NAME: TERM: I W/S # 1 GR: 11 SUB: BIOLOGY CH 20 : PLANT DIVERSITY DATE :

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1 NAME: TERM: I W/S # 1 GR: 11 SUB: BIOLOGY CH 20 : PLANT DIVERSITY DATE : Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. Plants are multicellular prokaryotes. 2. The plant life cycle includes a diploid gamete and a haploid spore. 3. Mosses are most often found in dry environments. 4. Mosses and liverworts lack a vascular system for transporting water and nutrients. 5. Water must be present for fertilization to take place in mosses. 6. In mosses and liverworts, eggs are formed through mitosis in the antheridia. 7. Gametophytes of conifers are physically much larger than their sporophytes. 8. One important difference between mosses and ferns is that mosses have a vascular system. 9. Shoots, stems, and roots characterize the bodies of vascular plant sporophytes. 10. Ferns are characterized by fronds and fiddleheads. 11. Haploid fern spores are produced by gametophytes. 12. In ferns, a large sporophyte with leaves called fronds alternates with a heart-shaped gametophyte. 13. Ferns need water to reproduce because their sperm must swim to eggs. 14. Both mosses and ferns require a thin film of water for gametes to meet. 15. In both mosses and ferns, eggs are formed through mitosis in the antheridia. 16. Gymnosperm seeds are enclosed in a fruit.

2 17. Gametophytes of seed plants are large and easily viewed with the unaided eye. 18. Sexual reproduction in seed plants involves the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures of a plant to the female reproductive structures. 19. Seed plants cannot reproduce without a film of water for transferring of gametes. 20. A seed is a structure that contains a plant embryo. 21. A plant embryo is a new sporophyte. 22. In flowering plants, the embryos of monocots have two cotyledons. 23. Pollen is produced in the tip of the stamen, a structure called the sepal. 24. The lower portion of the pistil produces pollen. 25. Gametophytes develop within flowers. 26. Pollen tubes grow through the style toward the ovule. 27. Many seeds have appendages that aid in dispersal. 28. Asexual reproduction produces new plants that are genetically different from the parent plant. 29. Vegetative reproduction does require a plant to have flowers. 30. In vegetative reproduction, new plants may be generated from stems or roots. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The ancestors of today s land plants were probably a. brown algae. c. green algae. b. red algae. d. lichens. 2. Among the challenges that faced early land plants were a. eliminating excess water. b. obtaining sunlight for photosynthesis. c. absorbing minerals from the rocky surface. d. avoiding being eaten by grazing mammals. 3. The waxy protective covering of a land plant is called a a. cuticle. c. rhizome. b. capsule. d. stoma. 4. Some land plants developed an internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels called

3 a. cuticles. c. a circulatory system. b. nonvascular canals. d. vascular tissue. 5. sporophytes : spores :: a. sporophytes : gametophytes c. gametes : gametophytes b. gametophytes : gametes d. sporophytes : gametes 6. The diploid form in a plant s life cycle is called the a. sporophyte. c. parental generation. b. gametophyte. d. alternate generation. 7. The haploid form in a plant s life cycle is called the a. sporophyte. c. parental generation. b. gametophyte. d. alternate generation. 8. A haploid stage following a diploid stage in a plant s life cycle is called a. generational recycling. c. alternating forms. b. periodic gametogenesis. d. alternation of generations. 9. In plants, haploid gametes are produced as a result of a. fertilization. c. encapsulation. b. meiosis. d. mitosis. 10. sporophytes : meiosis :: a. sporophytes : spores c. gametophytes : gametes b. gametophytes : mitosis d. sporophytes : gametes 11. Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts all possess a. fibrous roots. c. tap roots. b. spore capsules. d. green leaves. 12. In nonvascular plants, structures in which spores are produced are known as a. meristems. c. cones. b. pollen grains. d. sporangia. 13. Which of the following statements about moss spores is not true? a. They are produced by the sporophyte. b. They are dispersed and then germinate. c. They are produced in a capsule-like top. d. They are diploid. 14. The sporophyte generation in mosses produces spores by a. meiosis. c. sexual reproduction. b. mitosis. d. asexual reproduction. 15. The most noticeable form of a moss life cycle is the a. sporophyte. c. rhizoid. b. gametophyte. d. zygote. 16. In which of the following structures do seedless plants produce eggs? a. antheridia c. archegonia b. capsules d. Cones

4 17. antheridia : sperm :: a. rhizoids : gametes c. archegonia : eggs b. seeds : gametophytes d. sperm : megaspores 18. Both mosses and ferns produce a. seeds. c. flowers. b. fruit. d. spores. 19. Fern sporophytes consist of rhizomes, a. large leaves, and flowers. c. pollen grains, and ovules. b. cones, and stems. d. roots, and fronds. 20. Unlike mosses, ferns possess a. spore capsules. c. antheridia. b. archegonia. d. vascular tissue. 21. Fiddleheads are produced by a. whisk ferns. c. ferns. b. club mosses. d. horsetails. 22. Both mosses and ferns produce gametes through a. mitosis. c. osmosis. b. meiosis. d. diffusion. 23. vascular plants : sporophytes :: a. sporophytic plants : gametophytes c. spores : gametes b. gametes : sporophytes d. nonvascular plants : gametophytes The diagram below shows the plant life cycle. 24. Refer to the diagram above. At which point in the life cycle does fertilization take place? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4

