Short descriptions of the animal groups
|
|
- Bruno Hart
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Veröffentlicht auf Gbif-Deutschland ( Startseite > Short descriptions of the animal groups Short descriptions of the animal groups Submitted by i.turre on Mo, 25/04/ :47 German [1] Lumbricidae Lumbricidae (earthworms) belong to the saprophagous soil fauna. In Europe about 670 species are known; ca. 46 of them occur in Germany. Abundances and biomass vary considerably, depending on site conditions and management practices. From the very beginning of soil biology, earthworms have been considered to be the most important soil animals in many sites in Central Europe. Reasons for this are not only their high biomass but also the important functions they perform in the soil ecosystem: mechanical mixing of soil fractions, acceleration of decomposition of dead organic material, or amelioration of the water holding capacity by formation of clay-humus complexes. Earthworms can be classified into three ecological groups: mineral soil dwellers (endogeics), litter layer dwellers (epigeics), and vertical burrowers (anecics); the best-known species among the latter is Lumbricus terrestris. Referring to species occurring in Germany, a large body of autecological and ecotoxicological data is available. Their distribution is well-known in forest sites, but information on grassland and arable-field sites is deficient.
2 Concepts exist for assessing the ranges of reference values for biomass and species numbers under different site conditions. All domestic species can be identified with standard identification literature. To collect earthworms, a combination of hand sorting and chemical expulsion is considered the standard method. Collecting and identifying earthworms is uncomplicated. The animals are easy to conserve and can be identified without further preparation. Enchytraeidae
3 With a body diameter of about mm, enchytraeids (potworms) belong to the mesofauna. About 700 species of Enchytraeidae have been described worldwide. In Europe species are presently known. Enchytraieds are sapro-phytophagous soil organisms, feeding on dead organic material colonized by fungi and bacteria, thus accelerating the decomposition of organic substrates. Furthermore, larger enchytraeid species contribute to the formation of soil aggregates and the mixing of soil by their burrowing activity and the transport of material, although at a scale different from that of earthworms.
4 Knowledge on the autecology of species occurring in Germany has been documented in form of indicator values referring to soil reaction and soil moisture. Updated identification guides are available. Collecting enchytraeids is comparatively easy due to a standardized methodology (ISO), but the number of samples that can be taken simultaneously is limited due to the necessity of identifying specimens alive. Identification to species level requires expert knowledge. Chilopoda
5 Chilopoda (centipedes), together with Diplopoda and the often neglected Pauropoda and Symphyla, belong to the myriapod Antennata (Myriapoda). Worldwide currently species, and for Central Europe more than 500 species of Chilopoda are known. Generally all Chilopoda are furtive, hygrophilic and predatory soil organisms. They are commonly found in leaf litter, deadwood and also on tree trunks. They are nocturnal invertebrate predators, feeding on, e.g., springtails (Collembola), worms, plant lice and insect (dipteran) larvae. Chilopoda show almost no preference for certain rock or soil types, but are more influenced by prey availability and microclimate conditions (vegetation cover, humus form). The strongest preference for certain soil types is found in the euedaphic Geophilomorpha.
6 Thus, they are more suitable as indicators for soil conditions than the epedaphic Lithobiomorpha. However, the high biological indicatory importance of this animal group predominantly emerges at the community level, i.e., species composition and their changes in time and space can indicate changes in the local soil structure. Diplopoda Like Chilopoda, Diplopoda (millipedes) belong to the myriapod Antennata (Myriapoda). With more than 12,000 known species worldwide, Diplopoda are one of the most important animal groups for soil functions due to their saprophagous way of life. Especially members of the families Julidae and Glomeridae play a crucial role in organic litter metabolism. In soils where earthworms are missing (e.g. sandy soils), Diplopoda can almost completely take over their role as litter decomposers, soil mixers and humus accumulators.
