8-1 Energy And Life. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

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1 Living things need to survive. This energy comes from. The energy in most food comes from the. Plants, and are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. Organisms, such as plants, which make their own food, are called. Organisms, such as animals, that must obtain energy from the foods they consume are. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

2 Adenine Ribose Chemical Energy and ATP Phosphate groups Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, and electricity. Energy can be stored, too. An important chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy is, abbreviated ATP. ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy. ATP consists of: (a 5-carbon sugar) 3. groups

3 Storing Chemical Energy in ATP ATP ADP + Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate i Partially charged battery Energy i Energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Fully charged battery The three groups are the key to ATP's ability to store and release. ADP has phosphate groups instead of three. A cell can store small amounts of energy by a phosphate group to ADP.

4 Releasing Chemical Energy from ATP 3 2 Phosphate groups P i ADP Energy stored in ATP is released by breaking the chemical bond between the and phosphates. The energy from ATP is needed for many cellular activities, including transport across cell membranes, protein and muscle.

5 Using Biochemical Energy Vid. Clip Most cells have only a amount of ATP, because it is not a good way to store large amounts of energy. Cells can ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like.

6 Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants use the energy of to convert and into high-energy and. Active Art

7 Investigating Photosynthesis Van Helmont's Experiment In the 1600s, Jan van Helmont wanted to find out if plants grew by taking material out of the. He determined the of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling, planted the seedling in the soil, and watered it regularly. After five years, the seedling was a small tree and had gained 75 kg, but the soil s was almost unchanged.

8 Investigating Photosynthesis Van Helmont concluded that the gain in mass came from because it was the only thing he had added. His experiment accounts for the, or water, portion of the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis. But where does the carbon of the portion come from?

9 Investigating Photosynthesis Although Van Helmont did not realize it, in the air made a major contribution to the mass of his tree. In photosynthesis, the in carbon dioxide is used to make and other carbohydrates. Van Helmont had only part of the story, but he had made a major contribution to science.

10 More than 100 years after van Helmont's experiment, Joseph Priestley provided another insight into the process of photosynthesis. Priestley took a candle, placed a glass jar over it, and watched as the flame gradually died out. He reasoned that the flame needed something in the air to keep burning and when it was used up, the flame went out. That substance was. Priestley then placed a live sprig of mint under the jar and allowed a few days to pass. He found that the candle could be re-lit and would remain lit for a while. The mint plant had produced the substance required for burning. In other words, it had released. Investigating Photosynthesis

11 Investigating Photosynthesis Jan Ingenhousz Joseph Priestley? Van Helmont Later, Jan Ingenhousz showed that the effect observed by Priestley occurred only when the plant was exposed to. The results of both Priestley s and Ingenhousz s experiments showed that light is necessary for plants to produce.

12 The Photosynthesis Equation The Photosynthesis Equation carbon dioxide + water Light Light + 6 sugars + oxygen

13 Photosynthesis Equation Light-Dependent Reactions O2 (thylakoids) & & Calvin Cycle (stroma) &

14 In Chlorophyll b, CHO replaces CH3 in ring II) Light and Pigments Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called. The main pigment in plants is There are two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll chlorophyll

15 The action spectrum for photosynthesis......first demonstrated by Theodor W. Engelmann. Aerobic bacteria Filament of alga 400nm 500nm 600nm 700nm Engelmann s Experiment: In 1883, Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filamentous alga with light that had been passed through a prism, exposing different segments of the alga to different wavelengths. He used aerobic bacteria, which concentrate near an oxygen source, to determine which segments of the alga were releasing the most O2 and thus photosynthesizing most. Results: Bacteria congregated in greatest numbers around the parts of the alga illuminated with violet-blue or red light. Conclusion?

16 Estimated Absorption (%) Absorption Spectrum Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a (nm) Wavelength Wavelength (nm) Chlorophyll absorbs light well in the and regions of the spectrum. Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the region of the spectrum. Green light is by leaves, which is why plants look. Note: Chlorophyll is not the only pigment in green plants.

17 Light and Pigments Light is a form of, so any compound that absorbs light also absorbs energy from that light. When chlorophyll absorbs light, much of the energy is transferred directly to in the chlorophyll molecule, raising the energy levels of these electrons. These high-energy electrons are what make photosynthesis work.

18 Inside a Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside. Chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic membranes. Single thylakoid Plant Chloroplast Chloroplast Plant cells Vid Clips 1 & 2

19 Inside a Chloroplast in the thylakoid membrane organize and other pigments into clusters called, which are the light-collecting units of the chloroplast.

20 H2O CO2 Light Inside a Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + Pi Lightdependent reactions O2 Calvin Calvin cycle Cycle Sugars The light-dependent reactions take place within the membranes. The Calvin cycle takes place in the, which is the region outside the thylakoid membranes.

21 Light H2O CO2 Electron Carriers NADP+ ADP + P Lightdependent reactions O2 Calvin Calvi ncycle Cycle Sugars Cells use carriers to transport high-energy from chlorophyll to other molecules. accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion (H+). This converts the NADP+ into. These high-energy electrons are used to help build a variety of molecules in the cycle, including glucose.

22 Vid Clip 3 Light-Dependent Reactions The light-dependent reactions use light energy to split water producing oxygen gas and converting ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.

23 The Calvin Cycle During the cycle plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contain 6 ADP to build high compounds that 6 can be. Because the 5-Carbon Molecules Calvin cycle Regenerated does require light, these reactions are also called the lightsugars and other compounds reactions ADP 12 NADPH 12 NADP+ Vid Clip 4

24 The two sets of photosynthetic reactions work together. The light-dependent reactions trap energy in chemical form. The light-independent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high-energy from and.

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