5 25. Refer to the diagram above. The structures produced at 3 are called a. sporangia. c. spores. b. archegonia. d. antheridia. 26. Which of the following were the first land plants to evolve seeds? a. angiosperms c. mosses b. gymnosperms d. horsetails 27. liverworts, hornworts, and mosses : nonvascular plants :: a. gymnosperms and angiosperms : bryophytes b. ferns : mosses c. gymnosperms and angiosperms : seed plants d. bryophytes and liverworts : vascular plants 28. gymnosperms : naked seeds :: a. pollen : mosses c. liverwort : vascular tissue b. liverwort : pollen d. angiosperms : enclosed seeds 29. In seed plants, female gametophytes produce a. sperm. c. cells. b. eggs. d. spores. 30. A male gametophyte of a seed plant develops into a a. pollen grain. c. pollen tube. b. spore capsule. d. seed coat. 31. The partially developed plant found in seeds is known as a(n) a. gametophyte. c. embryo. b. spore capsule. d. sporophyte. 32. A typical seed contains all of the following except a(n) a. seed coat. c. embryo. b. nutritious tissue. d. spore case. 33. The tallest trees in the world are a species of a. conifers. c. liverworts. b. dicots. d. angiosperms. 34. The process of transferring pollen from a male cone to a female cone in gymnosperms is called a. fertilization. c. pollination. b. seed formation. d. asexual reproduction. 35. In conifers, the diploid condition is resumed following a. pollination. c. respiration. b. fertilization. d. sporulation. 36. The seeds of monocots have a. one embryo and two cotyledons. c. one embryo and one cotyledon. b. two embryos and two cotyledons. d. two embryos and one cotyledon. 37. Flowering plants are classified as monocots or dicots according to the number of their a. leaves. c. meristems. b. flowers. d. cotyledons.

6 38. Monocots and dicots are subdivisions of a. angiosperms. c. ferns. b. gymnosperms. d. mosses. 39. Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled f a. supports the anther. c. supports the pistil. b. produces pollen. d. develops into a fruit. 40. Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled c a. produces pollen. b. contains sperm cells. c. is the area where pollen lands and sticks. d. contains meristematic tissue. 41. Removing a flower s stigma would initially affect a. fertilization. c. pollination. b. seed production. d. seed dispersal. 42. Pollen is produced in a structure called the a. anther. c. ovary. b. stigma. d. pistil. 43. In angiosperms, immediately following pollination, a. the seed develops. c. fertilization occurs. b. an egg cell is formed. d. the pollen tube begins to form. 44. During fertilization in flowering plants, one sperm fuses with an egg to form an embryo, and another fuses with two nuclei to form nutritive tissue. This event is called a. self-pollination. c. maximization. b. adaptation. d. double fertilization. 45. fruit : mature ovary a. gametophyte : sporophyte c. cotyledon : food reserve b. gymnosperm : angiosperm d. vascular plant : nonvascular plant 46. If a plant s flowers are very colorful and produce nectar, the plant is probably pollinated by a. water. c. insects. b. wind. d. self-pollination. 47. One way that flowers produced by angiosperms help ensure the transfer of gametes is by a. traveling in the air currents. b. bursting open and projecting gametes onto the landscape.

7 c. attracting animals that carry pollen from one flower to another. d. producing tasty fruits that animals depend on for food. 48. What function do all fruits produced by angiosperms perform? a. produce nutrients for the plant b. nourish the embryos c. disperse the seeds d. ensure pollination 49. Which structure allows plants to reproduce asexually? a. tuber c. archegonium b. flower d. antheridium 50. The production of offspring genetically identical to the parent plant is the result of a. sexual reproduction. c. alternation of generations. b. asexual reproduction. d. double fertilization. Completion Complete each statement. 1. The surface of a vascular plant is covered by a waxy, waterproof layer called a(n). 2. One of the first environmental challenges that early land plants had to overcome was developing a way to conserve. 3. The sporophyte generation produces spores by the process of. 4. The fusion of two gametes results in the production of a(n) sporophyte. 5. The haploid form of a plant is known as the generation. 6. Nonvascular plants transport materials within their bodies through the process of. 7. A green, hornlike sporophyte growing upward from the gametophyte is typical of plants known as. 8. In mosses and liverworts, the generation is the dominant generation. 9. The very tiny liverwort grow from the archegonia under the caps of female stalks. 10. The gametophytes of plants are larger and more noticeable than the sporophytes. 11. The seedless plants produce sperm within the. 12. True roots, stems, and leaves are associated with plants. 13. A fern is an example of a(n) vascular plant. 14. Both mosses and ferns produce eggs within structures called.

8 15. Like the nonvascular plants, the seedless vascular plants can reproduce sexually only when a film of covers the gametophyte. 16. Unlike mosses, ferns have sporophytes that are much than their gametophytes. 17. Seed plants whose seeds do not develop within a sealed container (fruit) are called. 18. Fruit is a characteristic associated only with the flowering plants, or. 19. A male gametophyte of a seed plant develops into a(n). 20. The is the protective cover that surrounds a seed. 21. The seed coat prevents the embryo from drying out, from mechanical injury, and from. 22. A(n) is a specialized structure that develops from an ovule and serves to protect a plant embryo from harsh conditions. 23. The four major groups of gymnosperms are gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, and. 24. A mature pine tree produces both male and female. 25. Gymnosperms are pollinated by, which makes sexual reproduction possible even during dry conditions. 26. The life cycle of a conifer is characterized by a large generation. 27. In conifers, seeds form on the of cones. 28. A plant that has flower parts that occur in fours or fives or multiples of four or five is a member of a subgroup called a(n). 29. Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled c is called the. 30. Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled f is called the. 31. Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled b is called the.

