What is my name? How to group living organism?? SERIES OF SETS TAXONOMY. Why we need to identify & group organism??

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What is my name? Why we need to identify & group organism?? Dr.

make prediction. How to group living organism?? Not based only on ONE CHARACTER.

together Mammals: give birth Insects -fish Birds -rodents Bats So need to look the overall

the practice and science of classification.

the object. Or TAXONOMY is the process of identifying, grouping and naming living organisms.

1 What is my name? Why we need to identify & group organism?? Dr. Lau Wei Hong Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture UPM Grouping allows us to make prediction. How to group living organism?? Not based only on ONE CHARACTER. Eg: animals can fly and cannot fly Looks different But distinguishing features group them together Mammals: give birth Insects -fish Birds -rodents Bats So need to look the overall plan of the organism. TAXONOMY Greek: taxis - 'order' + nomos - 'law' or 'science'. the practice and science of classification. Classification: placing an object into sets of categories based on properties/ characters of the object. Or TAXONOMY is the process of identifying, grouping and naming living organisms. SERIES OF SETS KINGDOM (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Bacteria, Protoctista) PHYLUM (approx. 36 phyla) CLASS (Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Insecta) ORDER FAMILY (in animals end with -dae ) GENUS SPECIES 1

Taxonomic hierarchy Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The higher the category, the more inclusive it is. Members of a kingdom share general characters.

2 Taxonomic hierarchy Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The higher the category, the more inclusive it is. Members of a kingdom share general characters. Members of a species share quite specific characters. Characters are any structural, chromosomal, or molecular feature that distinguishes groups. Species: Capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. Reproductively isolated from similar organisms. Fundamentally of similar structure. DNA similarities. HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED?? (A) COMMON NAMES Nyamuk tiruk, lalat buah (fruit fly, kumbang badak (rhinocerus beetle), kersing/kepinding (true bugs), sorok-sorok (mole cricket), kelip-kelip (firefly), riangriang (cicada), kutu beras (rice weevil) Problem: i) Not consistent ii) Doesn t portray the actual insects. (B) SCIENTIFIC NAMES consistent around the world one species with single valid name NOMENCLATURE (TATANAMA) Nomenclature (Tatanama) Common name Example: cockroaches Scientific name Binomial (2 words) A generic name (genus) and a specific name (species). Written in italic. Genus name: start with capital letter. Species name: small letters. If hand written: underline both names. Example: Periplaneta americana Goryphus jendul Azura Azura: the person who first described and named the species for science Sometime outhor name in bracket The author got the genus wrong 2

Kingdom: Animalia Insects Phylum: Arthropoda Segmented body with segments usually grouped into 2 or 3 major body divisions. Paired, segmented appendages. Bilateral symmetry. An exoskeleton.

3 Kingdom: Animalia Insects Phylum: Arthropoda Segmented body with segments usually grouped into 2 or 3 major body divisions. Paired, segmented appendages. Bilateral symmetry. An exoskeleton. Open circulatory system, with a dorsal aorta (heart). Paired, ventral nerve cord. 13 classes Class Insecta: Classes of arthropods Body with 3 distinct segments (head, thorax and abdomen) 1 pair of antennae 3 pair of legs 1 or 2 pair of wings, borne by the second and/or third of the 3 thoracic segments Appendages of the head typically consisting of a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, a hypopharynx and a labium. Orders of insects The Insect Orders Approximately 31 orders. Characters based primarily on structure of wings & mouth parts. Apterygota orders: Wingless insects with no true metamorphosis at all. Exopterygota orders: Hemimetabolous insects with incomplete metamorphosis. Endopterygota orders: Holometabolous insects with complete metamorphosis. The Apterygota Protura Collembola Diplura Thysanura Microcoryphia The Exopterygota Ephemeroptera Odonata Orthoptera Dermaptera Isoptera Embioptera Plecoptera Zoraptera Psocoptera Phthiraptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera Homoptera The Endopterygota Neuropter Coleoptera Strepsiptera Mecoptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Diptera Siphonaptera Hymenoptera Apterygota 1) PROTURA ALL ADULTS WINGLESS LIKE IMMATURE STAGE NO TRUE METAMORPHOSIS PRIMITIVE 5 ORDERS Prot=First, Ura=Tail Eyeless No antennae Styli on 1st-3rd abdominal segments First pair of legs sensory Decomposition: breakdown of the leaf litter and recycling organic nutrients back into the soil. 3

2) DIPLURA Di=two; ura=tail Refers to two cerci Styli (short appendages) on abdominal

3) COLLEMBOLA(SPRINGTAIL) Furcula (4 th abdominal segment ventrally) to be used for

Antennae present. Eat fungal hyphae and spores.

Two cerci and a median caudal filament. Compound eyes small or absent. flattened.

