Tree of life Where do insects fit?

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Yuma County 2 Who Cares About Insects Anyway Insect Classification Anatomy and

cucumbers, and citrus) Roughly 1/3 possible due to insect pollinators

for humans and other animals Detrimental (diseases, damage goods ) The Most

Insect Classification 4 5 6 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

1 1 Outline Who Cares About Insects? INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY STACEY BEALMEAR Extension Agent, Urban Horticulture Yuma County 2 Who Cares About Insects Anyway Insect Classification Anatomy and Metamorphosis Insect Orders Integrated Pest Management 3 Pollination (squash, cucumbers, and citrus) Roughly 1/3 possible due to insect pollinators Decomposition (nutrient recycling) Insect product (silk, honey, shellac) Food for humans and other animals Detrimental (diseases, damage goods ) The Most Diverse Group Tree of life Where do insects fit? Insect Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Arthropoda Class = Insecta (Hexapoda) Order = King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti 1

Insect Classification Insect Classification Insect

similarities Morphology and DNA http://upload.

jpg Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Arthropoda Class =

Genus = Aglais Species = urticae http://web.pdx.

2 Insect Classification Insect Classification Insect Anatomy and Metamorphosis ~30 orders Grouped by similarities Morphology and DNA Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Arthropoda Class = Insecta Order = Lepidoptera Family = Nymphalidae Genus = Aglais Species = urticae Insect Anatomy Insect Anatomy Insect Anatomy Legs Important for identification Always connected from 12 Antennae Sensory organ Helps with identification thorax All Insects Have: 3 Body Segments 3 Pairs of Legs 1 Pair of Antenna Copyright L. Shyamal, license cc-by-sa 2.5 2

Insect Anatomy Insect Anatomy Insect Internal Anatomy 13 14 15 Wings None, one or two sets Outgrowths of the exoskeleton

chew food Chewing Mouthparts http://z.about.com/d/insects/1/0/a/0/-/-/mouthparts.

(Hemolymph) does not deliver oxygen Digestive system extracts nutrients and other substances from the food Nervous system is

(green), and nervous (blue) systems. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/image:maybug.jpg http://extension.missouri.

) Hemimetabolism 16 17 18 Respiration: Oxygen is delivered through a group of internal tubes Grow by molting Juvenile to

earthlife.net/insects/images/anatomy/trachea-ts.gif No veins or arteries http://upload.wikimedia.

3 Insect Anatomy Insect Anatomy Insect Internal Anatomy Wings None, one or two sets Outgrowths of the exoskeleton Found on the thorax Important for identification Mouth Parts Important for identification Used to capture, manipulate and chew food Chewing Mouthparts Circulatory system moves nutrients, salts, hormones, and metabolic wastes Open circulatory system Insect blood (Hemolymph) does not deliver oxygen Digestive system extracts nutrients and other substances from the food Nervous system is a network of specialized "information highway Side view of body showing relative position of circulatory (yellow), digestive (green), and nervous (blue) systems. Insect Internal Anatomy Metamorphosis (What is it?) Hemimetabolism Respiration: Oxygen is delivered through a group of internal tubes Grow by molting Juvenile to Adult Hard outer shell (Exoskeleton) Incomplete Metamorphosis ~Five nymphal instar Resemble adults Lack wings No veins or arteries 00px-Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg

Holometabolism Metamorphosis Insect Orders 19

resemble adults Lack wings 20 Most go through

com/ans02/chapters/chap047.html Matthew C.

Coleoptera-Beetles 22 23 24 Over 600,000 species

Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings One hardened

legs C-shaped grubs http://www.dkimages.

4 Holometabolism Metamorphosis Insect Orders 19 Complete Metamorphosis ~5 larval instar Do not resemble adults Lack wings 20 Most go through complete metamorphosis Matthew C. Wilson Coleoptera-Beetles Coleoptera-Beetles Coleoptera-Beetles Over 600,000 species have been identified Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings One hardened (elytra) One soft Larvae with head capsule and three pairs of legs C-shaped grubs

and Skippers 27 Lepidoptera-Butterflies,

ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/frenulum.

