Ecology. Unit Review

Transcription

1 Ecology Unit Review

2 Quiz 1 Name the vocabulary term 1. The idea that one species will eventually be more successful than the other. 2. When similar species settle into separate niches to allow them to coexist. 3. When the interaction between two species affect the evolution of both 4. A position or role taken by an organism in its community Describe an example of 5. Mutualism 6. Commensalism 7. Predation 8. Parasitism Answer 9. What bird was studied that led to the discovery of #2, since it was found that they spent time in different parts of a tree to share the resources? 10. What do a predator s adaptations focus on? What about prey s?

3 The idea that one species will eventually be more successful than the other. Competitive exclusion principle

4 When similar species settle into separate niches to allow them to coexist. Resource partitioning

5 When the interaction between two species affect the evolution of both coevolution

6 A position or role taken by an organism in its community niche

7 Mutualism - both benefit

8 Commensalism - one benefits, other meh

9 Predation - one eats the other for matter & energy

10 Parasitism - where one lives off the other (tick & dog)

11 Predator adaptations focus on chasing & killing; prey adaptations focus on are running, defense, & hiding

12 Quiz Total weight of all living things in an ecosystem (2 points) Draw a food chain from producer to tertiary consumer. What is the primary source of energy? Fungi, earthworms, sea stars, fiddler crabs, and dung beetles are all what? What's a common name for a primary consumer? What's a common name for a secondary consumer? (3 points) List 3 ecosystem services.

13 Total weight of all living things in an ecosystem biomass

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15 What is the primary source of energy? sun

16 Primary consumer - herbivore Secondary consumer - carnivore

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18 Quiz 3 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce under a certain set of environmental conditions The first step in evolution; random changes in DNA that lead to genetic variation One species split into two or more Ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designated to kill it When populations are physically isolated for a long period of time When mutations and natural selection due to #5 lead to inability to produce viable offspring All of the organisms of a species on the entire planet are wiped out All of the organisms of a species are extinct within an area Found in only one area, particularly vulnerable Typically low rate of extinction

19 Certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce under a certain set of environmental conditions natural selection

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21 The first step in evolution; random changes in DNA that lead to genetic variation mutations

22 One species split into two or more speciation

23 Ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designated to kill it chemical resistance

24 When populations are physically isolated for a long period of time geographic isolation When mutations and natural selection due geographic isolation lead to inability to produce viable offspring reproductive isolation

25 All of the organisms of a species on the entire planet are wiped out biological extinction

26 All of the organisms of a species are extinct within an area local extinction A dead alligator juniper tree in southeastern Arizona. The species is one of hundreds around the world that have gone extinct in the places where they lived for years. (Ramona Walls)

27 Found in only one area, particularly vulnerable endemic species Florida Scrub Jay

28 Typically low rate of extinction background extinction

29 Quiz Primary succession does not have and secondary succession does. Name 2 conditions that lead to primary succession. Name a pioneer species. Name a decomposer. 5. The stable group of plants and animals that indicate the endpoint of succession 6. Name two types of #5 7. (2 points) Name 2 events that lead to secondary succession.

30 Primary succession does not have soil and secondary succession does.

31 Name conditions that lead to primary succession. Volcano or glacier

32 Name a pioneer species - lichen

33 Name a decomposer Bacteria Fungi Worms

34 The stable group of plants and animals that indicate the endpoint of succession climax community Types desert, tundra, temperate forest, rainforest

35 Name 2 events that lead to secondary succession. Disease, floods, human development, forest fire

36 Quiz 5 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) List 2 factors that influence climate. (2 point) Give the term for the climate zones (1 point) a) At the equator with intense sunlight b) At the poles, very little and indirect sunlight c) In between A and B Name that biome! (5 points) a) Near the equator, warm, high humidity, highest biodiversity b) Moderate temperatures, warm summers, cold winters. Contains oaks, hickory, maple, and beech trees c) Moderate climate, dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires d) Most of the interior of Antarctica e) Contains coniferous trees, which are well adapted to the long, cold, dry winters with short & mild summers. Covers a lot of Canada. Where is most of the animal life found in a tropical rainforest? What adaptation do prairie plants have that protect them from drought and freezing temperatures?