9 32. Refer to the diagram above. A flower like this one has all four basic flower parts and thus is an example of a(n) flower. 33. The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma is known as. 34. In angiosperms, seeds develop from the inside a(n) after an egg has been fertilized. 35. The event in which one sperm fertilizes an egg and a second sperm fuses with two nuclei is called. 36. A flower is a(n) structure that produces pollen and seeds. 37. Flowers are a source of for pollinators. 38. The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed in. 39. Appendages on seeds are an important adaptation that aid in seed. 40. Because flowering plants are rooted in the ground and cannot move from place to place, they must disperse their so that their offspring can grow in new environments. 41. Many fruits are spread by that are attracted to sweet, fleshy fruits, which they use for food. 42. Many of the structures by which plants reproduce vegetatively are modified. 43. Bulbs, stolons, and tubers are examples of modified stems that allow plants to reproduce. Short Answer 1. List the characteristics that an organism must have to be considered a plant. 2. List the four major groups of gymnosperms. 3. Suggest a structure for flowers that are adapted for wind pollination. 4. Some plants, such as citrus trees, produce seeds through a process that does not involve fusion of gametes. How would the offspring that grow from these seeds compare with the parent plant on which they were produced? Explain. Essay 1. What problems were encountered by the first land plants? What adaptations evolved to solve these problems? 2. Compare and contrast nonvascular plants with seedless vascular plants.

10 3. How are seeds an adaptation for life on land? 4. Outline the processes of pollination and fertilization in gymnosperms. 5. List and describe the location of the parts of a complete flower.

11 NAME: TERM:I W/S # 2 GR : 11 SUB: BIOLOGY CH 21:PLANT STRUCTURE AND DATE: FUNCTION Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. A vascular plant s body is formed from dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems. 2. The protective layer of cork on a woody stem is a part of the ground tissue system of plants. 3. Root hairs are extensions of the cortex cells that cover a root. 4. Xylem transports water and mineral nutrients in vascular plants. 5. The main function of ground tissue is to conduct water, minerals, and nutrients. 6. Vascular tissue surrounded by ground tissue, which makes up much of the outside of a vascular plant. 7. The main functions of the roots of plants are anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals. 8. Herbaceous plants have non-woody stems. 9. Sapwood contains xylem vessels that cannot conduct water. 10. Xylem in heartwood cannot conduct water. 11. Cactus spines are modified stems. 12. A compound leaf has two or more leaflets. 13. A plant embryo s root develops above the cotyledons. 14. A protective sheath covers the shoot of a sprouting bean seed.

12 15. The cotyledons of beans are visible above the soil after germination. 16. The cotyledons of a corn seed remain below the soil surface after germination. 17. Plants stop developing once they have matured. 18. Plants add new cells to the tips of their stems and roots, causing them to grow longer. 19. Cell division in meristems decreases the length and width of a plant. 20. Secondary tissues form as a result of cell division in a plant s apical meristems. 21. Nitrogen is an essential mineral nutrient needed for plant growth and development. 22. Since calcium is a part of cell membranes, it plays a role in the support of a plant s body. 23. If a plant becomes deficient in magnesium, it will not be able to perform cellular respiration. 24. The availability of light and nutrients affects the rate of plant growth. 25. The movement of water through a plant can be explained by the pressure-flow model. 26. The loss of water by translocation at the leaves helps pull water into the plant at the roots. 27. The rate of water absorption in roots is influenced by the amount of water lost through transpiration. 28. Osmosis between water molecules helps to pull water through a plant s xylem. 29. The guard cells swell when they take in water, which closes the stomata and allows transpiration to proceed. 30. The movement of sugars into phloem cells requires the process of active transport. 31. The distribution of sugars within a plant is referred to as transpiration. 32. Sugars move in only two directions within the phloem of a plant.

13 33. Roots function in the storage of excess nutrients in many plants. Therefore, roots are an example of a sink only. 34. In plants, organic nutrients move through the xylem from where they are made to where they are needed. 35. The transport of organic molecules from a leaf to the rest of the plant is called transportation. 36. A hormone is any chemical messenger that is produced in one location and causes a response in another location. 37. Auxins were the first group of plant hormones to be described. 38. The shoots of oat seedlings bend toward light because of auxins produced in their root tips. 39. Cytokinins are hormones that slow the aging of some plant organs such as cut flowers. 40. Seedless fruits are often produced by applying ethylene to developing fruits. 41. Plant shoots grow upward due to a negative gravitropism. 42. Tropisms are the only way that plants respond to environmental stimuli. 43. Tropisms are distinguished from other plant responses to stimuli in that they depend on the direction from which the stimulus comes. 44. A plant whose shoots display a negative phototropism would bend toward a light source. 45. The response of a plant to the direction of a touch is called a thigmotropism. 46. The fact that a plant blooms and sets fruit at the same time each year is explained by a heliotropism. 47. The response of a Venus flytrap to an insect is an example of a tropism. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is not a tissue system of vascular plants? a. vascular tissue c. ground tissue b. dermal tissue d. cuticle tissue 2. cuticle : above-ground parts :: a. vascular system : plant c. guard cell : stoma b. sperm : egg d. wax : root system

14 3. The xylem in a plant a. transports food from the leaves. b. transports water and minerals. c. exchanges carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. d. exchanges sugars and starches with leaves. 4. The phloem in a plant a. transports sugars. b. transports water and minerals. c. exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere. d. exchanges water and oxygen with the soil. 5. The conducting cells of phloem are called a. tracheids. c. sieve plates. b. sieve-tube members. d. vessel-element cells. 6. In xylem tissue, water moves from tracheid to tracheid through a. tiny pits. c. sieve tubes. b. vessel elements. d. companion cells. The diagram below shows a portion of a plant s vascular system. 7. Refer to the illustration above. Structure B is known as a a. tracheid. c. vessel element. b. companion cell. d. sieve-tube member. 8. Refer to the illustration above. Structure C is a a. tracheid. c. vessel cell. b. companion cell. d. sieve tube member. 9. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure allows the cytoplasm of a companion cell to connect to the cytoplasm of a sieve-tube member and allows substances to pass freely from cell to cell? a. A c. D b. C d. E