7 Diplopod species partly show narrow preferences for characteristic habitat types and are therefor good indicators for various local soil conditions (e.g. calcium carbonate content). Isopoda (Oniscidea) Woodlice or Oniscidea belong to one of the crustacean groups most successfully adapted to terrestrial life They occur from littoral regions up to high mountainous areas, where the vegetation zone is still present. In Germany more than 50 species occur, worldwide more than 3600 species are known. A biodiversity hotspot of the group is located in southeastern Europe, where the most diverse terrestrial isopod fauna can be found. Woodlice occur in the upper layers of humid soil, some smaller specimens also live in deeper layers with a loose soil structure. By feeding on fungi and other rotting vegetational material, terrestrial isopods are mainly responsible for the decomposition of organic material in nature. The biology of most species is only poorly known, only the cosmopolitan species Porcellio scaber (common rough woodlouse) and Armadillidium vulgare (common pill woodlouse or pillbug) have been more intensely studied. Collembola
8 Springtails (Collembola) are the numerically most important hexapod species group in terrestrial ecosystems. Currently (2011) about 8000 species have been described worldwide. Approximately 400 to 500 species are known from Central European countries. Due to their small body size of about mm, Collembola are classified as microarthropods, being part of the soil mesofauna. They are found in almost all soil habitats in average densities of 10,000 to 70,000 individuals per m2, depending on habitat type and location. Collembola mainly live on the soil surface, the litter and the upper 20 cm of the humic mineral soil and are thus classified according to three different life-form types: epedaphic
9 (living on the soil surface), hemiedaphic (in the upper boundary horizons of litter and soil) and euedaphic (in the pore space between particles of soil or sand). They feed predominantly on layers of bacteria and algae, fungal hyphae and occasionally decaying plant material. The taxonomy of Collembola is relatively well known, although their systematics is still changing. Since 1994, the "Synopses on Palaearctic Collembola" provide up-to-date determination keys that also summarize autecological data of individual species. Due to their limited dispersal ability and their close connection to the soil environment, euedaphic species have the greatest significance as bioindicators for edaphic habitats. However, widespread species with lesser habitat preferences are usually the most dominant
10 species in most soils, while more stenoecious species with their large predictive value as bioindicators (being more susceptible to changes in environmental conditions) are usually found in lower abundances, with the exception of very specific habitat types. Thus, the investigation of both the species composition and the associated community structures (dominance relationships) of a given soil sample is necessary to recognize spatial and temporal changes in the soil at small scales. Oribatida Oribatid mites (also known as moss or beetle mites) form a suborder of mites (Arachnida: Acari: Oribatida) with more than 9,000 known species. Within Germany more than 630 species have been identified thus far. They live in litter and humus layers of soil, particulary in forests, where more than 90 species and 100,000 individuals per square meter can be found. They are also frequently found in grasslands, field margins, as well as freshwater and semi-aquatic habitats, each with up to 50 species. The common name moss mites derives from special Oribatida communities in microhabitats such as moss and lichens on tree trunks and stones.
11 Within the soil fauna, moss mites play a prominent role in the decomposers / saprophyte food web due to their high population densities. They are ecologically and nutritionally classified as fungi- and detritivor (saprophagous). However, they can also live necro-/ coprophagously, and a few predatory species are known. Oribatid mites belong to the mesofauna with a body size between 0.14 to 2 mm. Their sampling is relatively easy using standardized methods. Preparation and determination, however, require a high expenditure of time, expertise and experience.
12 Already in the 1920s usefull data were generated for Germany and adjacent areas and have been used within edaphobase. The presence of Oribatida species at a specific site is determined by mainly habitat type, land use (forest, grassland, arable land), climatic conditions, moisture, ph-value, nutritional value and humus content of the soil. Thus single Oribatida species or species-groups can indicate specific location factors or conditions. Providing sufficient sampling, one can identify differential or indicator species when the species composition of the Oribatida community of a site and the community structure (abundance, dominance, continuity) is known. Gamasina
13 Gamasina (gamasina mites) belong to the mesostigmatic mites, forming an important cohort among them. The majority of gamasine mites are predators; some families, however, parasitize on other arthropods or vertebrates. Their body length ranges from about 300 µm to app. 2 mm. Prominent members of gamasine mites are the Varroa mite (Varroidae), parasitizing on honey bees, and the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). In central Europe 800 to 1000 of soil dwelling gamasine species are assumed. Because of their predatory life style, the Gamasina do not have a direct influence on litter decomposition. Furthermore, their influence on prey populations is controversial. Beyond question, however, is their large contribution to mite biomass and a high metabolic activity due to their high mobility. Therefore, the Gamasina comprise one of the most important mite groups in terms of energy flow.