5 25 Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers 26 Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers 27 Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers Complete metamorphosis Siphoning mouthparts Two pairs of membranous wings Butterflies Frenulum Skippers Moth Butterfly Moths Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers Larvae Three pairs of true legs 5 or less pairs of prolegs Prolegs with crochets 29 Diptera-Flies Complete metamorphosis Sponging/piercing 1 pair of wings 30 Diptera-Flies

Diptera-Flies Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

lack Legs Head capsule Mouth hooks Complete

of wings Most with thread waist http://www.ipm.

6 Diptera-Flies Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants Larvae lack Legs Head capsule Mouth hooks Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts (Most) Two pairs of wings Most with thread waist Hemuli Sawfly Larvae: 6-8 prolegs Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas Ants or Wasp? Ichneumonid Wasps- Incomplete metamorphosis Sucking mouthparts Two pairs of wings Ants - Pedicel on waist - Elbowed antennae

com/90/256658220_65d987dc14.jpg?v=0 40 .

7 Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas.. Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas.. Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas Half leathery and half membranous wing Suborder Heteroptera- True Bugs Suborder Auchenorrhyncha- Cicadas and hoppers UC Statewide IPM Program Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas.. Suborder Sternorrhyncha- Whiteflies, aphids and scales 41 Orthoptera-Grasshoppers, Crickets and Katydids Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts 42 Mantodea-Mantids Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings Two pairs of wings data/assets/image/81041/scale_insect_on_bursaria_620.jpg 7

metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of

mouthparts Two sets of wings http://attra.

8 Mantodea-Mantids Dermaptera-Earwigs Thysanoptera-Thrips Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings Unique metamorphosis Rasping-Sucking mouthparts Two sets of wings Thysanura-Silverfish Collembola-Springtail Time for a break Nonmetamorphosis Chewing mouthparts No wings Nonmetamorphosis Chewing and sucking mouthparts No wings Eats glue, book bindings, paper, photos, sugar and hair Been in existence for 300 million years Feed on decaying matter 8

49 Integrated Pest Management 50 What is IPM?

preventing problems Monitoring pest populations, identifying

keep pest populations at an acceptable level Cultural, mechanical,

uky.edu/ag/ipm/teachers/outd oorclassrm/scat.

Naturalistic Plant Selection Well adapted Plant Placement

Pests develop quickly under warm conditions and slower when it is

9 49 Integrated Pest Management 50 What is IPM? Systematic approach to pest management that focuses first on preventing problems Monitoring pest populations, identifying pests, educating yourself and choosing a combination of tactics to keep pest populations at an acceptable level Cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical methods Holistic view oorclassrm/scat.jpg 51 Prevention and Landscape Design Design/Maintenance Naturalistic Plant Selection Well adapted Plant Placement Appropriate microclimates Pest insects love stressed plants!!!! 52 Monitoring Sample twice per week during the growing season Pests develop quickly under warm conditions and slower when it is cool 53 Monitoring Schemes 54 Monitoring Tools One aphid 75 daughters Daughters reproduces in two or three days 75 daughters This is 5,625 aphids in three generation only! 9

Identify Injury Chewed Leaves or Blossoms Dieback of Shoots, Twigs or

Sponging Chewing Injury Defoliation Shot holes Margin notching

jpg http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/leafskeleton02.

http://buckeyegardening.com/images/invasives/bfbshootdieback.j pg http://www.

omafra.gov.on.ca/english/graphics/crops/agriphones/uploaded/berry081806f1.

jpg http://www.bgiusa.com/images/pests/leafminers_lg.jpg http://entweb.

id=65596&rendtypeid=4 59 Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage

dieback Insect Products Frass Protective covers http://farm3.static.flickr.

