1. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering. 2. Which agent of erosion leads to the formation of sand dunes?

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1 1. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering. 2. Which agent of erosion leads to the formation of sand dunes? a) Ice b) Wind c) Water d) Gravity 3. How can water be an agent for physical weathering? a) By absorbing gases from the atmosphere and ground toe chemically react with minerals b) By seeping into the soil and dissolving minerals in rocks c) By absorbing sulfur oxides and creating acid precipitation d) By seeping into cracks of rocks and freezing

2 Changes Over Time

3 If you stopped cutting the grass in your front yard, what would happen? In 1 year? 5 years? 90 years?

4 Ecological Succession = the orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in the communities of an ecosystem Occurs in stages Each stage has different plants and animals Conditions of each stage are suitable for some organisms but not others

5 Can you observe succession? It can take decades or even centuries to observe 2 types of succession: Primary succession Secondary succession

6 Primary succession = the colonization of barren land by communities of organisms Land must have: No living organisms Example: island forming/land after lava flow Pioneer species = first species to take hold in an area Example: lichen Different organisms (usually algae, bacteria, Fungus), that allow it to mutuallistically survive harsh conditions

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9 What happens to the pioneer species (lichen, moss) over time? Decaying lichen and sediment develop soil Soil small plants Small plants die more soil bigger plants Over time the primary succession slows down and the community becomes stable

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11 Climax community = stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species May last for 100 s of years *** If its stable, does it still change?*** YES! but the changes are balanced!

12 What if there s a fire that destroys a community? What if a field isn t replanted? What if a building is demolished and nothing is built on the site?

13 Secondary succession = the sequence of changes that takes place after an existing community is severely disrupted in some way What are some possible disruptions?

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15 What does secondary succession have that primary does not? SOIL! Will the species be the same? Will secondary succession still reach climax community status? Which will get there faster? (primary or secondary?)

16 High Species Biodiversity Series 2 Series 1 Low Time -->

17 1. Explain ecological succession. 2. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? 3. Give an example of an event that would cause secondary succession to begin.

18 1. What is the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable energy source? 2. What are some alternative energy sources? Explain where some might work in the country, and others might not. 3. The drilling for freshwater increases along a coastal area. What is a likely consequence of this action? a) An intrusion of salt water into aquifers b) The loss of water resources in estuaries c) The destruction of estuaries because of an increase in sea levels d) A decrease in salt concentration in inlet waterways

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20 The biosphere, as you know, comprises all life on Earth Biome = a major biological community that occurs over a large area A BIG group of LIVING things Different kinds of species Large geographical area/ REGION

21 Biomes are commonly identified by the Biome s dominant plant species

22 Aquatic WATER Examples: Ocean Creek River Terrestrial LAND Examples: Forest Desert Grasslands

23 Saltwater Ocean Marine Salt Lakes Estuary Mix of fresh and saltwater Marsh/ICW Freshwater Pond, lake, river

24 LIGHT is a major resource when talking about aquatic biomes. 2 zones based on the AMOUNT of light: Photic light shallow water Aphotic no light deep water

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26 Plankton/Phytoplankton = small organisms that are the primary consumers/producers of aquatic biomes

27 1. Temperature 2. Amount of Precipitation

28 Tundra Taiga Temperate Forest Grassland Desert Tropical Rain Forest

29 North Pole 2. Taiga 1. Tundra Equator 4. Grassland 3. Temperate Forest 6. Tropical Rain Forest 5. Desert

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31 Northern/Polar regions Very cold temperatures (long winter/short summer) Permafrost = permanent layer of frost in the ground only small plants can grow

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33 Mountainous regions with mostly conifers Cold winters, cool/short summer Conifer = mainly pines

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35 Clearly defined seasons Mild winters/warm summers Some conifers, but mostly deciduous trees Deciduous Tree = tree that loses its leaves in the fall (oak, maple)

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37 Dry summer/cool winter Mostly grasses and shrubs Grazing animals AKA savannah

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39 Very little rain (<3cm/yr) Hot days/cold nights Animal adaptations: Nocturnal = move/hunt at night to avoid heat Burrow = live in hole to avoid heat Must conserve water!

