing in Plants Lesson 2 Plant Responses Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Energy Processing in Plants Lesson 2 Plant Responses Chapter Wrap-Up Materials for Plant Processes Xylem and phloem the vascular tissue in most plants transport materials

More information

Describe plant meristems. Where are they located? perpetually embryonic cells found at tips of roots and shoots (apical vs.

Describe plant meristems. Where are they located? perpetually embryonic cells found at tips of roots and shoots (apical vs. Which conditions have the higher rate of transpiration? Light or dark: Humid or dry: Breezy or still air: Hot or warm: light (need CO 2 for photosyn.) dry (lower H 2 O potential out) breezy (greater evaporation)

More information

PLANTS: RESPONSES AND HORMONES. Student Packet

PLANTS: RESPONSES AND HORMONES. Student Packet AP * BIOLOGY PLANTS: RESPONSES AND HORMONES Student Packet AP* is a trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production of this

More information

Is that artificial turf or real grass? Its thicker than Bermuda!

Is that artificial turf or real grass? Its thicker than Bermuda! Is that artificial turf or real grass? Its thicker than Bermuda! 1 Using Plant Growth Regulators Growth regulators DO NOT interfere with plant respiration, photosynthesis, or other internal plant functions

More information

Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Overview: Stimuli and a Stationary Life Plants, being rooted to the ground, must respond to whatever environmental change comes their way For

More information

Unit 8 Plant Form and Function. Chapter 31: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Unit 8 Plant Form and Function. Chapter 31: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Unit 8 Plant Form and Function Chapter 31: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Overview: The Race to Live Young seedlings must outcompete their neighbors in the race for resources in order

More information

PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Read pages Re-read and then complete the questions below.

PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Read pages Re-read and then complete the questions below. PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Read pages 600-602. Re-read and then complete the questions below. 1. PLANT TISSUES - plant tissues are made up of 3 basic cell types: Parenchyma, Collenchyma or Sclerenchyma

More information

Multiple inductive pathways control the timing of flowering. Long-day photoperiod Gibberellins (GA) Vernalization Autonomous pathway

Multiple inductive pathways control the timing of flowering. Long-day photoperiod Gibberellins (GA) Vernalization Autonomous pathway Multiple inductive pathways control the timing of flowering Long-day photoperiod Gibberellins (GA) Vernalization Autonomous pathway Induction of flowering Multiple cues Photoperiodism Duration of the Light

More information

AP Plants II Practice test

AP Plants II Practice test AP Plants II Practice test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. The figure below shows the results of a study to determine the effect

More information

Assessment Schedule 2013 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of the responses of plants and animals to their external environment (91603)

Assessment Schedule 2013 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of the responses of plants and animals to their external environment (91603) NCEA Level 3 Biology (91603) 2013 page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule 2013 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of the responses of plants and animals to their external environment (91603) Assessment Criteria

More information

CONTROL OF GROWTH BY HORMONES

CONTROL OF GROWTH BY HORMONES CONTROL OF GROWTH BY HORMONES Growth and organogenesis are controlled......by genes (independent of environment): e.g., number of primary vascular bundles, general shape of a leaf or flower...by genes

More information

PLANT GROWTH. IB Topic 9.3 & 9.4 Urry text ref: Ch 28 & 31

PLANT GROWTH. IB Topic 9.3 & 9.4 Urry text ref: Ch 28 & 31 PLANT GROWTH IB Topic 9.3 & 9.4 Urry text ref: Ch 28 & 31 INDETERMINATE GROWTH = throughout life meristems like stem cells in humans Shoot tip (shoot apical meristem and young leaves) lateral Axillary

More information

Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals AP Biology Reading Guide Name Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Concept 39.1 Signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response This concept brings together the general

More information

Types of Plants. Unit 6 Review 5/2/2011. Plants. A. pine B. moss C. corn plant D. bean plant E. liverwort

Types of Plants. Unit 6 Review 5/2/2011. Plants. A. pine B. moss C. corn plant D. bean plant E. liverwort Unit 6 Review Plants Initial questions are worth 1 point each. Each question will be followed by an explanation All questions will be asked a second time at the very end, each of those questions will be

More information

Reproduction, Seeds and Propagation

Reproduction, Seeds and Propagation Reproduction, Seeds and Propagation Diploid (2n) somatic cell Two diploid (2n) somatic cells Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase I One pair of homologous chromosomes (homologues) II Homologues condense

More information

Useful Propagation Terms. Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants.