14 In comparison to other soil arthropods, Gamasina have a relatively homogeneous distribution in forest soils. This allows reliable recording of population densities even by small numbers of soil samples. Moreover, central European Gamasina have been well studied taxonomically in past. This has resulted in an extensive literature record, including elaborate identification keys facilitating the evaluation of mite samples. Nematoda Nematodes (threadworms) are the richest group within the kingdom of multicellular organisms regarding number of species and individuals.
15 They can be found in almost every terrestrial, limnic and marine biotope and subsist on plants, bacteria, fungi, fungal spores or are predatory on other animals and even nematodes.
16 Free living, non-parasitic nematodes are of vital importance for the functionality of soils. They vary in sensitivity to pollutants and ecological disturbances and are therefore well suited as ecological indicators for monitoring and evaluation of agricultural as well as natural areas. Impressum Disclaimer Haftungsausschluss Quell-URL: Links [1]
Soil biology: Important relationship with soil quality
nasih@ugm.ac.id Soil biology: Important relationship with soil quality - Organic matter - Residue decomposition - Soil structure - Nutrient cycling - 1 g of soil has 100,000,000 bacteria SOIL IS HABITAT
More informationLecture 16: Soil Acidity; Introduction to Soil Ecology
Lecture 16: Soil Acidity; Introduction to Soil Ecology Aluminum and Soil Acidity Aluminum Toxicity in Acid Soils Tolerant Sensitive Tolerant Sensitive Plants often are sensitive to the presence of dissolved
More informationClassification in General
Classification in General Domains Carl Woese-1980s Based upon modern techniques Sequence of rrna in ribosomes trna Plasma membrane lipid structure Sensitivity to antibiotics Three cell types based upon
More informationSoil fauna-as indicator of soil quality Authors: Sunanda Biswas 1 and Bharat H. Gawade 2
Soil fauna-as indicator of soil quality Authors: Sunanda Biswas 1 and Bharat H. Gawade 2 1 Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 2 Quarantine Division, ICAR-National
More informationBIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 12: Decomposition and Detritivory: 2. Decomposers and detritivores: 3. Resources of decomposers: Lecture summary:
BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 12: Decomposition and Detritivory: Lecture summary: Decomposers & detritivores: Resources. Characteristics. Model of detritivory. Size of detritivores. Diversity & abundance.
More informationGENERAL ECOLOGY STUDY NOTES
1.0 INTRODUCTION GENERAL ECOLOGY STUDY NOTES A community is made up of populations of different organisms living together in a unit environment. The manner in which these organisms relate together for
More informationLecture 1: Introduction to Ecology, Levels of Organisation
DEFINITION OF TERMS Lecture 1: Introduction to Ecology, Levels of Organisation Ecology Habitat Niche Population Community Ecosystem ECOLOGY this is the study of relationships of living organisms with each
More informationLiving Things and the Environment
Unit 21.1 Living Things and the Environment Section 21.1 Organisms obtain food, water, shelter, and other things it needs to live, grow, and reproduce from its environment. An environment that provides
More informationDiversity of Life in the Litter, Soils, and other Habitats
Diversity of Life in the Litter, Soils, and other Habitats Name Introduction The major organism groups include protozoans, nematodes, rotifers, tardigrades, and the microarthropods. Microarthropods represent
More informationSoil Biota and Ecosystem Functioning
2 Soil Biota and Ecosystem Functioning Soil-Habitat Biological activity in soils is mainly concentrated in the top soils. The biological component occupy a small fraction (< 0.5%) of the total soil volume
More informationLife Beneath Your Feet
Words to Explore Leaf litter Decomposer Rhizosphere Humus Aggregate Student Handout Life Beneath Your Feet Soil isn t just dirt. It s a complex environment that is home to all kinds of microorganisms.