15 10. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled D is a. a companion cell. c. the nucleus of a companion cell. b. an epidermal cell. d. the chloroplast of an epidermal cell. 11. The ground tissue in the center of roots and stems a. turns into meristem. c. provides support. b. transports food. d. germinates at least once a year. 12. The ground tissue that is made up of chloroplast-rich cells is located in the a. root. c. stem. b. xylem. d. leaves. 13. vascular tissue: transport of fluids :: a. epidermis : support c. dermal tissue : transport of fluids b. dermal tissue : storage d. ground tissue : photosynthesis 14. The large central root of a carrot is an example of which type of root system? a. adventitious c. taproot b. aerial d. fibrous 15. The primary function of root hairs is a. to strengthen roots as they grow downward. b. to transport food up the stem. c. absorption of water and minerals. d. water storage. 16. The root cap a. protects a growing root tip. c. absorbs water. b. stores food in the form of starch. d. contains vascular tissue. 17. dermal tissue : root hairs :: a. cellular respiration : photosynthesis c. cork cells : transport of fluids b. vascular tissue : vascular bundle d. internodes : nodes The diagram below shows the stem of a coleus plant. 18. Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled A is called a. meristem. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. ground tissue.

16 19. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled C is one of this herbaceous stem s a. petioles. c. vascular bundles. b. veins. d. pith nodes. 20. Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled B, which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called a. meristem. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. ground tissue. 21. The outer layers of ground tissue in a stem are known as the a. sapwood. c. pith. b. nodes. d. cortex. 22. The bark on a woody stem is made up of a. xylem and phloem. c. phloem and cork. b. sapwood. d. mesophyll. 23. The vascular bundles of dicot stems are arranged a. in rings surrounded by ground tissue. b. scattered throughout ground tissue. c. in pith scattered throughout ground tissue. d. in cortex scattered throughout ground tissue. 24. The center region of ground tissue in a herbaceous stem is known as the a. sapwood. c. pith. b. nodes. d. cortex. 25. Leaves connect to the stems of plants at the a. lateral buds. c. nodes. b. pith. d. internodes. 26. Leaves with an undivided blade are called a. tendrils. c. compound. b. spines. d. simple. 27. leaves : carbon dioxide from the air :: a. leaves : water from the air c. roots : carbon dioxide from the air b. roots : light from the air d. roots : nutrients from the soil 28. Garden-pea tendrils are specialized leaves for a. photosynthesis. c. respiration. b. climbing. d. absorption. 29. The tissue of the leaf mesophyll that is located directly below the upper epidermis and consists of tightly packed column-shaped cells is the a. palisade layer. c. adventitious layer. b. cortex. d. pith.

17 Four Different Kinds of Leaves 30. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is a compound leaf? a. leaf a c. leaf c b. leaf b d. leaf d 31. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is most likely to be a leaf from a monocot? a. leaf a c. leaf c b. leaf b d. leaf d The diagram below shows a leaf cross section. 32. Refer to the illustration above. The vein illustrated is made up of a. only xylem vessels. c. both xylem and phloem vessels. b. only phloem vessels. d. neither xylem nor phloem vessels. 33. Refer to the illustration above. The spongy layer is indicated by the letter a. A. c. C. b. B. d. D. 34. Refer to the illustration above. All of the following relate to structure A except that it a. is the cuticle. c. covers the epidermis. b. protects the leaf. d. conducts photosynthesis. 35. The first sign of germination is the emergence of the embryo s a. shoot. c. stem. b. root. d. flowers. 36. Plants grow in regions of active cell division called a. meristems. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. dermal tissue.

18 37. Meristems are found a. only at the tips of roots. c. at the tips of roots and shoots. b. only at the tips of shoots. d. at the center of roots and shoots. 38. Plant development is similar to animal development because a. a plant continues to develop throughout its life. b. plants are more strongly influenced by the environment. c. newly formed plant cells differentiate to form specialized tissues. d. plant development can be reversed. 39. During periods of primary growth at apical meristems, stems and roots a. become wider. c. maintain a constant number of cells. b. become longer. d. undergo meiosis. 40. Refer to the illustration above. Outer bark is produced by a. layer 2. c. layer 5. b. layer 4. d. layer Refer to the illustration above. The cells that produce the secondary xylem are labeled as a. layer 2. c. layer 4. b. layer 3. d. layer Refer to the illustration above. Secondary xylem is indicated by the cells labeled as a. layer 1. c. layer 5. b. layer 3. d. layer Secondary xylem and phloem form from a. cork cambium. c. apical meristems. b. vascular cambium. d. bark. 44. In a woody stem, cork cambium a. forms phloem. c. produces the cells of the outer bark. b. forms xylem. d. becomes vascular cambium.