Useful Propagation Terms. Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants. Useful Propagation Terms Propagation The application of specific biological principles and concepts in the multiplication of plants. Adventitious Typically describes new organs such as roots that develop

More information

CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology) CHAPTER-15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Root, stem leaves, flower, fruits and seeds arise in orderly manner in plants. The sequence of growth is as follows-

More information

Level 2 Plant Growth and Development Part I Toby Day MSU Extension Horticulture Associate Specialist

Level 2 Plant Growth and Development Part I Toby Day MSU Extension Horticulture Associate Specialist Level 2 Plant Growth and Development Part I Toby Day MSU Extension Horticulture Associate Specialist Pages 24-38 Montana Master Gardener Handbook Plant Growth and Development Whole Plant Organs Tissues

More information

Class XI Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development Biology

Class XI Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development Biology Question 1: Define growth, differentiation, development, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, determinate growth, meristem and growth rate. (a) Growth It is an irreversible and permanent process, accomplished

More information

Structures and Functions of Living Organisms

Structures and Functions of Living Organisms Structures and Functions of Living Organisms Date: 6.L.1 Understand the structures, processes and behaviors of plants that enable them to survive and reproduce. 6.L.1.1 Summarize the basic structures and

More information

Class XI Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development Biology

Class XI Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development Biology Question 1: Define growth, differentiation, development, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, determinate growth, meristem and growth rate. (a) Growth It is an irreversible and permanent process, accomplished

More information

can affect division, elongation, & differentiation of cells to another region of plant where they have an effect

can affect division, elongation, & differentiation of cells to another region of plant where they have an effect Note that the following is a rudimentary outline of the class lecture; it does not contain everything discussed in class. Plant Hormones Plant Hormones compounds regulators growth or can affect division,

More information

BIO1PS 2012 Plant Science Lecture 4 Hormones Pt. I

BIO1PS 2012 Plant Science Lecture 4 Hormones Pt. I BIO1PS 2012 Plant Science Lecture 4 Hormones Pt. I Dr. Michael Emmerling Department of Botany Room 410 m.emmerling@latrobe.edu.au Hormones and Ghost gum Eucalyptus papuana Coordination ~3 Lectures Leaves

More information

Plants are sessile. 10d-17/giraffe-grazing.jpg

Plants are sessile.   10d-17/giraffe-grazing.jpg Plants are sessile www.mccullagh.org/db9/ 10d-17/giraffe-grazing.jpg Plants have distinct requirements because of their sessile nature Organism-level requirements Must adjust to environment at given location

More information

Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Julia Keller 12d Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals 1. What causes a shriveled potato to grow skinny, pale sprouts? Morphological

More information

PLANT HORMONES AND PLANT DEFENCE MECHANISMS 24 APRIL 2013

PLANT HORMONES AND PLANT DEFENCE MECHANISMS 24 APRIL 2013 PLANT HORMONES AND PLANT DEFENCE MECHANISMS 24 APRIL 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson, we: Discuss general functions of the following plant hormones: - Auxins - Gibberellins - Abscisic acid Discuss

More information

16. TRANSMISSION OF STIMULUS - THEORIES OF FLOWERING.

16. TRANSMISSION OF STIMULUS - THEORIES OF FLOWERING. 16. TRANSMISSION OF STIMULUS - THEORIES OF FLOWERING. Photoperiodic Induction The influence of the length of day and night on the initiation of flowering is called photoperiodic induction or photo induction.

More information

Structures and Functions of Living Organisms

Structures and Functions of Living Organisms Structures and Functions of Living Organisms 6.L.1 Understand the structures, processes and behaviors of plants that enable them to survive and reproduce. 6.L.1.1 Summarize the basic structures and functions

More information

ORGANISMS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THEIR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS

ORGANISMS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THEIR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS MODULE 6 ORGANISMS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THEIR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS BIOLOGY NOTES I have designed and compiled these beautiful notes to provide a detailed but concise summary of this module.