More informationWhat is Ecology? The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms in their environment, or surroundings
ECOLOGY What is Ecology? The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms in their environment, or surroundings Organization of the Biosphere Levels of organization Biosphere-
More informationHW/CW #5 CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE
HW/CW #5 CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE 1. The portion of Earth in which all life exists is known as A) the climax stage B) the biosphere C) a population D) a biotic community 2. The study of the interactions between
More informationGeorgia Performance Standards for Urban Watch Restoration Field Trips
Georgia Performance Standards for Field Trips 6 th grade S6E3. Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes. a. Explain that a large portion of the Earth s surface is water,
More informationChapter 10: Soil Organisms
Chapter 10: Soil Organisms Objectives: 1. appreciate the diversity of soil organisms 2. understand the relationship between soil biodiversity and soil functions Key terms and Concepts: Mycorrhizae Rhizobium
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 9477-1 - Page 1 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) The ecological niche of an organism refers to the A) relation of the organism to humans B) biosphere in which the organism lives C) position of the organism in a food
More informationCh20_Ecology, community & ecosystems
Community Ecology Populations of different species living in the same place NICHE The sum of all the different use of abiotic resources in the habitat by s given species what the organism does what is
More informationAdvanced Placement Biology Union City High School Summer Assignment 2011 Ecology Short Answer Questions
Summer Assignment 2011 Ecology Short Answer Questions 1. Each of the terrestrial biomes have very different characteristics that determine the niches of the organisms that live within that biome. (a) Select
More informationAbout me (why am I giving this talk) Dr. Bruce A. Snyder
Ecology About me (why am I giving this talk) Dr. Bruce A. Snyder basnyder@ksu.edu PhD: Ecology (University of Georgia) MS: Environmental Science & Policy BS: Biology; Environmental Science (University
More informationEcology Review. 1. Fly larvae consume the body of a dead rabbit. In this activity, they function as
Name: ate: 1. Fly larvae consume the body of a dead rabbit. In this activity, they function as. producers. scavengers. herbivore. parasites 4. n earthworm lives and reproduces in the soil. It aerates the
More informationEcology - the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment
Ecology Ecology - the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment Biotic Factors - the living parts of a habitat Abiotic Factors - the non-living parts of a habitat examples:
More informationGood Morning! When the bell rings we will be filling out AP Paper work.
Good Morning! Turn in HW into bin or email to smithm9@fultonschools.org If you do not want to tear the lab out of your notebook take a picture and email it. When the bell rings we will be filling out AP
More informationSoil Biology. Chapter 10
Soil Biology Chapter 10 The Sounds of Soil Soil as a Transition Between Aquatic and Aerial System Bacteria in a Drying Environment Wet (open structure) Dry (dense) Holden P.A., J.R. Hunt, and M. K. Firestone,
More informationPee Dee Explorer. Science Standards
Science Standards About Pee Dee Explorer What does it mean when someone says they are from the "Pee Dee" of South Carolina? A place is bigger than its physical geography. A "sense of place" weaves together
More information4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Biology 1 of 39 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? 2 of 39 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. 3 of 39 1 Biotic
More informationName: Characteristics of Life and Ecology Guided Notes (PAP)
Name: Characteristics of Life and Ecology Guided Notes (PAP) I. What is Biology? a. Biology is the study of II. The Eight Characteristics of Life a. Organization & the presence of or more cells b. Response
More informationLecture 11: Why are arthropods successful?
Lecture 11: Why are arthropods successful? Goals: 1. Define success 2. Compare insects to other living organisms, understand what insect adaptations have contributed to their success 3. Relate methods
More informationChapter 8. Biogeographic Processes. Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to:
Chapter 8 Biogeographic Processes Chapter Objectives Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to: 1. Define the terms ecosystem, habitat, ecological niche, and community. 2. Outline how
More informationUNIT 5. ECOSYSTEMS. Biocenosis Biotope Biotic factors Abiotic factors
UNIT 5. ECOSYSTEMS 1. Define: ecosystem, biocenosis, biotope, abiotic factor, biotic factor 2. Complete using this word: ecosphere, biosphere, ecology, ecosystem a) The is all of the living thing on Earth.