19 45. secondary growth : width :: a. secondary growth : height c. apical meristem : width b. lateral meristem : length d. primary growth : length 46. xylem : inner side of vascular cambium :: a. vascular cambium : cork cambium b. outer side of vascular cambium : cork c. phloem : outer side of vascular cambium d. phloem : cork cambium 47. Photosynthesis enables plants to produce most of the organic molecules that they need. This process requires the use of all of the following except a. carbon dioxide. c. light. b. water. d. glucose. 48. The movement of water through a plant is caused by a. the attraction of water molecules to sugar molecules. b. the force of osmosis drawing water into the roots. c. transpiration from leaves and stems. d. translocation of sugars in the stems. 49. The loss of water vapor through the leaves of a plant is called a. translocation. c. active transport. b. osmosis. d. transpiration. 50. The stomata are responsible for a. translocation. c. regulating water loss. b. leaf growth. d. the transport of minerals. 51. The guard cells that surround a stoma a. have no walls. b. swell with water, causing the stoma to open. c. shrink when opening the stoma. d. are responsible for translocation. 52. The transport of food from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called a. translocation. c. active transport. b. osmosis. d. transpiration. 53. One model that explains the movement of sugar in a plant is known as the a. transpiration model. c. pressure-flow model. b. translocation model. d. source-sink model. Scientists studying the transport of sugars in plants found it difficult to conduct experiments that did not damage the plants they were studying. Some scientists decided to use certain insects that fed on plants. The insects they chose were aphids, which have mouthparts that are inserted into plants and used to suck out nutrients. Many of these aphids also release excess sugars from the anal end of their digestive tracts. These sugars are called honeydew because they are released as sugary droplets. The scientists conducted the following experiments: 1. They measured the rate at which honeydew was released from aphids feeding on cucumber plants. The average rate was two drops per hour. 2. They froze some aphids and the plant parts they were attached to. They then took cross sections of the plant parts and examined them using an electron microscope. They

20 found that the tips of the aphids mouthparts were in individual cells in the phloem tissue. 3. They anesthetized aphids feeding on plants and then cut away the aphids, leaving the mouthparts in place on the plant. They noted that the honeydew continued to be released through the mouthparts. The rate at which it was released was measured to be two drops per hour. They also analyzed the honeydew and found that it had the same chemical composition as the sugars transported in the plants. 54. Refer to the passage above. Which of the following statements is not supported by the data obtained in these experiments? a. The contents of the phloem are under pressure. b. Sugars are transported in the phloem of plants. c. Sugars are actively transported into cells of the phloem. d. Some aphids take up more sugars from plants than they can use. The diagrams below illustrate an experiment that was performed to better understand how plants grow toward the light. Diagram A illustrates the cut tip of a seedling that was put on a block of agar. 55. Refer to the illustration above. The plant growth hormone that was discovered in this experiment is called a. auxin. c. ethylene. b. gibberellin. d. cytokinin. 56. Refer to the illustration above. A hormone caused the stem in diagram C to bend by a. exerting a cohesive force on the stem. b. causing cells to reproduce at a greater rate. c. causing cells on one side to elongate. d. translocation. 57. A plant hormone that is produced primarily in root tips is a. auxin. c. ethylene. b. cytokinin. d. gibberellin. 58. A plant hormone that slows growth and helps maintain seed dormancy is a. abscisic acid. c. cytokinin. b. auxin. d. gibberellic acid. 59. Which of the following hormones normally exists in a gaseous state? a. auxin c. ethylene b. cytokinin d. Gibberellin

21 60. All of the following generally cause tropisms in plants except a. light. c. touch. b. gravity. d. heat. 61. When vines grow, they often wrap tendrils around objects for support. The tendrils wrap because of a. thigmotropism. c. phototropism. b. gravitropism. d. chance. Newly Germinated Seedling 62. Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive phototropism? a. A c. C b. B d. D 63. Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive gravitropism? a. A c. C b. B d. D 64. shoots : negative gravitropism :: a. light stimulations : gravitropism c. shoots : negative phototropism b. gravity movements : phototropism d. roots : positive gravitropism 65. The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called a. seasonal. c. daily activity. b. photoperiodism. d. nocturnal variation. 66. Nastic movements in plants result when a. some cells grow more than others. b. the water content of certain cells changes. c. the plant has been exposed to warm temperatures. d. seasonal conditions change suddenly.

22 Completion Complete each statement. 1. The tissue forms the protective outer layer of a plant. 2. Dermal tissue functions in as well as in protection and the absorption of mineral nutrients. 3. Vascular tissues are specialized cells that move, nutrients, and other materials through the plant body. 4. The tissues that transport water, minerals, and nutrients within a plant make up the system. 5. Narrow, elongated, thick-walled cells that taper at each end and conduct water and mineral nutrients are called. 6. Certain conducting cells in the vascular system cannot perform their functions until they have lost most of their. 7. The of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth. 8. The two main types of root systems are fibrous root systems and systems. 9. Flexible, soft, and usually green stems are known as stems. 10. The darker, non-conducting wood in the center of a tree trunk is called. 11. In stems, the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring with ground tissue surrounding the ring. 12. The broad, flat portion of a typical leaf is called the. 13. In order for seeds to sprout, environmental conditions must be. 14. Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled A in the diagram above is called the.

23 15. Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled X is called the. 16. Resumption of growth by a plant embryo in a seed is called. 17. Seeds typically enter a period of dormancy before they. 18. The process by which cells become specialized in form and function is called. 19. Zones of actively dividing plant cells that produce plant growth are called. 20. Plants grow in regions of active cell division at the tips of roots and shoots called. 21. Growth that occurs from the formation of new cells at the tip of a plant is called. 22. Plant tissues that result from primary growth are called. 23. Cell division in the parts of plants called add layers of new cells around the outside of a plant s body. 24. Wood consists primarily of cells. 25. The thickening of a plant body by the production of new xylem and phloem is called growth. 26. A lateral meristem that produces secondary vascular tissue is called the. 27. A lateral meristem that produces the cork cells of the outer bark is called the. 28. The process that causes a plant to increase in width is called. 29. Raw materials required by plants are carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and nutrients. 30. Nitrogen is an important component of proteins,, chlorophylls, and coenzymes. 31. ATP contains the mineral nutrient. 32. As water evaporates from the surface of leaves, more water is up the plant. 33. When the guard cells that surround a stoma lose water, the stoma. 34. Changes in within the guard cells cause stoma to open and close. 35. Transpiration when stomata close. 36. The transport of organic molecules from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called. 37. The leaves of plants are categorized as because they are the primary photosynthetic organs.