More information

Plant hormones: a. produced in many parts of the plant b. have many functions

Plant hormones: a. produced in many parts of the plant b. have many functions Plant hormones: a. produced in many parts of the plant b. have many functions Illustrated with 4 plant hormones: Gibberellins Auxin Cytokinins Ethylene Gibberellins Gibberellins illustrate how plant hormones

More information

*Lab Make-up option* Dynamic Plant Plant Movements, Hormones & Defense Systems

*Lab Make-up option* Dynamic Plant Plant Movements, Hormones & Defense Systems Dynamic Plant Plant Movements, Hormones & Defense Systems Resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla A Club moss, Lycophyta *Lab Make-up option* Weed Profile Project Pick a common weed in Oregon and create

More information

(A) Ethylene (B) Absisic acid (C) Auxin (D) Gibberellin (E) Cytokinin

(A) Ethylene (B) Absisic acid (C) Auxin (D) Gibberellin (E) Cytokinin College Biology - Problem Drill 17: Plant Function Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following plant hormones is responsible for phototropism? Question #01 (A) Ethylene (B) Absisic acid (C) Auxin (D)

More information

CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E

CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E The development of a plant the series of progressive changes that take place throughout its life is regulated in complex ways. Factors take part

More information

Biology 120 J. Greg Doheny. Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Signals are Mediated by Plant Hormones

Biology 120 J. Greg Doheny. Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Signals are Mediated by Plant Hormones Biology 120 J. Greg Doheny Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Signals are Mediated by Plant Hormones Plants are able to change their growth and behavior in response to external signals (ie-growing towards light,

More information

TOPIC 9.4 REPRODUCTION OF PLANTS

TOPIC 9.4 REPRODUCTION OF PLANTS TOPIC 9.4 REPRODUCTION OF PLANTS INTRO https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/41/62941-004-e3f5377b.jpg IB BIO 9.4 2 Flowers are reproductive structures found in flowering plants. Their function is to

More information

STOLLER ENTERPRISES, INC. World leader in crop nutrition

STOLLER ENTERPRISES, INC. World leader in crop nutrition A new paradigm for crop production - Page 1 of 6 A NEW PARADIGM FOR CROP PRODUCTION Most agronomists are taught about the chemical process of manufacturing photosynthates (PS). The plants breathe in carbon

More information

Plant Growth & Development. By: Johnny M. Jessup Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor

Plant Growth & Development. By: Johnny M. Jessup Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor Plant Growth & Development By: Johnny M. Jessup Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor Introduction There are 7 plant processes that effect growth which are. Photosynthesis Respiration Absorption Transpiration

More information

This is sometimes referred to as an Organizational Hierarchy

This is sometimes referred to as an Organizational Hierarchy Chapter 11 Plant Structure and Function Introduction: Cell Specialization 1. Life in general In order to carry out the basic processes of life: Food production (photosynthesis) Intake of water and nutrients

More information

Horticulture 201H Spring, 2002 Exam 2 Name:

Horticulture 201H Spring, 2002 Exam 2 Name: Horticulture 201H Spring, 2002 Exam 2 Name: Section 1. In the space to the left of the statements below, write the word(s) that best fit the definition or description. (20 pts) Vegetative reproduction

More information

Tree Anatomy. Arlington and Alexandria Tree Stewards Jim McGlone Urban Forest Conservationist Virginia Department of Forestry

Tree Anatomy. Arlington and Alexandria Tree Stewards Jim McGlone Urban Forest Conservationist Virginia Department of Forestry Tree Anatomy Arlington and Alexandria Tree Stewards Jim McGlone Urban Forest Conservationist Virginia Department of Forestry Tree Structure https://thelandscapebelowground.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/poster-tree-100dpi-black-and-white.jpg

More information

Trees are: woody complex, large, long-lived self-feeding shedding generating systems compartmented, self optimizing