5) MICROCORYPHIA (BRISTLETAILS) Micro= small; coryphia= head Styli on abdominal

by day hiding in rock crevices or under bark.

EXOPTERYGOTA 1) BLATTARIA Body flattened and oval.

4 2) DIPLURA Di=two; ura=tail Refers to two cerci Styli (short appendages) on abdominal segments 1-7 or 2-7 Eyeless Antennae present Feed on soil fungi, Springtails, mites etc. 3) COLLEMBOLA(SPRINGTAIL) Furcula (4 th abdominal segment ventrally) to be used for jumping. Eyes small with no more than 8 facets. (ommatidia) on each side of the head. Antennae present. Eat fungal hyphae and spores. 4) THYSANURA (silverfish) Short styli on abdominal segments 2-7. Two cerci and a median caudal filament. Compound eyes small or absent. flattened. Antennae present. old papers, high humid place. 5) MICROCORYPHIA (BRISTLETAILS) Micro= small; coryphia= head Styli on abdominal segments 2-9. Two cerci and a median caudal filament. Antennae present. by day hiding in rock crevices or under bark. They feed on algae, lichens, mosses, decaying organic materials at night. EXOPTERYGOTA 1) BLATTARIA Body flattened and oval. head concealed from above by pronotum. Wings usually present. Tarsi five-segmented. Antennae long and slender. Cockroaches 2)ORTHOPTERA Body usually linear in shape. Antennae conspicuous. Fore wing straight, narrow. Hind wing broad, membranous and fan-like. Hindlegs adapted for jumping. Grasshoppers & crickets. 4

3)HEMIPTERA Subdivided into 2 suborder: A) heteroptera B) homoptera

Wings, when at rest, held flat over body and overlap each other. Some wingless.

3B)HOMOPTERA Mouthparts modified into beak. Antennae short, bristle-like.

Considerable variation in body form (winged, wingless, degenerate legs).

4)PHASMIDA/PHASMATODEA Stick-like or leaf-like.

5 3)HEMIPTERA Subdivided into 2 suborder: A) heteroptera B) homoptera 3A)HETEROPTERA Mouthparts modified into beak. Forewing hemielitron. Wings, when at rest, held flat over body and overlap each other. Some wingless. Typically triangular scutellum (feature shared with Coleoptera). Antennae consist of 4-5 segments. True bugs Crop pests and transmit plant and human diseases. 3B)HOMOPTERA Mouthparts modified into beak. Antennae short, bristle-like. Both pairs of wings of uniform texture and held roof-like over body. Considerable variation in body form (winged, wingless, degenerate legs). Aphids, scale insects, cicadas, leafhoppers. 4)PHASMIDA/PHASMATODEA Stick-like or leaf-like. Legs long and slender and not enlarged for jumping, digging, or capturing prey. Abdomen long and slenderg Antennae with 8-80 segments. Stick insects, leaf insects. 5) MANTODEA Fore legs adapted for grasping prey. Tarsi five-segmented. Antennae short. Praying mantis. Female kills male after mating. 5

6) ODONATA DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY Chewing mouthpart.

filiform antenna. http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/isoptera/dscf0040b.

wings: membranous Mouthparts chewing Prominate cerci Nocturnal Under bark, cracks

aquatic habitat; don't fly that much; hiding in vegetation, debris Adults feed soft

10) GRYLLOBLATTODEA gryllo, relating to crickets, blattaria, relating to cockroaches

Antennae 23-40 segments Habitat: high altitude Food: debris of insects that died on snow.

6 6) ODONATA DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY Chewing mouthpart. 7) ISOPTERA Iso= equal; ptera= wings fore- and hindwings are nearly identical in size and venation. Anai-anai, kelkatu Soft bodied No constriction of waist Chewing Mouthparts Monoliform or filiform antenna. 8) DERMAPTERA (TEMPIRING) Front wings: short, similar to elytra in beetles Hind wings: membranous Mouthparts chewing Prominate cerci Nocturnal Under bark, cracks Scavengers - dead and decaying plant material 9) PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES) Adults near aquatic habitat; don't fly that much; hiding in vegetation, debris Adults feed soft vegetation such as flowers, fruits, pollen, lichens, algae. Nymphs feed on invertebrates. 10) GRYLLOBLATTODEA gryllo, relating to crickets, blattaria, relating to cockroaches Wingless, Compound eyes small or absent Body leathery Abdomen oval and cylindrical Antennae segments Habitat: high altitude Food: debris of insects that died on snow. fields at high altitudes. 11) EPHEMEROPTRA Two-pair of triangular, membranous wings with many veins. Ten-segmented abdomen with two to three caudal filaments (cerci). Fragile-looking Near water Adults don t feed Immature: algae, plants bioindicator 6

12) ZORAPTERA Winged, wingless (lack eyes) 2-Segmented tarsi Chewing

Overall appearance bulbous head, long antennae Chewing mouthparts Damp

14) THYSANOPTERA Very tiny, < 2mm Mouthpart: stylet Narrowed wings fringes.