More information4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 1 of 39
4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? 1 of 39 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. The biological influences on organisms
More information9/10/ What Shapes an Ecosystem? Biotic and Abiotic Factors
9/10/14 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Biology 1 of 39 Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. The biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem are called
More information2017 Pre-AP Biology Ecology Quiz Study Guide
2017 Pre-AP Biology Ecology Quiz Study Guide 1. Identify two processes that break-down organic molecules and return CO 2 to the atmosphere: 2. Identify one process that removes CO 2 from the atmosphere
More informationWhich of the following is NOT an abiotic factor? A) Rocks B) Soil C) Mountains D) Decomposers
Which of the following is NOT an abiotic factor? A) Rocks B) Soil C) Mountains D) Decomposers Which of the following leads to stability in an ecosystem A) Low amount of biodiversity B) Low amount of biotic
More informationGHS S.4 BIOLOGY TEST 2 APRIL Answer all the questions in Section A and B. in the spaces provided
GHS S.4 BIOLOGY TEST 2 APRIL 2016 TIME: 1 HOUR Instructions: Answer all the questions in Section A and B. in the spaces provided ANSERS TO SECTION A 1 6 11 16 21 26 2 7 12 17 22 27 3 8 13 18 23 28 4 9
More informationExamples of biotic communities: Pond community, Forest community, Lake community etc.
BIOTIC COMMUNITY Community : In an environment or habitat, different types of plants and animals exist in close association and show interdependence. An actively interacting group of a number of different
More informationFRIENDLY FUNGI IN THE GARDEN
FRIENDLY FUNGI IN THE GARDEN All the Little Creatures We Depend On For Life Michele Stanton Extension Agent for Horticulture Kenton County, KY WHAT WE LL TALK ABOUT TODAY Who lives in your soil What roles
More informationSeasonal soil micro-arthropod association in different habitats with special reference to a terrestrial isopod, Phyloscia javanensis (Rich)
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 2, February 2016 6 Seasonal soil micro-arthropod association in different habitats with special reference to a terrestrial
More informationWorld Geography 3202 Practice Multiple Choice Unit 3 Ecosystems. Outcomes:
Outcomes: SCO 3.1: The student will be expected to demonstrate an understanding that an ecosystem consists of a complex network of organisms, including the following delineations: 3.1.1 Define the term
More informationECOLOGY PACKET Name: Period: Teacher:
ECOLOGY PACKET Name: Period: Teacher: ECOLOGY UNIT Page 1 Across 3. an organism that makes its own food 6. organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms 7. a community of organisms and its abiotic
More informationFUNGI are very successful and widespread
because fungi have cell walls, and show a superficial resemblance, Fungi were long allied with PLANTS in fact they differ greatly from plants and are now considered to be more closely related to ANIMALS
More informationEcosystems. 2. Ecosystem
1. Studying our living Planet The biosphere consist of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions
More informationOpen projects for BSc & MSc
Next Generation Sequencing New sequencing technologies enable biologists to obtain complete genome and New sequencing technologies enable biologists to obtain complete transcriptome data of non-model organisms.
More informationEcology. Ecology terminology Biomes Succession Energy flow in ecosystems Loss of energy in a food chain
Ecology Ecology terminology Biomes Succession Energy flow in ecosystems Loss of energy in a food chain Terminology Ecology- the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their
More informationEnvironmental Science
Subject Area: Environmental Science Skill Level: Beginner to Intermediate Learner Outcomes: Understand the types of microbes and small invertebrates that live in soils. Isolate small invertebrates and
More informationSOIL ECOLOGY TERMS. From Soil Quality Thunderbook, National Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2005).
SOIL ECOLOGY TERMS actinomycetes: A large group of bacteria that grow in long filaments that are too small to see without magnification. Actinomycetes generate the smell of healthy soil, and are important
More informationEcosystem Changes February 12, Unit 2 How Ecosystems Change. Succession
Unit 2 How Ecosystems Change Succession Ecological succession is a gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in a community. It may take hundreds or thousands of years. Succession
More informationThe Ecology of Soil Decomposition
115? The Ecology of Soil Decomposition Sina M. Adi Department of Biology Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada CABI Publishing Preface Acknowledgements 1 The Saprotrophs 1 Eukaryotic Cells 2
More informationECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR LIVING COMMUNITIES
ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR LIVING COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY Each community is made up of populations of various organisms living in the same location at the same time. community 1 = popln 1 + popln 2 + popln 3 Each
More informationLecture 24 Plant Ecology
Lecture 24 Plant Ecology Understanding the spatial pattern of plant diversity Ecology: interaction of organisms with their physical environment and with one another 1 Such interactions occur on multiple
More informationMechanical Weathering
Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of material at or near the surface. Erosion is the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, usually water, wind, or ice. Geologists
More informationEcosystems Chapter 4. What is an Ecosystem? Section 4-1
Ecosystems Chapter 4 What is an Ecosystem? Section 4-1 Ecosystems Key Idea: An ecosystem includes a community of organisms and their physical environment. A community is a group of various species that
More informationYEAR 5- Natural Sciences PROGRAMACION 2017/18
YEAR 5- Natural Sciences PROGRAMACION 2017/18 Assessment: End of term topic tests Weekly quiz on topic Lesson plenary to ascertain if pupils are grasping concepts Oral communication with regards to topics
More informationDynamic and Succession of Ecosystems
Dynamic and Succession of Ecosystems Kristin Heinz, Anja Nitzsche 10.05.06 Basics of Ecosystem Analysis Structure Ecosystem dynamics Basics Rhythms Fundamental model Ecosystem succession Basics Energy
More informationDISCUSSION. The present study revealed some interesting facts about the nematode community
DISCUSSION The present study revealed some interesting facts about the nematode community of the park. The nematode counts over the sampling sites ranged drastically from 180-3260 per 400 ml of soil, showing
More informationMineral and Organic Components. Soil Organisms, Biology, and Nutrients. Homework III: The State Soil of Florida. Posted on website.