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41 Rains almost daily Located very close to equator (most sun) No seasons Most biodiverse : greatest variety of organisms in an area

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43 Each biome has different: Temperature Rainfall Altitude Latitude Types of plants and animals

44 Global location/ Description Climate/ Seasonal Extremes Average rainfall Animals (minimum of 2) Plants (minimum of 1-2) Describe at least one adaptation for plants AND animals in each biome Interesting facts (minimum of 2) **Include a decorative cover for your brochure!!!*** Use pictures/drawings/collage*** Green and Black Text Book pgs will help you!

45 How could the removal of trees and other vegetation impact an environment? a) By increasing oxygen production b) By increasing soil formation c) By increasing transpiration d) By increasing erosion Which results from the unequal heating of the ocean water of Earth? a) A constant sea level b) Changes in tidal patterns c) Unchanging climate for all regions on Earth d) Changes in ocean current patterns

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47 Bio = life Diversity = differences among organisms Biodiversity = the variety of living organisms found in an area

48 Do you see a pattern? Number of species of mammals: Canada 163 US 367 Mexico 439 In one hectare of forest you are likely to find: Peru 300 tree species US 30 tree species or less

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50 Organisms are adapted to live together! Ecologists know many relationships many have yet to be discovered Biodiversity decreases competition, and increases the amount of genetic material in the environment!

51 Animals need plants Plants couldn t exist without animals to pollinate Plants need decomposers to break down nutrients Living things create niches for other living things!

52 What does biodiversity offer to Humans? Biodiversity gives humans: Oxygen Diverse diet Materials (clothes, furniture, buildings) Medicinal supplies (world pharmacy) Penicillin cam from the mold Penicillium Antimalarial drug came from the cinchona tree Preserving biodiversity ensures there will be living things to use in the future!

53 Extinct Endangered Threatened Disappearance of a species numbers so low that extinction is possible Population declining rapidly Ex) Dodo Bird, Tasmanian tiger Ex) Peregrine Falcon, Black Footed Ferret Ex) Polar Bear, Boreal Toad

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56 Species are usually well adapted to their habitats What happens when these habitats are changed?

57 Habitat loss = removal/disappearance of habitat Effect: organism are displaced (must go somewhere else) Ex: deer in your yard bears in garbage

58 Habitat fragmentation = obstruction (road, development, etc) that separates a habitat into sections Example: Road through a forest prevents animals/plants from moving to other side

59 Can cause problems with Migration island effect or smaller less biodiversity Invasion of exotic species Lack of reintroduction after fires Changes is climate Edge effect

60 Edge Effect= changes along ecosystem boundaries

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63 Pollution can be air, water, or land Examples: Acid Precipitation CFC s in atmosphere

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67 Do not belong in habitat Few/no predators in new habitat Reproduce/spread out of control

68 Kudzu

69 Pythons in Everglades

70 Conservation biology = a new field that studies methods and implements plans to protect biodiversity Effective strategies are based on ecological principles Many species are threatened because of people, so working with humans is a major part of conservation biology

71 US Endangered Species Act CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species)

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73 What does it mean to be sustainable? Sustainable use = using resources wisely waste less Habitat Corridors = connect pieces of land to overcome habitat fragmentation

74 What does a reintroduction program try to do? Example: California condors What does a zoo/captivity aim to do? What is a seed bank?

75 Captivity under human control Reintroduction putting species back in natural environment

76 Animals may lose natural instinct Loss of natural instincts is harder on animals than plants What kinds of problems might plant reintroductions have?

77 Get out your bellringer sheet. This will be collected. Begin work on the study guide on your desk. Reminders: You have a test tomorrow on Ecology Your review packets are due tomorrow Your biome booklets are due by the end of the day