Transmit disease in plant thrips with leaf 15) EMBIIDINA run backward

- not winged leaf litter, under stones, bark Food: dried plant material,

modified for a claw Mouthparts - stylets for sucking lice, mandibles for

7 12) ZORAPTERA Winged, wingless (lack eyes) 2-Segmented tarsi Chewing mouthparts Cerci present. Moniliform 9-segment antenna. Feed on fungus and dead insects. 13) PSOCOPTERA 2- to 3-Segment tarsi Roof-like wing position No cerci Overall appearance bulbous head, long antennae Chewing mouthparts Damp areas Feed ob old books, lichen, fungus on wood Booklice, barklice. 14) THYSANOPTERA Very tiny, < 2mm Mouthpart: stylet Narrowed wings fringes. Veins greatly reduced/absent Flowers, under bark, litter. Transmit disease in plant thrips with leaf 15) EMBIIDINA run backward quickly when disturbed No ocelli Chewing mouthparts Males- winged; Females - not winged leaf litter, under stones, bark Food: dried plant material, dried grasses 16) PHTHIRAPTERA (KUTU) Wingless, ectoparasite 1 Tarsi - modified for a claw Mouthparts - stylets for sucking lice, mandibles for chewing lice. Dorso - ventrally flattened Eggs glue to hair or feather Host-specific Birds and mammals: chewing lice (MALLOPHAGA) Mammals: sucking lice (ANOPLURA) MALLOPHAGA ANOPLURA 7

17) MANTOPHASMATODEA discovered 2002 South Africa Carnivorous

1) COLEOPTERA The largest insect group Fore wings thickened

reduced to small knoblike structures called halteres.

wings Butterfly vs moth 4) HYMENOPTERA (wasp.

8 17) MANTOPHASMATODEA discovered 2002 South Africa Carnivorous Related to Phasmatodea, Grylloblattodea and Mantodea ENDOPTERYGOTA 1) COLEOPTERA The largest insect group Fore wings thickened (elytra) usually meeting in a straight line down the middle of the back and covering the hind wings. Hind wings usually longer than the elytra, folded up under the elytra. Chewing type mouthparts. 2) DIPTERA (FLIES, MOSQUITOES) Fore wings membranous Hind wings reduced to small knoblike structures called halteres. Antennae variable, often short and inconspicuous. Mouthparts sucking (sponging). 3) LEPIDOPTERA Head - large compound eye most with proboscis Scaly wings Butterfly vs moth 4) HYMENOPTERA (wasp. ants, bees) Hymeno= god of marriage; ptera= wings Four membranous wings, hind wings smaller. Primarily chewing type mouthparts except for the bees where the labium and maxillae form a tonguelike structure through which liquid food is taken. Antennae with 10 or more segments. Petiole: 2nd abdominal segment is narrowed. Ovipositor well developed sometimes modified into a sting 8

5) STREPSIPTERA https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/meat_eater_ant_feeding_on_honey02.

jpg Strepsi= twisted; ptera= wings Relates to the form of the hind wings; membranous and appearing

Males - forewings reduced to clublike structures Males - with the hind wings large and fanlike.

Females are generally saclike without appendages or bedbuglike.

body, head prolonged into a beak or rostrum most have four long narrow membranous wings which are

Antennae threadlike about one-half the length of the body.

9 5) STREPSIPTERA Strepsi= twisted; ptera= wings Relates to the form of the hind wings; membranous and appearing twisted and wrinkled. Males - forewings reduced to clublike structures Males - with the hind wings large and fanlike. Mouthparts vestigial (non-functional) Small insects mm. Females are generally saclike without appendages or bedbuglike. 6) NEUROPTERA (LACEWING) Wings membranous Fore and hind wings similar in shape and veination. Held rooflike over the body at rest. Soft-bodied Mouthparts mandibulate Antennae long Predator (mostly) 7) MECOPTERA (scorpionflies) Slender body, head prolonged into a beak or rostrum most have four long narrow membranous wings which are similar in size and venation. Some species are wingless (e.g., Boreidae) Chewing type mouthparts. Antennae threadlike about one-half the length of the body. 8) SIPHONAPTERA (PINJAL/FLEAS) Latin siphon= pipe; aptera= wingless Small, wingless, < 5mm Body laterally flattened, bristly, heavily sclerotized Sucking type mouthparts Legs relatively long with large coxae. Usually jumping insects. Parasite of cats, dogs, rodents 9)TRICHOPTERA (caddisflies) both wings membranous, covered with short hairs wings fold flat but held rooflike tarsi 4 or 5 segmented mandibles greatly reduced long, many segmented antennae 9

10 10

World of Insects. Characteristics, Orders, and Collecting

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