Homework III: The State Soil of Florida Posted on website 5 bonus points Type all answers Soil Organisms, Biology, and Nutrients Mineral and Organic Components Functions of soils: recycler of raw materials
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 39. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 39 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? 2 of 39 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. Biotic biological
More informationChapter 6 Test: Species Interactions and Community Ecology
! Chapter 6 Test: Species Interactions and Community Ecology Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions. 1) What does the diagram illustrate?
More information8.L Which example shows a relationship between a living thing and a nonliving thing?
Name: Date: 1. Which example shows a relationship between a living thing and a nonliving thing?. n insect is food for a salmon. B. Water carries a rock downstream.. tree removes a gas from the air. D.
More informationHalf Hollow Hills High School AP Biology
Chapter 53 Community Ecology Essential questions What factors structure a community? What species & how many are present in a community? In what way do the populations interact? What roles do species play
More informationSimplistic view of energy flow Linear path Lacks other possible pathways energy can be passed. Food Chain?
Simplistic view of energy flow Linear path Lacks other possible pathways energy can be passed. Food Chain? Realistic view of energy passage. Combines food chains. Food Web? Energy Pyramid Quaternary Consumer
More informationCh.5 Evolution and Community Ecology How do organisms become so well suited to their environment? Evolution and Natural Selection
Ch.5 Evolution and Community Ecology How do organisms become so well suited to their environment? Evolution and Natural Selection Gene: A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait Gene pool: All
More informationFigure 2 If birds eat insects that feed on corn, which pyramid level in the diagram would birds occupy? 1. A 3. C 2. B 4. D
Ecology Week 1 Assignment. This week's assignment will count as a quiz grade. Please speak to Mr. Roes about any questions that you would like help on! 1. The fact that no organism exists as an entity
More informationMycorrhizal Fungi. Symbiotic relationship with plants -- form sheath around fine roots and extend hyphae into soil and sometimes into root cells
Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiotic relationship with plants -- form sheath around fine roots and extend hyphae into soil and sometimes into root cells Mycorrhizae transfer nutrients to roots (important in infertile
More informationbiotic factors camouflage carnivore chloroplast
non-living parts of an organism's environment Eg air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil type special features about an organism that help it survive and reproduce living things that is different
More informationwater cycle evaporation condensation the process where water vapor the cycle in which Earth's water moves through the environment
cycle a series of events that happen over and over water cycle evaporation the cycle in which Earth's water moves through the environment process when the heat of the sun changes water on Earth s surface
More informationPopulations and Ecosystems. 1. Two different species with the same ecological niche are placed in the same habitat. These two species will most likely
Name: ate: 1. Two different species with the same ecological niche are placed in the same habitat. These two species will most likely. have different food requirements. compete for the same environmental
More informationTOPICS INCLUDE: Ecosystems Energy Succession UNIT 2: THE LIVING WORLD (PART A)
TOPICS INCLUDE: Ecosystems Energy Succession UNIT 2: THE LIVING WORLD (PART A) Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment examines how organisms (biotic) interact with their
More informationEnvironmental Science
Environmental Science A Study of Interrelationships Cui Jiansheng Hebei University of Science and Technology CH06 Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, you
More informationFOSS California Environments Module Glossary 2007 Edition. Adult: The last stage in a life cycle when the organism is mature and can reproduce.
