Topic 13. Angiosperms. I. Characteristics of Angiosperms. I. Characteristics of Angiosperms

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1 Topic 13 Angiosperms Reading: Chapter 8: Flowers, Fruits and Seeds (pp ) Chapter 23: Angiosperms (pp , plus Figure on pp ) Hartley Parksia 2: I. Characteristics of Angiosperms A. Vessels & Fibers in the wood B. Sieve tubes C. Flowers D. Angiospermous: carpels (megasporophylls) & fruits E. Endosperm (& Double Fertilization) I. Characteristics of Angiosperms A. Vessels & Fibers in the wood B. Sieve tubes C. Flowers D. Angiospermous: carpels & fruits E. Endosperm (& Double Fertilization) 1

2 I. Characteristics of Angiosperms C. Flowers 1. Strobilus origin I. Characteristics of Angiosperms C. Flowers 1. Strobilus origin I. Characteristics of Angiosperms C. Flowers 1. Strobilus origin 2

3 I. Characteristics of Angiosperms C. Flowers 1. Strobilus origin I. Characteristics of Angiosperms C. Flowers 1. Strobilus origin I. Characteristics of Angiosperms C. Flowers 2. 4 Organ classes a. Sterile classes (collectively part of the perianth) Corolla: petals Caylx: sepals 3

4 Tepals I. Characteristics of Angiosperms C. Flowers 1. Organ classes Gynoecium: Carpel(s) b. Fertile (sporophylls) Androecium: Stamen(s) Stamen (microsporophyll) differentiation: Anther Filament Anther Filament 4

5 Anther x-section (with 4 microsporangia) Carpel(s), megasporophyll(s), form > 1 pistil(s) Stigma Style Style 5

6 2. Ovary Position Superior Inferior 2. Ovary Position Superior within hypanthium Superior within hypanthium 3. Merosity a. trimerous b. tetramerous c. pentamerous 6

7 4. Fusion a. Connation b. Adnation 5. Symmetry D. Angiospermy 1. Fruit from ovary, seeds from ovules. 7

8 D. Angiospermy 1. Fruit from ovary, seeds from ovules. D. Angiospermy 2. Pericarp = Fruit Wall Exocarp Mesocarp Endocarp 2. Pericarp 8

9 D. Angiospermy 3. Simple, Aggregate, vs. Multiple D. Angiospermy 3. Simple, Aggregate, vs. Multiple D. Angiospermy 3. Simple, Aggregate, vs. Multiple 9

10 3. Simple, Aggregate, vs. Multiple Tomato = berry Tomato (Potato Family) 3. Simple, Aggregate, vs. Multiple Citrus fruit = hesperidium 3. Simple, Aggregate, vs. Multiple Blueberry = Berry from inferior ovary 10

11 3. Simple, Aggregate, vs. Multiple Raspberry = aggregate of drupelets. 3. Simple, Aggregate, vs. Multiple Morinda or Noni (Coffee Family) Pineapple (Bromeliad Family) Simple, Aggregate, or Multiple Fruit? 11

12 Black Mulberry (Fig Family) Simple, Aggregate, or Multiple Fruit? 4. Accessory Fruit 4. Accessory Fruit 12

13 4. Accessory Fruit 5. Dry vs. Fleshy, Dehiscent vs. Indehiscent 5. Dry vs. Fleshy, Dehiscent vs. Indehiscent 13

14 D. Double Fertilization 1. Zygote (2n) 2. Endosperm (3n) II. Pollination A. Bee Pollination -Blue and/or yellow -open (or short tubular) -nectar and/or pollen as reward 14

15 II. Pollination B. Bird Pollination -Red -Long tubular -nectar as reward -no odor 15

16 II. Pollination C. Bat Pollination -White, large -Lots of exserted stamens -nectar as reward -odoriferous 16

17 II. Pollination D. Wind Pollination Perianth highly reduced, green or otherwise inconspicuous. stamens and stigmas exserted Nectarless No reward No odor 17

18 II. Pollination E. Deceptive Pollination 1. Sexual Deception in Some Orchids Reward: Nothing. Flower Form: Lower tepal ( labellum ) mimics female bee in color, texture, & phermones. Pollinator Behavior: Male bees attempt to mate with labellum. Research Underway: Dr. Florian Schiestl (Institute for Systematic Botany, University of Zurich) 18

19 Ophrys spp. (Europe; interfertile but isolated via pollinators) Ophrys sphegodes and its pollinator, Andrena nigroaenea 2. Carrion flowers Reward: Nothing. Flower Form: Petals, inflorescence, or spathe mimics rotting flesh in color, texture, & odor. Pollinator Behavior: Flies, beetles lay eggs on flower thinking it is larval food. Research Underway: Dr. Denis Barabe (Montreal Botanical Garden, Univ. of Montreal). 19

20 In Aroids: e.g., Amorphophallus (aka titan arum, dead-horse-lily) In Aroids: e.g., Dranunculus Symoplocarpus (skunk-cabbage) Arisaema (Jack-in-the-pulpit) 20

21 III. Angiosperm Diversity A. Primitive Dicots B. Monocots C. Eudicots 21

22 III. Angiosperm Diversity Primitive Monocots Eudicots Dicots Cotyledon Number Stele Eustele Atactostele Eustele Leaf Venation Reticulate (pinnate or palmate) Parallel Reticulate (pinnate or palmate) Flw. Merosity Many, 3 s 3 s 4 s and 5 s Whorlar Differentiation Pollen Apertures Poor Poor to Good Good Primitive Dicotyledons ************************************************************************** Magnolia Family Magnolia 22

23 Liriodendron Liriodendron Primitive Dicotyledons ************************************************************************** Star Anise Family 23

24 Star anise (Illicium; SW China) Primitive Dicotyledons ************************************************************************** Water Lily Family Nymphaea 24

25 Nymphaea Nymphaea Nymphaea 25

26 Nymphaea Nymphaea Nymphaea 26

27 Nymphaea Nymphaea Victoria 27

28 Victoria Victoria Victoria 28

29 Victoria Monocotyledons ************************************************************************** Monocotyledons ************************************************************************** Water-Plantain Family 29

30 Alisma Monocotyledons ************************************************************************** Lily Family Lilium 30

31 Asparagus Monocotyledons ************************************************************************** Grass Family Grass spikelets and flowers 31

32 Grass family Grass spikelets and flowers Eudicotyledons ************************************************************************** Mono- vs. Tri-aperturate Pollen Eudicotyledons ************************************************************************** Rose Family 32

33 Blackberries (Rubus) Roses (Rosa) Roses (Rosa) 33

34 Eudicotyledons ************************************************************************** Legume Family Legume Family (see Legumes / Seeds lab) Legume Family 34

35 Eudicotyledons ************************************************************************** Blueberry & Rhododendron Family Blueberry family (e.g., Vaccinium) Eudicotyledons ************************************************************************** Sunflower Family 35

36 Sunflower family (e.g., Helianthus) 36

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