10 Identify Injury Chewed Leaves or Blossoms Dieback of Shoots, Twigs or Branches Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts Chewing Mouthparts Siphoning Sponging Chewing Injury Defoliation Shot holes Margin notching Skeletonization Leaf mining Chewing Injury Shoot dieback Branch dieback Exit holes pg jpg 2.jpg htm Chewing Mouthparts Caterpillars Beetles Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Defoliation Shot holes Skeletonization Mining Bark rippling Shot and branch dieback Insect Products Frass Protective covers 60 Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Shot holes Margin notching Skeletonization Bark rippling Bark cracking Branch dieback 10

Leaf Miners White Grubs Discolored and Distorted

Mining Pest of many plants Feed on plant roots

com/gardenpunks/02192007/photo#5033381350461

11 Leaf Miners White Grubs Discolored and Distorted Leaves Pests of many plants Foliage Mining Pest of many plants Feed on plant roots Wilting Discoloration Turf death Sucking Injury Stippling Streaking Leaf yellowing Damage/Chilli%20Thrips.html Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts Aphids Whitefly Pests of many plants Feed on all plant parts Injury caused Yellowing Leaf curl Vector plant disease Pests of many plants Feed on foliage Yellowing Leaf curl Vector plant diseases Insect products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold Alex Wild Insect Products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold 11

True Bugs and Hoppers Mealy Bugs Scale Insects 67

Leaf Cupping Insect Products Fecal spots (lace

edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/1-58.

Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold 69 Pests

Dieback Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold

brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_cicadas/images/wpea7.

70 Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts

Webbing 71 72 Pests of many plants Flowers and

Insect Products Fecal spots http://ag.arizona.

12 True Bugs and Hoppers Mealy Bugs Scale Insects 67 Pests of many plants Feed on foliage Stippling Leaf Cupping Insect Products Fecal spots (lace bugs) 68 Pests of many plants Discoloration Dieback Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold 69 Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Yellowing Dieback Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold Ants found on plant Steve Hise Spider Mites Rasping-Sucking Mouthparts Thrips 70 Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Stippling Discoloration Dieback Insect Products Webbing Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Streaking Cupping Vector plant diseases Insect Products Fecal spots

Distorted Branches or Trunk Insect Products 73 Leaf

jpg 74 Signs Honeydew Exoskeletons Sooty mold Fecal

13 Distorted Branches or Trunk Insect Products 73 Leaf galling Twig galling Bark rippling Bark cracking Leaf cupping 3.jpg ll.jpg 74 Signs Honeydew Exoskeletons Sooty mold Fecal spots Silk Protective cases Frass Fluffy white wax PG.jpg t.jpg 75 Insect Management jpg Insect Management Cultural Control Sanitation Cultural Control Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control Start with healthy transplants Plant a diversity of crops Right Plant, Right Place Provide correct care Spacing Water Fertilizer Pruning Drainage ph Sanitation Remove pest source Clean equipment Pickup old fruit Remove alternate hosts (weeds) 13

Physical Control Biological Controls Predators 79 Row covers Traps (sticky,

parts Diatomaceous Earth Vacuuming Tilling soil 80 The Good Guys!

plants in bloom Create habitat for them Plant a variety of flowers Ground

Predators Pests controlled Heteroptera Big-eyed bugs Aphids, leafhoppers,

spider mites, thrips, immature stages of many small insects Heteroptera

leafhoppers, plant bugs (immature), spider mites, thrips, small larvae

mealy bugs, scales, spider mites Big Eyed Bug Convergent Lady Beetle Green

Commercially available aphids and occasionally on whiteflies, other

14 Physical Control Biological Controls Predators 79 Row covers Traps (sticky, pheromone ) Heat Hand removal Spraying with water Remove infested plant parts Diatomaceous Earth Vacuuming Tilling soil 80 The Good Guys! Protect them from pesticides Choose least toxic Spot spray Avoid spraying plants in bloom Create habitat for them Plant a variety of flowers Ground covers make good habitat Beneficial insects also need water 81 Insect Order Predators Pests controlled Heteroptera Big-eyed bugs Aphids, leafhoppers, lygus bugs (nymphs), spider mites Heteroptera Minute pirate bugs Aphids, spider mites, thrips, immature stages of many small insects Heteroptera Assassin bugs Caterpillars, plant bugs Neuroptera Green lacewings Aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs (immature), spider mites, thrips, small larvae Diptera Hover flies (syrphid Aphids flies) Coleoptera Lady beetles Aphids, mealy bugs, scales, spider mites Big Eyed Bug Convergent Lady Beetle Green Lacewing Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available aphids and occasionally on whiteflies, other softbodied insects and insect eggs Commercially available Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available 14