FOSS California Environments Module Glossary 2007 Edition Adult: The last stage in a life cycle when the organism is mature and can reproduce. Algae: A large group of water organisms. Amphibian: An organism,
More informationFungi are absorptive heterotrophs that secrete digestive enzymes and are major decomposers of dead organic material
Fungi 1 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc The scarlet hood (Hygrocybe coccinea) Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs that secrete digestive enzymes and are major decomposers of dead organic material 2 Animals 3 Myxozoa
More informationChapter 9. Fungi and Aquatic Plants. Introduction: The Big Step: DIVISION OF LABOUR
Chapter 9. Fungi and Aquatic Plants Introduction: The Big Step: DIVISION OF LABOUR In single cell organisms (protists) all life functions are performed by specialized organelles within one cell (a.k.a.
More informationpp. C-65 - C-70 in Malcdm E. Sumner (ed.-in-chief), Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton
pp. C-65 - C-70 in Malcdm E. Sumner (ed.-in-chief), Handbook of Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 1999. Macroarthropods D.A. Crossley, Jr. and D.C. Coleman University of Georgia 4.1 Introduction ^The
More informationSGCEP SCIE 1121 Environmental Science Spring 2012 Section Steve Thompson:
SGCEP SCIE 1121 Environmental Science Spring 2012 Section 20531 Steve Thompson: steventhompson@sgc.edu http://www.bioinfo4u.net/ 1 Ecosystems, energy flows, and biomes Today s going to be a bit different.
More informationChapter 4 AND 5 Practice
Name: Chapter 4 AND 5 Practice 1. Events that occur in four different ecosystems are shown in the chart below. Which ecosystem would most likely require the most time for ecological succession to restore
More informationROOT COMMUNITY BACKGROUND
ROOT COMMUNITY Overview Students will use hand lenses to search for and identify soil invertebrates in soil samples with and without perennial roots. Objectives: Observe and identify diverse soil invertebrates
More informationB2 Revision Questions Part 1
B2 Revision Questions Part 1 Higher only questions are underlined Question 1 What are the two different ways that things can be classified? Answer 1 Artificially and naturally Question 2 What is natural
More informationWhat Shapes an Ecosystem Section 4-2
What Shapes an Ecosystem Section 4-2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. Biotic factors are the biological influences on an organism.
More informationWeathering is the process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth s surface
Chapter 8 Notes Weathering is the process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth s surface Factors that contribute to weathering Heat Cold Water Ice O 2 & CO 2 in the atmosphere Examples of
More informationSOIL: DEFINITION, FORMATION! & LAYERS"
SOIL: DEFINITION, FORMATION & LAYERS" What Is Soil? soil - upper-most (relatively thin) layer of Earth s crust, which supports terrestrial plants, animals, & microorganisms basic natural resource that
More informationSOIL NUTRIENT CYCLING
SOIL NUTRIENT CYCLING Imagine this scene: You arrive in Monteverde, Costa Rica, eager to explore the cloud forest. As you approach the outskirts of the forested area, however, something appears to be wrong.
More informationSoil Biology. The Sounds of Soil. Soils and Water, Spring Lecture 9, Soil Biology 1. Soil as a Transition Between Aquatic and Aerial System
Soil Biology Chapter 10 The Sounds of Soil Soil as a Transition Between Aquatic and Aerial System Lecture 9, Soil Biology 1 Bacteria in a Drying Environment Wet (open structure) Dry (dense) Holden P.A.,
More informationEarth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Weathering and Soil
Chapter 6 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Weathering and Soil Tarbuck and Lutgens Weathering Weathering involves the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock
More informationCrossword puzzles! Activity: stratification. zonation. climax community. succession. Match the following words to their definition:
Activity: Match the following words to their definition: stratification zonation climax community succession changing community structure across a landscape changing community composition over time changes
More informationGCSE Science. Module B3 Life on Earth What you should know. Name: Science Group: Teacher:
GCSE Science Module B3 Life on Earth What you should know Name: Science Group: Teacher: R.A.G. each of the statements to help focus your revision: R = Red: I don t know this Amber: I partly know this G
More informationA population is a group of individuals of the same species, living in a shared space at a specific point in time.