24 38. Organic nutrients in plants move from a(n) to a(n). 39. A(n) is a chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part of the organism, where it causes a response. 40. is a hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen. 41. A plant hormone that causes stem elongation and fruit development is called. 42. The bending of a plant s stem toward light is an example of a. 43. A growth response of plants in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction from which a stimulus comes is called a(n). 44. Because of, the seeds and buds of many plants delay growth until they have been exposed to a certain number of hours of cold temperatures. 45. The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called. 46. A long-day plant will flower when are shorter than a specific number of hours. 47. Nastic movements are plant responses that are of the direction from which the stimulus comes. 48. The rapid folding of the leaves of a sensitive plant are the result of a(n). Short Answer 1. How many basic tissue systems make up a vascular plant s body? 2. What kind of tissue makes up the outer protective layer of vascular plants? 3. In vascular plants, what kind of conducting cells are no longer alive? 4. What are the two kinds of conducting cells in xylem tissue? 5. What is the part of a plant that grows upward and consists of stems and leaves? 6. Where are the vascular bundles located in monocot stems? 7. What kind of leaf has a blade that is divided into two or more leaflets? 8. What part of a plant embryo develops above the cotyledon? 9. Where does primary plant growth occur? 10. List the six major mineral nutrients that plants need for healthy growth.

25 11. What do plants need for cellular respiration? 12. What is the loss of water vapor through the stomata? 13. What causes water to be pulled up through the xylem of a stem? 14. What happens when the guard cells in a leaf take in water? 15. What is the movement of organic compounds from a source to a sink in a plant called? 16. What hormone is used commercially to enlarge seedless fruits? 17. Which organic compound causes tomatoes and bananas to ripen? 18. What is a positive tropism? 19. How can a plant exhibit a positive tropism and a negative tropism at the same time? 20. List the three major types of tropisms that occur in plants. 21. List the three categories plants are assigned to in reference to photoperiodism. 22. How do plants time seasonal responses? 23. How do short-day flowering plants respond to wintertime? Explain why. 24. How does dormancy help plants to survive in cold weather? 25. The snapping shut of a Venus flytrap is an example of what type of plant response? Essay 1. List the three tissue systems of a plant and give an example of a specialized type of tissue in each system. 2. Describe the functions of ground tissue in a vascular plant. 3. Do woody stems contain any ground tissue? Explain. 4. Compare how a young bean seedling and a young corn seedling are protected from damage during germination. 5. Explain how the tissue systems of a plant develop as the plant grows. 6. While walking through a forest, you notice that someone has carved initials into the bark of a tree. The initials are exactly 1.5 meters from the ground. How far from the ground will the initials be next year and the year after that? Why? Discuss growth tissues in plants in your answer.

26 7. Secondary growth adds width to a woody stem. Briefly describe the tissues involved and explain how they increase the stem s diameter. 8. Describe how stomata open and close. 9. Define the terms source and sink in relation to the transport of organic molecules in the phloem of plants. 10. Contrast the movement of sugar and water in a plant. 11. Describe how auxin causes a plant to bend toward a light source. 12. Explain why plants may be more influenced by environmental factors than are animals. 13. Chrysanthemums are short-day plants that normally flower in late fall. Suppose that you are a chrysanthemum grower and would like to produce a chrysanthemum crop for harvesting around Mother s Day (the second Sunday in May). What could you change about the way you grow chrysanthemums in order to postpone flowering from late fall until almost summer? 14. Compare and contrast tropisms and nastic movements in plants

27 NAME: TERM: I WORKSHEET:3 GR : 11 SUB : BIOLOGY CH 22:PLANT GROWTH REPRODUCTION AND RESPONSE. DATE: Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. Plants are multicellular prokaryotes. 2. The plant life cycle includes a diploid gamete and a haploid spore. 3. Mosses are most often found in dry environments. 4. Mosses and liverworts lack a vascular system for transporting water and nutrients. 5. Water must be present for fertilization to take place in mosses. 6. In mosses and liverworts, eggs are formed through mitosis in the antheridia. 7. Gametophytes of conifers are physically much larger than their sporophytes. 8. One important difference between mosses and ferns is that mosses have a vascular system. 9. Shoots, stems, and roots characterize the bodies of vascular plant sporophytes. 10. Ferns are characterized by fronds and fiddleheads. 11. Haploid fern spores are produced by gametophytes. 12. In ferns, a large sporophyte with leaves called fronds alternates with a heart-shaped gametophyte. 13. Ferns need water to reproduce because their sperm must swim to eggs. 14. Both mosses and ferns require a thin film of water for gametes to meet. 15. In both mosses and ferns, eggs are formed through mitosis in the antheridia.

