Ecosystems, Populations, Communities

Transcription

1 Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities Name: ate: 1. In a given location, the replacement of one community by another until a climax stage is reached is referred to as. ecological succession. modern evolution. energy cycling. a food pyramid 2. The sequence through E represents stages of ecological succession in a given area. Which diagram shows the greatest number of pioneer organisms?.. E.. 3. Years after the lava from an erupting volcano destroyed an area, lichens started to grow in that area. These were gradually replaced by grasses, shrubs, conifers, and finally by a deciduous forest. The process described is known as. photosynthesis. species preservation. ecological succession. conservation page 1

2 4. The sequence through E represents stages of ecological succession in a given area. What caused succession to occur in stages through E?. importation of organisms that have no natural enemies. each community modifying the environment. urban development disrupting natural habitats. technological oversights leading to air pollution 5. farmer abandons one of his fields, and over the years he notices that one community is replaced by another community. This replacement represents part of 6. The diagram shows the types of plants which grew in a farm field in the 200 years after it was abandoned. ifferent types of plants appeared and disappeared during this time.. a food chain. an abiotic community. a pyramid of energy. an ecological succession The final stage represented in the diagram most probably is located in which biome?. tundra. taiga. temperate deciduous forest. tropical rain forest page 2 Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities

3 7. The diagrams shown of four stages of succession and on your knowledge of biology. [The diagrams do not represent stages in their proper order.] I II III IV Which community would be predominantly pioneer organisms?. I. II. III. IV 8. Mangrove trees grow in the water on the edge of a subtropical island. In time, grass-like plants will grow on the same spot. Still later, palm trees will grow there. Given enough time (and no natural disasters), all these plants will be gone, and a stable pine forest will stand where the mangroves once grew. These changes best describe steps involved in. the heterotroph hypothesis 9. The diagrams represent events that occurred during succession in a pond.. ecological succession. energy cycles. the water cycle Which organism is one of the first autotrophs to appear in this succession?. frog. aquatic plant. tree. fish page 3 Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities

4 10. Which occurs within self-sustaining ecosystems?. onsumers produce most of the oxygen.. onsumers eventually outnumber producers. 13. The diagram shown illustrates a lake ecosystem. nimal life is not included in the diagram. The diagram is divided into nine sections which are identified by the letter of the row and the number of the column in which they are located.. Energy is created and destroyed.. Organisms interact with their environment. 11. In an ecosystem, the ultimate source of all energy is. photosynthesis. oxygen. fermentation. sunlight 12. The diagram shown is of a lake ecosystem. The diagram shows a cross section of a deep lake. The dashed line which separates level from level indicates the depth beyond which light cannot penetrate. Which section represents a stage of lake succession more advanced than stages indicated in the other sections? ll the cottontail rabbits in a country would represent. a community. a biome. a population. an ecosystem Minerals entering this system from the surrounding soil would reach all parts of the lake by the process of. active transport 15. The diagram shown illustrates a lake ecosystem. nimal life is not included in the diagram. The diagram is divided into nine sections which are identified by the letter of the row and the number of the column in which they are located.. ecological succession. diffusion. transpiration Which section most likely has the lowest concentration of dissolved oxygen in the summer? page 4 Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities

5 16. Which section would most likely have the greatest total biomass? 21. s used in biology, the term population refers to the Which processes are most directly involved in the cycling of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen between plants and animals in an ecosystem?. transpiration and excretion. photosynthesis and respiration. dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. decomposition and succession 18. n island in a river in New York State has a population of mice. In 1 year, the population density changed from 12 mice per 25 square meters to 20 mice per 25 square meters. Which factor most likely caused the change in the population density of mice on the island?. a decrease in the amount of precipitation. migration of snakes to the island. role that all species play in their environment. interactions of plants and animals in an ecosystem. members of a single species in a given area. position of an organism in a food chain 22. Hawks and owls living in the same area compete for the same type of mouse for food. Which situation would lead to the greatest problem in food supply?. an increase in the owl population. an increase in the mouse population. a decrease in the hawk population. a decrease in the owl population 23. n ecosystem is shown in the diagram. Which factors must be present for this ecosystem to be self-sustaining?. competition among mice for food. a decrease in the island s owl population 19. In an ecosystem, the calcium compounds found in rocks are best described as. inorganic and abiotic. inorganic and biotic. organic and abiotic. organic and biotic 20. Which level of biological organization includes the greatest total number of species?. mutagenic agents, aerobic respiration, and heterotrophs. heterotrophic nutrition in plants, cycling of nitrogen, and bacteria. a source of energy, cycling of materials, and autotrophs. anaerobic respiration, autotrophic nutrition, and saprophytes. community. ecosystem. population. biosphere page 5 Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities

6 24. ll of Earth s water, land, and atmosphere within which life exists is known as 29. Which relationship can correctly be inferred from the data presented in the graphs below?. a population. a community. a biome. the biosphere 25. Which element is not recycled throughout an ecosystem by the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?. carbon. hydrogen. nitrogen. oxygen 26. The chart lists four groups of factors relating to an ecosystem. Group Group Group Group Sunlight Sunlight Sunlight Sunlight Green plants limate Green Plants Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall onsumers onsumers Minerals Producers Producers Oxygen Gases arbon ioxide Water Which group contains only abiotic factors? tmospheric nitrogen can only be used by most living things after it has been. s sewage waste increases, oxygen content decreases.. s sewage waste increases, oxygen content increases.. s oxygen content decreases, carp population decreases.. s oxygen content decreases, trout population increases. 30. What is the major environmental factor limiting the numbers of autotrophs at great depths in the ocean?. type of seafloor. amount of light. availability of minerals. absence of biotic factors. converted to nitrates with the help of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. taken in by plants through the lenticels. converted to ammonia by bacteria of decay. combined with carbon dioxide to form protein 28. s water cycles through an ecosystem, which process returns it to the atmosphere?. hydrolysis. transpiration. condensation. cyclosis 31. El Niño is a short-term climatic change that causes ocean waters to remain warm when they should normally be cool. The warmer temperatures disrupt food webs and alter weather patterns. Which occurrence would most likely result from these changes?. Some species would become extinct, and other species would evolve to take their place.. Some populations in affected areas would be reduced, while other populations would increase temporarily.. The flow of energy through the ecosystem would remain unchanged.. The genes of individual organisms would mutate to adapt to the new environmental conditions. page 6 Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities

7 32. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Which organism carries out autotrophic nutrition?. frog. snake. plant. grasshopper 33. In a forest community, a shelf fungus and a slug live on the side of a decaying tree trunk. The fungus digests and absorbs materials from the tree, while the slug eats algae growing on the outside of the trunk. These organisms do not compete with one another because they occupy. the same habitat, but different niches. the same niche, but different habitats. the same niche and the same habitat. different habitats and different niches 34. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the article which was written in response to an article entitled Let all predators become extinct. Predators ontribute to a Stable Ecosystem In nature, energy flows in only one direction. Transfer of energy must occur in an ecosystem because all life needs energy to live, and only certain organisms can change solar energy into chemi Producers are eaten by consumers that are, in turn, e Stable ecosystems must contain predators to help control the populations of consumers. Since ecosystems contain many predators, exterminating predators would require a massive effort that would wipe out predatory species from barnacles to blue whales. Without the population control provided by predators, some organisms would soon overpopulate. Explain why an ecosystem with a variety of predator species might be more stable over a long period of time than an ecosystem with only one predator species. 35. In a certain ecosystem, rattlesnakes are predators of prairie dogs. If the prairie dog population started to increase, how would the ecosystem most likely regain stability?. The rattlesnake population would start to decrease.. The rattlesnake population would start to increase.. The prairie dog population would increase rapidly.. The prairie dog population would begin to prey on the rattlesnakes. page 7 Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities

8 36. Which of the stages in the diagram below consists of plant species that modify the environment, eventually making it more suitable for another community? 38. The graph below shows how the human population has grown over the last several thousand years.. grass stage, only. grass, shrub, and pine forest stages. shrub, pine forest, and hardwood forest stages. hardwood forest stage, only 37. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the graphs below, which show changes in the number of aspen trees and the beaver population in an area over a 50-year period. Which statement is a valid inference that can be made if the human population continues to grow at a rate similar to the rate shown between and ?. Future ecosystems will be stressed and many animal habitats may be destroyed.. Global warming will decrease as a result of a lower demand for fossil fuels.. One hundred years after all resources are used up, the human population will level off.. ll environmental problems can be solved without a reduction in the growth rate of the human population. State the relationship that exists between the number of aspen trees and the beaver populations in this region during the first 15 years. page 8 Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities

9 39. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology. population of paramecia (single-celled aquatic organisms) was grown in a 200-mL beaker of water containing some smaller single-celled organisms. Population growth of the organisms for 28 hours is shown in the graph below. 41. n ecosystem is represented below. The organisms represented as are found in the area shown due to which factor?. ph. sediment. light intensity. colder temperature Which factor most likely accounts for the change in the paramecium population from 8 to 20 hours?. an increase in the nitrogen content of water. an increase in wastes produced. an increase in available food. an increase in water ph 40. One likely explanation for the change in the paramecium population from 26 hours to 28 hours is that the. carrying capacity of the beaker was exceeded. rate of reproduction increased. time allowed for growth was not sufficient. oxygen level was too high page 9 Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities

10 42. Thrips are insects that feed on the pollen and flowers of certain plants. The size of a thrip population depends on the number of flowers available. Which graph best represents changes in a population of thrips if winter was longer than usual and the summer was too cool and dry for many flowers to bloom? 43. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph shows the growth of a population of rabbits in a specific ecosystem. Rabbit Population in a Specific Ecosystem.. Which environmental factor could have caused the change indicated at?. increased predation by herbivores. increased availability of food. increased number of decomposers.. increased competition among carnivores 44. Over a period of time, the location of the dashed line would move from location to location on this graph if. the birthrate of the rabbit population was equal to the death rate of the rabbit population.. there was a decrease in the number of rabbit predators and an increase in the availability of plants. there was a decrease in the availability of minerals, water, and shelter. the entire rabbit population migrated to a new ecosystem containing more autotrophs page 10 Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities

11 Problem-ttic format version c Educide Software Licensed for use by Renee arnett Terms of Use at Ecosystems, Populations, ommunities 3/2/ ifferent populations of prey in an ecosystem are controlled by different kinds of predators.or More biodiversity in an ecosystem provides more stability that as the beaver population increases, the number of aspen trees decreases.

12 Teacher s Key Page