A population is a group of individuals of the same species, living in a shared space at a specific point in time. A population size refers to the number of individuals in a population. Increase Decrease
More informationFood Web and Ecological Relationships Quiz
Biology II Ms. Chen Name: Food Web and Ecological Relationships Quiz Date: Multiple Choice (2 pts each) Directions: Circle the best answer. 1. The loss of the producers in an ecosystem would most likely
More informationThe study of living organisms in the natural environment How they interact with one another How the interact with their nonliving environment
The study of living organisms in the natural environment How they interact with one another How the interact with their nonliving environment ENERGY At the core of every organism s interactions with the
More information8/18/ th Grade Ecology and the Environment. Lesson 1 (Living Things and the Environment) Chapter 1: Populations and Communities
Lesson 1 (Living Things and the Environment) 7 th Grade Ecology and the Environment Chapter 1: Populations and Communities organism a living thing (plant, animal, bacteria, protist, fungi) Different types
More informationTaxonomy and Systematics: a broader classification system that also shows evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy: a system for naming living creatures Carrolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) The binomial system: Genus and species e.g., Macrocystis pyrifera (Giant kelp); Medialuna californiensis (halfmoon) Taxonomy
More informationHOMEWORK PACKET UNIT 2A. Part I: Introduction to Ecology
CP Biology Name Date Period HOMEWORK PACKET UNIT 2A Part I: Introduction to Ecology Name Class Date 3.1 What Is Ecology? Studying Our Living Planet 1. What is ecology? 2. What does the biosphere contain?
More informationCommunities Structure and Dynamics
Communities Structure and Dynamics (Outline) 1. Community & niche. 2. Inter-specific interactions with examples. 3. The trophic structure of a community 4. Food chain: primary, secondary, tertiary, and
More informationBUNDLE 9: ENERGY AND ECOLOGY Review
BUNDLE 9: ENERGY AND ECOLOGY Review 1. Describe Cellular Respiration, what happens, where does it happen, what type of organism does it take place in? What is the equation for respiration? Happens in the
More informationECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION. Prof :DEEPAK SAINI HOD ZOOLOGY J.C.D.A.V. College,Dasuya
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Prof :DEEPAK SAINI HOD ZOOLOGY J.C.D.A.V. College,Dasuya Primary succession: The gradual establishment, through stages, of a climax ecosystem, that has not been occupied before. Primary
More informationAn Introduction to Soil Ecology. November 8, 2004 Allison Hornor Most images in slides from: Dr. Janice Thies
An Introduction to Soil Ecology November 8, 2004 Allison Hornor Most images in slides from: Dr. Janice Thies Relative size of soil organisms Fungal hyphae Microbes on a root surface Bacteria Bacteria adhered
More informationcycle water cycle evaporation condensation the process where water vapor a series of events that happen over and over
cycle a series of events that happen over and over water cycle evaporation the cycle in which Earth's water moves through the environment process when the heat of the sun changes water on Earth s surface
More informationIntroduction. Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Introduction Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. 1. The interactions between organisms and their environments determine the distribution and abundance
More information1.0 Forest Ecology at the Ecosystem Level
1.0 Forest Ecology at the Ecosystem Level Ecology is the study of living and non-living parts of the environment and how they affect each other. The environment is everything around us. It includes the
More informationIDENTIFICATION: Label each of the parts of the illustration below by identifying what the arrows are pointing at. Answer the questions that follow.
5 th and 6 th Grade Science Ecology Review 3 City Academy Science Name: DIRECTIONS: Below is a cumulative review of the ecology unit. All questions are to be answered to the best of your ability in order
More informationRound One All play. Each question = 1 point
Ecology Unit Review Round One All play Each question = 1 point Leaf cells are one type of tree cell. Which process occurs in a live leaf cell? a. Evolution b. Adaptation c. sugar production d. sexual reproduction
More informationStudent Name: Teacher: Date: District: London City. Assessment: 07 Science Science Test 4. Description: Life Science Final 1.
Student Name: Teacher: Date: District: London City Assessment: 07 Science Science Test 4 Description: Life Science Final 1 Form: 301 1. A food chain is shown. Sunlight Grass Rabbit Snake What is the abiotic
More information