15 Praying Mantis Mealybug Destroyer Minute Pirate Bug Generalist predators on wide variety of insects Commercially available Mealybugs and scales Commercially available Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available Damsel Bug Syrphid Assassin Bug Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Not commercially available Predaceous on aphids and other small, soft-bodied insects Not commercially available Predaceous on a wide variety of small to mediumsized insects Not commercially available 15

Twice Stabbed Lady Beetle Parasitoids Aphidius 91 92 93 Predaceous on

including Not Commercially available Insect Order Parasitoids Pests

Braconids, Chalcids, omnivorous leaftiers, oriental fruit moths, Mymarids

corn earworms, cutworms, grasshoppers, hornworms, imported cabbage worms,

Fly Ordering Biological Controls Chemical Control 94 95 96 Some are host

http://greenmethods.com/site/ The Green Spot Ltd. 93 Priest Rd.

16 Twice Stabbed Lady Beetle Parasitoids Aphidius Predaceous on many species of scale insects on many fruit, nut, and ornamental trees including Not Commercially available Insect Order Parasitoids Pests controlled Hymeoptera Ichneumonids, Aphids (larvae), cutworms, loopers, Braconids, Chalcids, omnivorous leaftiers, oriental fruit moths, Mymarids tortrix moths Diptera Tachinids Codling moths, Colorado potato beetles, corn earworms, cutworms, grasshoppers, hornworms, imported cabbage worms, plant bugs, tussock moths, others Aphids Commercially available Tachinid Fly Ordering Biological Controls Chemical Control Some are host specific and others have various host insects Not commercially available The Green Spot Ltd. 93 Priest Rd. Nottingham, NH USA Phone: Fax: A chemical used to kill pests (not always an insect). Insecticide- Insects Herbicide- Weeds Miticide- Mites Acaricide- Ticks and Mites Fungicide- Fungus Rodenticide- Rodents 16

Read the label Danger-Warning-Caution Safety equipment 97

Safety Disposal Wear the correct protective equipment 100

reach (children and pets) Clean, dry, well vented area

Consult label for proper disposal Never reuse empty

use Take off shoes before entering the house Wash

17 Read the label Danger-Warning-Caution Safety equipment Follow all directions for Recommended concentration Safety Disposal Wear the correct protective equipment 100 Storage Store in original container Tightly closed Out of reach (children and pets) Clean, dry, well vented area Out of sun and freeze 101 Disposal Never dump pesticides Consult label for proper disposal Never reuse empty containers Triple rinse sprayers before storage 102 After use Take off shoes before entering the house Wash yourself with soap and water Wash clothes Separate from other clothes 17

Things to Remember Pesticides Pesticides 103 104 105 Never spray on a windy day!

jpg Bayer Advanced Products Systemic insecticide Imidacloprid Bacillus thuringiensis

18 Things to Remember Pesticides Pesticides Never spray on a windy day! If a little is good, more is NOT better! Depends on the plants use Safer brand products Horticultural oils and soaps Pyrethrins Bayer Advanced Products Systemic insecticide Imidacloprid Bacillus thuringiensis Entomopathogenic bacteria Caterpillars; some beetle and fly larvae Larvae stop eating, become limp and shrunken, die and decompose Wrap up Questions Insects are AWESOME 18

Pages in the Montana Master Gardener Handbook

Pages in the Montana Master Gardener Handbook Insect Identification Pages 309-326 in the Montana Master Gardener Handbook Integrated Pest Management Integrated Pest Management is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management