Trees are: woody complex, large, long-lived self-feeding shedding generating systems compartmented, self optimizing BASIC TREE BIOLOGY Trees are: woody complex, large, long-lived self-feeding shedding generating systems compartmented, self optimizing Roots: absorb water and minerals store energy support and anchor

More information

15. PHOTOPERIODISM. 1. Short day plants

15. PHOTOPERIODISM. 1. Short day plants 15. PHOTOPERIODISM Photoperiodism is the phenomenon of physiological changes that occur in plants in response to relative length of day and night (i.e. photoperiod). The response of the plants to the photoperiod,

More information

REVIEW 7: PLANT ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY UNIT. A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned:

REVIEW 7: PLANT ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY UNIT. A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned: Period Date REVIEW 7: PLANT ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY UNIT A. Top 10 If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned: 1. Gas exchange a. structure: stomates b. function: diffusion, supports

More information

TREES. Functions, structure, physiology

TREES. Functions, structure, physiology TREES Functions, structure, physiology Trees in Agroecosystems - 1 Microclimate effects lower soil temperature alter soil moisture reduce temperature fluctuations Maintain or increase soil fertility biological

More information

Not just the presence of light, but direction, intensity, wavelength as well.

Not just the presence of light, but direction, intensity, wavelength as well. Not just the presence of light, but direction, intensity, wavelength as well. Need this to measure the passage of days and seasons ED and BLUE light are the most important colors in regulating this in

More information

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Growth and Development 1. Define plasticity. Give an example? A: Plant Growth and Development The ability of the plants to follow different pathways in response to the environment or phases of life to form different kinds of

More information

Autotrophs/producers- make own energy through

Autotrophs/producers- make own energy through Name Class EXAM Date Unit 11 Plant Kingdom Characteristics of Plants Multicellular- made of cells Eukaryotes- have & membrane bound organelles Cell - made of Autotrophs/producers- make own energy through

More information

Biology. Chapter 27. Plant Reproduction and Development. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015

Biology. Chapter 27. Plant Reproduction and Development. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr. Cengage Learning 2015 Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 27 Plant Reproduction and Development 27.1 What Are the Structure and Function of Flowers? Flowers: reproductive structures of angiosperms

More information

What were some challenges that plants had to overcome as they moved to land? Drying out in the sun Conserving water Reproduction without water

What were some challenges that plants had to overcome as they moved to land? Drying out in the sun Conserving water Reproduction without water Classification of Plants (Ch. 22) The 3 major characteristics that make an organism a plant are: Multicellular eukaryote Cell walls with cellulose Carry out photosynthesis Plants most likely evolved from:

More information

Plant hormones. Characteristics

Plant hormones. Characteristics Plant hormones Plant hormones (also known as phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate plant growth, which, in the UK, are termed 'plant growth substances'. Plant hormones are signal molecules produced

More information

Chapter C3: Multicellular Organisms Plants

Chapter C3: Multicellular Organisms Plants Chapter C3: Multicellular Organisms Plants Multicellular Organisms Multicellular organisms have specialized cells of many different types that allow them to grow to a larger size than single-celled organisms.

More information

Gibberellins (GA) are involved in cell elongation, particularly in the stem.

Gibberellins (GA) are involved in cell elongation, particularly in the stem. Plant Hormone Lab Plant hormones influence many aspects of plant growth, particularly cell proliferation and elongation. Different hormones are synthesized in different parts of the plant, and have complex

More information

Name: B5 PLANT HORMONES. Class: Practice questions. Date: 53 minutes. Time: 53 marks. Marks: Biology Only. Comments: Page 1 of 25

Name: B5 PLANT HORMONES. Class: Practice questions. Date: 53 minutes. Time: 53 marks. Marks: Biology Only. Comments: Page 1 of 25 B5 PLANT HORMONES Practice questions Name: Class: Date: Time: 53 minutes Marks: 53 marks Comments: Biology Only Page of 25 Hormones called auxins control plant growth. A student investigated plant growth

More information

TOPIC 9.3 GROWTH IN PLANTS

TOPIC 9.3 GROWTH IN PLANTS TOPIC 9.3 GROWTH IN PLANTS 9.3 A Growth INTRO http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/18130/social-suggested-images/plant_growing.jpeg IB BIO 9.3 3 In general, plants are able to grow indeterminately. This means