28 16. Gymnosperm seeds are enclosed in a fruit. 17. Gametophytes of seed plants are large and easily viewed with the unaided eye. 18. Sexual reproduction in seed plants involves the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures of a plant to the female reproductive structures. 19. Seed plants cannot reproduce without a film of water for transferring of gametes. 20. A seed is a structure that contains a plant embryo. 21. A plant embryo is a new sporophyte. 22. In flowering plants, the embryos of monocots have two cotyledons. 23. Pollen is produced in the tip of the stamen, a structure called the sepal. 24. The lower portion of the pistil produces pollen. 25. Gametophytes develop within flowers. 26. Pollen tubes grow through the style toward the ovule. 27. Many seeds have appendages that aid in dispersal. 28. Asexual reproduction produces new plants that are genetically different from the parent plant. 29. Vegetative reproduction does require a plant to have flowers. 30. In vegetative reproduction, new plants may be generated from stems or roots. 31. Nitrogen is an essential mineral nutrient needed for plant growth and development. 32. Since calcium is a part of cell membranes, it plays a role in the support of a plant s body. 33. If a plant becomes deficient in magnesium, it will not be able to perform cellular respiration. 34. The availability of light and nutrients affects the rate of plant growth. 35. The movement of water through a plant can be explained by the pressure-flow model.

29 36. The loss of water by translocation at the leaves helps pull water into the plant at the roots. 37. The rate of water absorption in roots is influenced by the amount of water lost through transpiration. 38. Osmosis between water molecules helps to pull water through a plant s xylem. 39. The guard cells swell when they take in water, which closes the stomata and allows transpiration to proceed. 40. The movement of sugars into phloem cells requires the process of active transport. 41. The distribution of sugars within a plant is referred to as transpiration. 42. Sugars move in only two directions within the phloem of a plant. 43. Roots function in the storage of excess nutrients in many plants. Therefore, roots are an example of a sink only. 44. In plants, organic nutrients move through the xylem from where they are made to where they are needed. 45. The transport of organic molecules from a leaf to the rest of the plant is called transportation. 46. A hormone is any chemical messenger that is produced in one location and causes a response in another location. 47. Auxins were the first group of plant hormones to be described. 48. The shoots of oat seedlings bend toward light because of auxins produced in their root tips. 49. Cytokinins are hormones that slow the aging of some plant organs such as cut flowers. 50. Seedless fruits are often produced by applying ethylene to developing fruits. 51. Plant shoots grow upward due to a negative gravitropism. 52. Tropisms are the only way that plants respond to environmental stimuli. 53. Tropisms are distinguished from other plant responses to stimuli in that they depend on the direction from which the stimulus comes.

30 54. A plant whose shoots display a negative phototropism would bend toward a light source. 55. The response of a plant to the direction of a touch is called a thigmotropism. 56. The fact that a plant blooms and sets fruit at the same time each year is explained by a heliotropism. 57. The response of a Venus flytrap to an insect is an example of a tropism. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The ancestors of today s land plants were probably a. brown algae. c. green algae. b. red algae. d. lichens. 2. Among the challenges that faced early land plants were a. eliminating excess water. b. obtaining sunlight for photosynthesis. c. absorbing minerals from the rocky surface. d. avoiding being eaten by grazing mammals. 3. The waxy protective covering of a land plant is called a a. cuticle. c. rhizome. b. capsule. d. stoma. 4. Some land plants developed an internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels called a. cuticles. c. a circulatory system. b. nonvascular canals. d. vascular tissue. 5. sporophytes : spores :: a. sporophytes : gametophytes c. gametes : gametophytes b. gametophytes : gametes d. sporophytes : gametes 6. The diploid form in a plant s life cycle is called the a. sporophyte. c. parental generation. b. gametophyte. d. alternate generation. 7. The haploid form in a plant s life cycle is called the a. sporophyte. c. parental generation. b. gametophyte. d. alternate generation. 8. A haploid stage following a diploid stage in a plant s life cycle is called a. generational recycling. c. alternating forms. b. periodic gametogenesis. d. alternation of generations. 9. In plants, haploid gametes are produced as a result of a. fertilization. c. encapsulation. b. meiosis. d. mitosis.

31 10. sporophytes : meiosis :: a. sporophytes : spores c. gametophytes : gametes b. gametophytes : mitosis d. sporophytes : gametes 11. Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts all possess a. fibrous roots. c. tap roots. b. spore capsules. d. green leaves. 12. In nonvascular plants, structures in which spores are produced are known as a. meristems. c. cones. b. pollen grains. d. sporangia. 13. Which of the following statements about moss spores is not true? a. They are produced by the sporophyte. b. They are dispersed and then germinate. c. They are produced in a capsule-like top. d. They are diploid. 14. The sporophyte generation in mosses produces spores by a. meiosis. c. sexual reproduction. b. mitosis. d. asexual reproduction. 15. The most noticeable form of a moss life cycle is the a. sporophyte. c. rhizoid. b. gametophyte. d. zygote. 16. In which of the following structures do seedless plants produce eggs? a. antheridia c. archegonia b. capsules d. cones 17. antheridia : sperm :: a. rhizoids : gametes c. archegonia : eggs b. seeds : gametophytes d. sperm : megaspores 18. Both mosses and ferns produce a. seeds. c. flowers. b. fruit. d. spores. 19. Fern sporophytes consist of rhizomes, a. large leaves, and flowers. c. pollen grains, and ovules. b. cones, and stems. d. roots, and fronds. 20. Unlike mosses, ferns possess a. spore capsules. c. antheridia. b. archegonia. d. vascular tissue. 21. Fiddleheads are produced by a. whisk ferns. c. ferns. b. club mosses. d. horsetails. 22. Both mosses and ferns produce gametes through a. mitosis. c. osmosis. b. meiosis. d. diffusion.

