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1 1
2 CO 2 O 2 Light Sugar O 2 and minerals CO 2 2
3 Buds Shoot apical meristem mm
4 Cell wall Apoplastic route Cytosol Symplastic route Transmembrane route Plasmodesma Plasma membrane Key Apoplast Symplast 4
5 CYTOPLASM Proton pump (a) and membrane potential NO 3 NO 3 /NO 3 cotransporter (c) and cotransport of ions EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Hydrogen ion NO 3 Nitrate S S S /sucrose cotransporter Ion channel (d) Ion channels Sucrose (neutral solute) (b) and cotransport of neutral solutes K + K + K + S K + K + K + Potassium ion K + S S 5
6 Plasmolyzed cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings ψ P ψ S ψ MPa 0.4 M sucrose solution: ψ P ψ S ψ MPa Initial flaccid cell: ψ P ψ S ψ MPa Pure water: ψ P ψ S ψ MPa Turgid cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings ψ P 0.7 ψ S 0.7 ψ 0 MPa (a) Initial conditions: cellular ψ > environmental ψ (b) Initial conditions: cellular ψ < environmental ψ 6
7 Wilted Turgid 7
8 Technique Control: Solution containing all minerals Experimental: Solution without potassium 8
9 9
10 Healthy Phosphate-deficient Potassium-deficient Nitrogen-deficient 10
11 K + Soil particle K + Ca 2+ K + Mg 2+ Ca 2+ + CO 2 H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 + Root hair Cell wall 11
12 ATMOSPHERE N 2 SOIL N 2 NH 3 (ammonia) ATMOSPHERE SOIL Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (from soil) + NH 4 (ammonium) Proteins from humus (dead organic material) Microbial decomposition Amino acids Ammonifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria NO 2 (nitrite) Denitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria N 2 NO 3 (nitrate) Nitrate and nitrogenous organic compounds exported in xylem to shoot system NH 4 + Root 12
13 Nodules Roots 13
14 Epidermis Cortex Mantle (fungal sheath) 1.5 mm Mantle (fungal sheath) (Colorized SEM) Epidermal cell Endodermis Fungal hyphae between cortical cells (LM) 50 µm (a) Ectomycorrhizae Epidermis Cortex Cortical cell Endodermis Fungal hyphae Root hair Fungal vesicle Casparian strip Arbuscules Plasma membrane (LM) 10 µm (b) Arbuscular mycorrhizae (endomycorrhizae) 14
15 Experiment Results Increase in plant biomass (%) Invaded Uninvaded Sterilized invaded Soil type Sterilized uninvaded Mycorrhizal colonization (%) Invaded Uninvaded Soil type Seedlings Sugar maple Red maple White ash 15
16 Staghorn fern, an epiphyte 16
17 Parasitic plants Mistletoe, a photosynthetic parasite Dodder, a nonphotosynthetic parasite (orange) Indian pipe, a nonphotosynthetic parasite of mycorrhizae 17
18 Carnivorous plants Pitcher plants Sundew Venus flytraps 18
19 Pathway along apoplast Casparian strip Endodermal cell Pathway through symplast Apoplastic route Plasma membrane Casparian strip 2 Symplastic route 2 1 Symplastic route Apoplastic route Root hair Vessels (xylem) 3 4 Transmembrane route The endodermis: controlled entry to the vascular cylinder (stele) Epidermis 5 Endodermis Cortex Transport in the xylem Vascular cylinder (stele) 19
20 Cuticle Upper epidermis Xylem Mesophyll Air space Microfibrils in cell wall of mesophyll cell Lower epidermis Cuticle Stoma Microfibril (cross section) Water film Air-water interface 20
21 Outside air ψ MPa Leaf ψ (air spaces) 7.0 MPa Leaf ψ (cell walls) 1.0 MPa Trunk xylem ψ 0.8 MPa Water potential gradient Water molecule Transpiration Atmosphere Xylem cells Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem Xylem sap Mesophyll cells Stoma Adhesion by hydrogen bonding Cell wall Cohesion by hydrogen bonding Water molecule Trunk xylem ψ 0.6 MPa Soil ψ 0.3 MPa Root hair Soil particle Water Water uptake from soil 21
22 Guard cells turgid/stoma open Guard cells flaccid/stoma closed Radially oriented cellulose microfibrils Cell wall Vacuole Guard cell (a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view) K + (b) Role of potassium ions (K + ) in stomatal opening and closing 22
23 Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) Oleander (Nerium oleander) Thick cuticle Upper epidermal tissue 100 µm Trichomes ( hairs ) Crypt Stoma Lower epidermal tissue Old man cactus (Cephalocereus senilis) 23
24 Apoplast Symplast Mesophyll cell Cell walls (apoplast) Plasma membrane Plasmodesmata Companion (transfer) cell Sieve-tube element High concentration Proton pump Cotransporter S Mesophyll cell Bundlesheath cell Phloem parenchyma cell (a) Sucrose manufactured in mesophyll cells can travel via the symplast (blue arrows) to sieve-tube elements. Low concentration Sucrose S (b) A chemiosmotic mechanism is responsible for the active transport of sucrose. 24
25 Vessel (xylem) Sieve Source cell tube (leaf) (phloem) 1 Loading of sugar Bulk flow by negative pressure 2 1 Bulk flow by positive pressure Sucrose Sink cell (storage root) 2 3 Uptake of water Unloading of sugar 4 3 Sucrose 4 Recycling of water 25
2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. Light. Sugar O 2 H 2 O. and minerals CO Pearson Education, Inc.
1 CO 2 O 2 Light ugar O 2 and minerals CO 2 2 Buds 34 42 29 26 31 18 21 13 5 10 23 8 15 28 16 24 hoot apical meristem 2 7 3 20 32 11 19 12 6 4 1 25 17 14 9 40 27 22 1 mm 3 Cell wall Apoplastic route Cytosol
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