More information

d. Abscisic Acid (ABA) e. Ethylene

d. Abscisic Acid (ABA) e. Ethylene AP Bio Plant Unit Review Guide and FRQs Plant Diversity Ch 23 1. List characteristics that distinguish plants from other organisms in other kingdoms. 2. Distinguish between sporophyte or gametophyte, which

More information

CAMBIUM, meristem, heartwood, and lenticel are

CAMBIUM, meristem, heartwood, and lenticel are Examining the Structures of a Tree CAMBIUM, meristem, heartwood, and lenticel are some terms that may be new to you. These terms are used to describe various tree structures. Not surprisingly, many terms

More information

Plant Growth Regulators(NCERT)

Plant Growth Regulators(NCERT) Plant Growth Regulators(NCERT) Promoters: 1. Auxins: -first isolated from urine, contains Zinc. -Natural: Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) -Synthetic: Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) 2-4

More information

PLANT HORMONES-Introduction

PLANT HORMONES-Introduction PLANT HORMONES-Introduction By convention hormone are said to be a substances whose site of synthesis and site of action are different; the two events are separated by space and time. Hormones are known

More information

Chapter 6 Plant Growth, Development and Regulation

Chapter 6 Plant Growth, Development and Regulation Chapter 6 Plant Growth, Development and Regulation Section 1 Regulation of growth and development by plant hormones First, Plant Hormones The major known types of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins,

More information

WORKSHEET-8 BIOLOGY (PLANT GROWTH &

WORKSHEET-8 BIOLOGY (PLANT GROWTH & DATE : / / 2018. TOTAL MARKS: 304 M DURATION: 6 HR General Instruction: - All questions are compulsory. The question paper consists of 88 questions divided into five sections. Section -I comprises of 60

More information

Page 1. Skill: Application/Analysis. Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation. Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation

Page 1. Skill: Application/Analysis. Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation. Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Multiple-Choice Questions 1) All of the following may function in signal transduction in plants except A) calcium ions. B) nonrandom mutations.

More information

Water Potential. The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow. Pressure

Water Potential. The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow. Pressure Transport In Plants Water Potential The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow Pressure water moves from high water potential to low water potential Water Potential (a) Left

More information

Ch Plants.Biology.Landis

Ch Plants.Biology.Landis Nom de plume Chapt2 Chapter 22 - Plant Diversity Section 22 1 Introduction to Plants (pages 551 555) This section explains what a plant is and describes what plants need to survive. It also explains how

More information

Plants Notes. Plant Behavior Phototropism - growing towards light

Plants Notes. Plant Behavior Phototropism - growing towards light Plants Notes Plant Behavior Phototropism - growing towards light Geotropism - roots knowing which direction is down Thigmotropism - a plant's response to touch Ex. a vine wrapping around and climbing a

More information

Plant Form and Function Study Guide

Plant Form and Function Study Guide Plant Form and Function Study Guide Environmental Energy Mismatch Case-study Caribou migration triggered by day-length temp. has sped up plant sprouting in the spring Now plant nutrition and digestibility

More information

Plant Growth & Development. Growth Processes Photosynthesis. Plant Growth & Development

Plant Growth & Development. Growth Processes Photosynthesis. Plant Growth & Development Plant Growth & Development Growth Processes Growth Requirements Types of Growth & Development Factors Growth Processes Photosynthesis Creating carbohydrates (stored energy) from CO 2 + water + sunlight

More information

Shoot System. Root System. below-ground organs (roots) Dermal Tissue. Ground Tissue. Vascular Tissue. above-ground organs (leaves, stems, flowers)

Shoot System. Root System. below-ground organs (roots) Dermal Tissue. Ground Tissue. Vascular Tissue. above-ground organs (leaves, stems, flowers) Shoot System above-ground organs (leaves, stems, flowers) Root System below-ground organs (roots) Dermal Tissue type of plant tissue that is the outer covering of the plant and serves as a protective barrier

More information