32 23. vascular plants : sporophytes :: a. sporophytic plants : gametophytes c. spores : gametes b. gametes : sporophytes d. nonvascular plants : gametophytes The diagram below shows the plant life cycle. 24. Refer to the diagram above. At which point in the life cycle does fertilization take place? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d Refer to the diagram above. The structures produced at 3 are called a. sporangia. c. spores. b. archegonia. d. antheridia. 26. Which of the following were the first land plants to evolve seeds? a. angiosperms c. mosses b. gymnosperms d. horsetails 27. liverworts, hornworts, and mosses : nonvascular plants :: a. gymnosperms and angiosperms : bryophytes b. ferns : mosses c. gymnosperms and angiosperms : seed plants d. bryophytes and liverworts : vascular plants 28. gymnosperms : naked seeds :: a. pollen : mosses c. liverwort : vascular tissue b. liverwort : pollen d. angiosperms : enclosed seeds 29. In seed plants, female gametophytes produce a. sperm. c. cells. b. eggs. d. spores.

33 30. A male gametophyte of a seed plant develops into a a. pollen grain. c. pollen tube. b. spore capsule. d. seed coat. 31. The partially developed plant found in seeds is known as a(n) a. gametophyte. c. embryo. b. spore capsule. d. sporophyte. 32. A typical seed contains all of the following except a(n) a. seed coat. c. embryo. b. nutritious tissue. d. spore case. 33. The tallest trees in the world are a species of a. conifers. c. liverworts. b. dicots. d. angiosperms. 34. The process of transferring pollen from a male cone to a female cone in gymnosperms is called a. fertilization. c. pollination. b. seed formation. d. asexual reproduction. 35. In conifers, the diploid condition is resumed following a. pollination. c. respiration. b. fertilization. d. sporulation. 36. The seeds of monocots have a. one embryo and two cotyledons. c. one embryo and one cotyledon. b. two embryos and two cotyledons. d. two embryos and one cotyledon. 37. Flowering plants are classified as monocots or dicots according to the number of their a. leaves. c. meristems. b. flowers. d. cotyledons. 38. Monocots and dicots are subdivisions of a. angiosperms. c. ferns. b. gymnosperms. d. mosses. 39. Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled f a. supports the anther. c. supports the pistil. b. produces pollen. d. develops into a fruit.

34 40. Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled c a. produces pollen. b. contains sperm cells. c. is the area where pollen lands and sticks. d. contains meristematic tissue. 41. Removing a flower s stigma would initially affect a. fertilization. c. pollination. b. seed production. d. seed dispersal. 42. Pollen is produced in a structure called the a. anther. c. ovary. b. stigma. d. pistil. 43. In angiosperms, immediately following pollination, a. the seed develops. c. fertilization occurs. b. an egg cell is formed. d. the pollen tube begins to form. 44. During fertilization in flowering plants, one sperm fuses with an egg to form an embryo, and another fuses with two nuclei to form nutritive tissue. This event is called a. self-pollination. c. maximization. b. adaptation. d. double fertilization. 45. fruit : mature ovary a. gametophyte : sporophyte c. cotyledon : food reserve b. gymnosperm : angiosperm d. vascular plant : nonvascular plant 46. If a plant s flowers are very colorful and produce nectar, the plant is probably pollinated by a. water. c. insects. b. wind. d. self-pollination. 47. One way that flowers produced by angiosperms help ensure the transfer of gametes is by a. traveling in the air currents. b. bursting open and projecting gametes onto the landscape. c. attracting animals that carry pollen from one flower to another. d. producing tasty fruits that animals depend on for food. 48. What function do all fruits produced by angiosperms perform? a. produce nutrients for the plant b. nourish the embryos c. disperse the seeds d. ensure pollination 49. Which structure allows plants to reproduce asexually? a. tuber c. archegonium b. flower d. antheridium 50. The production of offspring genetically identical to the parent plant is the result of a. sexual reproduction. c. alternation of generations. b. asexual reproduction. d. double fertilization.

35 51. Photosynthesis enables plants to produce most of the organic molecules that they need. This process requires the use of all of the following except a. carbon dioxide. c. light. b. water. d. glucose. 52. The movement of water through a plant is caused by a. the attraction of water molecules to sugar molecules. b. the force of osmosis drawing water into the roots. c. transpiration from leaves and stems. d. translocation of sugars in the stems. 53. The loss of water vapor through the leaves of a plant is called a. translocation. c. active transport. b. osmosis. d. transpiration. 54. The stomata are responsible for a. translocation. c. regulating water loss. b. leaf growth. d. the transport of minerals. 55. The guard cells that surround a stoma a. have no walls. b. swell with water, causing the stoma to open. c. shrink when opening the stoma. d. are responsible for translocation. 56. The transport of food from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called a. translocation. c. active transport. b. osmosis. d. transpiration. 57. One model that explains the movement of sugar in a plant is known as the a. transpiration model. c. pressure-flow model. b. translocation model. d. source-sink model. Scientists studying the transport of sugars in plants found it difficult to conduct experiments that did not damage the plants they were studying. Some scientists decided to use certain insects that fed on plants. The insects they chose were aphids, which have mouthparts that are inserted into plants and used to suck out nutrients. Many of these aphids also release excess sugars from the anal end of their digestive tracts. These sugars are called honeydew because they are released as sugary droplets. The scientists conducted the following experiments: 1. They measured the rate at which honeydew was released from aphids feeding on cucumber plants. The average rate was two drops per hour. 2. They froze some aphids and the plant parts they were attached to. They then took cross sections of the plant parts and examined them using an electron microscope. They found that the tips of the aphids mouthparts were in individual cells in the phloem tissue. 3. They anesthetized aphids feeding on plants and then cut away the aphids, leaving the mouthparts in place on the plant. They noted that the honeydew continued to be released through the mouthparts. The rate at which it was released was measured to be two drops per hour. They also analyzed the honeydew and found that it had the same chemical composition as the sugars transported in the plants.