Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

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1 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

2 PHOTOSYNTHIS It is the synthesis of organic food molecules l like glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) by utilizing inorganic compounds like CO 2 and H 2 O in the presence of sun light by the activity of chlorophyll pigments

3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis is a dye sensitized photochemical redox process.

4 Equation of Photosynthesis Light 6CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O + 6O 2 Chlorophyll

5 Required Components of Photosynthesis a) CO 2 b) H O 2 c) Light d) Chlorophyll

6 CO 2 * What is the amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere? * Its about 0.03% * What is the amount of CO2 assimilated by the green plants for photosynthesis?

7 According to Robinowitch, thegreen plants including both terrestrial and aquatic plants can assimilate 15-20X10 10 tonnes of CO 2 per year. In which h terrestrial ilplants occupying an area of about 149 million sq.km can assimilate 1.9X10 10 tonnes of CO 2 per year. Whereas aquatic plants occupying an area of about 361 sq.km can assimilate about 15.5 X tonnes of CO 2 per year

8 Hence, food we eat, cloth we wear and the fuel we burn are the products of photosynthesis. Hence photosynthesis is one of the biggest bio-chemical process in the nature.

9 H 2 O 2 * What is the source of water? * No doubt its rain water which is present in the soil in the form of capillary water that is absorbed by the root hairs.

10 Light * What is the source of light? * Sun light is the ultimate source of light for photosynthesis * The sun light that is coming onto the earth surface is the visible ibl light having the wave length about nm

11 Spectrum of Light

12 Visible Spectrum of Light

13 Graph of Visible Spectrum of light

14 Pigments Photosynthetic Pigments are located in the Chloroplast of green leaves and they contain various light harvesting pigments. They trap SEMR (Solar Electro Magnetic Radiation) of the Sun.

15 Chloroplast

16 Chloroplast

17 Grana and Stroma in the chloroplast

18 Grana and Stroma

19 Thylakoid ya od

20 Photosynthetic Pigments * Chlorophyll a * Chlorophyll h ll b * Xanthophylls * Carotenoids

21 * Primary Pigment - Chlorophyll a (C 55 H 72 O 5 N 4 Mg) *A Accessory Pigment - Chlorophyll b (C 55 H 70 O 6 N 4 Mg) - Xanthophylls - Carotenoids

22 Amount of light absorbed by Chl - a and Chl - b

23 Two Major events in Photosynthesis t s * Light Reaction (Hill Reaction) - In the Grana of chloroplast * Dark Reaction -In the estroma of chloroplast op

24 Light Reaction and Dark Reaction

25 Light Reaction and Dark Reaction

26 Light Reaction (Hill Reaction): * Photoexcitaion of Chlorophyll * Photolysis of Water (Photo ionization of Water) * Liberation of Oxygen * Transfer of electrons and the synthesis of ATP and NADPH2

27 Photo excitation of Chlorophyll

28 Photolysis of Water and liberation of Oxygen 2H O 2H 2(OH) 2(OH) 2 (OH) + 2e - 2(OH) H 2 O+½O 2 2H 2 O 2H + + H 2 O+ ½ O 2 + 2e -

29 Transfer of electrons and the synthesis of ATP and NADPH2

30 Cyclic c Photophosphorylation osp o o

31 Non-cyclic Photo phosphorylation

32 Calvin Cycle or C3 Pathway

33 Calvin-Benson-Bassham

34 What are C3 and C4 pathway? or plants? * C3 pathway during which the first stable compound produced is PGA which is a 3 carbon compound * C4 pathway during which the first stable compound produced is OAA which h is a 4 carbon compound

35 Krantz Anatomy

36 Factors affecting rate of Photosynthesis * Light * Temperature * Water * CO2 * O2

37 * Quality of light Light? How? * Quantity or Intensity of light * Duration of light

38 Temperature e *Minimum *Maximum *Optimum

39 Other Factors * Water * CO2 *O2

40 Photorespiration A Waste Process RBiCOi RuBisCO is the enzyme that catalyses Carboxylation process in C3 plants to produce two molecules of PGA. But the fact is that, the active site of the enzyme RuBisCO can bind with the O2 or CO2. If the active site of this enzyme binds with O2, CO2 fixation is reduced.

41 When the active site of this enzyme binds with O2 that produces one molecule of PGA and one molecule of phosphoglycolate in a pathway called photorespiration. In this process neither ih synthesis of sugars nor ATP. But it results in the synthesis of CO2 with the utilization of ATP. Therefore, Photorespiration is a waste process.

42 But in C4 plants photorespiration does not occur. Hence photosynthetically C4 plants are more efficient than C3 plants.

43 Law of Limiting Factor When a process is conditioned so as to its rapidity by separate several factors, the rate of the process is limited by the pace of a slowest factor.

44 Thank you All the Best

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