37 Factors that influence climate. Incoming solar energy. Earth s rotation, global air & water movement patterns gases in the atmosphere, earth s surface features (topography)

38 The climate zones

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40 Where is most of the animal life found in a tropical rainforest? Canopy What adaptation do prairie plants have that protect them from drought and freezing temperatures? Deep root systems

41 Video Quiz List a negative human impact on the carbon cycle. List a negative human impact on the water cycle. List a negative human impact on the nitrogen cycle. List a negative human impact on the phosphorus cycle. Humans add excess sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere via (list one), which is harmful because it can convert to (chemical name or formula) which falls to the earth as acid rain Phosphorus is important because it is essential for the production of (name 2 of the 4 given) is the name given to the process where decomposing bacteria convert nitrogen-rich compounds in waste and dead bodies into simpler compounds like ammonia. is the name given to the process where plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions to be used to make molecules like DNA, amino acids, and proteins. Peanuts, alfalfa, and soy are all types of, important for their role in nitrogen fixation due to bacteria that live in their root nodules. Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is bad because it leads to.

42 Negative human impacts are what we do to affect the natural amounts

43 Negative human impacts on the carbon cycle We burn a lot of fossil fuels, and this takes carbon that s meant to be stored underground for a long time and shoves it into the atmosphere

44 Negative human impacts on the water cycle Withdrawing too much, draining wetlands, deforestation

45 Water pollution is not a negative impact on the CYCLE Doesn t affect the amount of water, just its quality

46 Human impact on the nitrogen cycle. Inorganic fertilizers runoff algae bloom, fossil fuel use can release nitrous oxides nitric acid acid rain

47 Human impact on the phosphorus cycle. Inorganic fertilizers, sewage runoff algae bloom

48 Humans add excess sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere via burning coal & other fossil fuels, which is harmful because it can convert to H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) which falls to the earth as acid rain

49 Phosphorus is important because it is essential for the production of ATP, nucleotides, amino acids/proteins, phospholipid bilayer

50 Ammonification is the name given to the process where decomposing bacteria convert nitrogen-rich compounds in waste and dead bodies into simpler compounds like ammonia.

51 Assimilation is the name given to the process where plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions to be used to make molecules like DNA, amino acids, and proteins.

52 Peanuts, alfalfa, and soy are all types of legumes, important for their role in nitrogen fixation due to bacteria that live in their root nodules

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54 Activity Highlights Cats of Borneo All of the caterpillars = population; cockroaches, caterpillars, etc = community It killed the cats more than the caterpillars since it was more concentrated (due to biomagnification) DDT is density-independent because it s going to kill mosquitoes whether it s a small population or a large population Isle Royale Top-down population control is from predation, disease, & natural disasters Bottom-up population control is from food source, habitat, or space

55 Keystone Species Sea stars - predator Grizzly bear - predator, mutualist Sea otters - predators Gopher tortoise - modifier African elephants - modifiers Prairie dogs - modifiers, prey Fig trees - prey Sharks - predator Hummingbirds - mutualists Sugar maple trees - host Beavers - modifiers

56 M&M Lab Phytoplankton - producer Zooplankton - primary consumer Minnow - secondary consumer Eel - tertiary consumer Osprey - quaternary consumer, apex predator Bioaccumulation - substances that don t break down and accumulate in tissue Biomagnification - concentration of said substances increases as you go up a food chain DDT was found to cause shell-thinning in eagles & osprey, banned in 1972 bald eagles aren t endangered anymore

57 Pocket Mouse Lab pre - lab Post - lab #4 - with more genetic variation, there is a greater chance of survival since there are more chances of there being a mutation that is favored by the environment #4 - mutation is random due to random mistakes in DNA replication but natural selection is not, because if the chance mutation ends up being favorable to survival, the frequency of that gene will increase in the population over time due to those environmental pressures

58 Ecological Succession WebQuest Primary - NO SOIL Secondary - SOIL Glaciers Bog & Forest

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60 Carbon Cycle # 5 - CO2 enters the atmosphere as a gas via combustion, diffusion, cellular respiration # 6 - plants & animals both carry out cellular respiration #7 - plants (including phytoplankton), protists, & bacteria (like cyanobacteria) carry out photosynthesis # 8-9 decomposers, like bacteria & fungi, are responsible for breaking waste & dead things back into nutrients that can be reused to make new organisms. Without them, no more nutrient cycling #10 - fossil fuels store carbon for a long time we burn them for energy this puts a lot of CO2 in the atmosphere global warming

61 Nitrogen Cycle # 1 - bacteria & lightning help nitrogen leave the atmosphere (nitrogen fixation) #2 - BACTERIA ARE SO DANG IMPORTANT TO THE NITROGEN CYCLE