Make an Inventory of China's Biodiversity
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1 BCAS Vol.24 No Make an Inventory of China's Biodiversity The Convention on Biological Diversity, which entered into force in 1993, establishes three main goals: the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources. However, the achievement of these objectives depends primarily on background knowledge of these components, including the names, morphological descriptions, origins, and environment and ecological settings of various species. In China, scientists have made enormous efforts at sharpening the understanding in this regard by identifying and cataloguing the species into monographs and databases. The following is a brief introduction to several examples of such magnificent efforts in this country. Fauna Sinica Fauna Sinica (or Fauna of China) is a series of monographs recording all known species of animals in China through taxonomic studies. It gives a clear picture of domestic faunal resources, reveals the role and influences of China s diverse animal species in the global biocommunity, offers scientific data for biological research and socioeconomic growth, and sheds light on the significances of animals for the sustainable development of human society. As planned, it will comprise up to 500 volumes, boasting the most enormous and complex animal taxonomy project in the world by far, and requires painstaking efforts of generations of zoologists. The compilation and publication of Fauna Sinica have always won support from the Chinese government and CAS. As early as in 1956, it was listed in the national 12-year Plan for S&T Development. In 1962, its editorial committee was officially set up. One year later, the compilation of Fauna Sinica became a key research project of the Academy, which promoted the nationwide survey of animal resources and the publication of a number of local faunae. Since 1993, strong financial backup has come from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) as well as CAS. By September 2010, 128 volumes of Fauna Sinica have come out, including 32 volumes on vertebrates, 51 on insects, and 45 on the rest invertebrates. In all, they record 27,839 species of animals in China (of which 1,321 are newly discovered) with some 8.5 million Chinese characters and 34,199 morphological figures. The editorial committee has also edited and published 55 volumes of Economic Insect Fauna of China, 11 volumes of Economic Fauna of China and 27 volumes of Animal Atlas of China. Scholars with the CAS Institute of Zoology are picking specimens of spiders and other insects from a tree. 212 Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
2 Vol.24 No Taxonomic Research Craspedacusta sowerbyi, a freshwater jellyfish, was found in suburban Beijing in Part of Fauna Sinica. Fauna Sinica has won scores of national, provincial and CAS awards. It was honored with the Collective Award for Outstanding Achievement by the Hong Kong-based Qiushi S&T Foundation in 1996, and was displayed at the achievements exhibition of China s 60th founding anniversary in The massive work is a scientific, comprehensive and well-categorized account of China s animals. Its specimens give direct evidence to the evolvement of biocommunity and ecosystem, and suggest the most likely extinction process of some species. The already published volumes have led to the discovery of new animal resources, playing an active role in the nation s economic development. More than 70 volumes of Fauna Sinica are still to come in recent years. The compilation of the series may face future challenges due to a lack of young taxonomists. However, with support from NSFC, MOST and CAS, its editors will carry on the grand project and make more contributions to promoting zoological and biological sciences and the socioeconomic development of China. (By Tao Ye and Huang Dawei from the CAS Institute of Zoology, huangdw@ioz.ac.cn) Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae China has an extraordinary diversity of plant species, however, it is a major scientific topic confronting generations of Chinese scientists to sustainably use these abundant natural resources to support national socioeconomic development. Although a proposal on Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS) was made as early as in 1934, this unprecedented initiative was not started until 1959 when an editorial committee of FRPS was set up at CAS, marking the very beginning of the world s largest flora series. FRPS focuses on the most divergent and important economical plants vascular plants, including ferns, Gawalong Lake in Tibet Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 213
3 BCAS Vol.24 No Cypripedium tibeticum 2. Omphalogramma tibeticum 3. Meconopsis Integrifolia 4. Cypripedium himalaicum gymnosperms and angiosperms. Its compilation is a massive project, involving field investigations, materials collection, and specimen and literature examination, which took unremitting efforts of generations of Chinese botanists. The publication of FRPS was completed in As the world s largest flora by far, it covers 31,142 species, 3,408 genera and 301 families of recorded vascular plants in China. The 126 books, in 80 volumes with 50 million Chinese characters and 9,080 line drawings, took the painstaking efforts of a total of 312 scientists and 164 artists over 45 years. The magnificent work is also an accurate, comprehensive and authoritative review of plant diversity in China and its neighboring countries and regions. It won world recognition and was frequently cited by scientists both at home and abroad. While conducting this project, researchers collected over 16 million specimens of vascular plants and established 200-odd herbaria around China. Scientists also examined relevant specimens deposited in overseas herbaria, and took more than 20,000 photos for precious specimens, most of which are types. Moreover, FRPS has greatly promoted the conservation of Chinese plant biodiversity, leading to the discovery of many new materials and the collection of massive direct biodiversity information. Many expeditions were carried out into the biodiversity hotspots and regions that were seldom visited or difficult to reach, such as Tibet, the Hengduan Mountains and Dulong Rivers, accumulating abundant first-hand information about the morphological characteristics, geographic distributions, systematic relationships, habitat and phenology of Chinese plants. New taxa or new recombined names were up to 243 genera and 14,312 species in the process of FRPS. Based upon FRPS, botanists carried out further research into the distributions, characteristics and origins of Chinese flora. They proposed a new taxonomic system for ferns, and revealed that the origin of ferns in China can be dated back to the early Devonian period of the Paleozoic era, and that Southwest China is the diversity center of Asian ferns. They also put forward a new system for gymnosperms, which greatly shifted the systematic positions of Cupressaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Pinaceae, Taxaceae and Taxodiaceae. A brand-new eight-class system was also proposed for angiosperms. Monographs of some gigantic genera, such as Gentiana and Clematis, were published and presented 214 Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
4 Vol.24 No Taxonomic Research interrelationships among taxa profoundly. The future revision of FRPS will focus on the following four major tasks. The first is to provide more original information through botanical field investigation, especially regions with biodiversity underestimated or unknown. The second is to revise some problematic taxa, such as Asteraceae and Orchidaceae. The third is to complement the FRPS with new technologies such as the geographic information system (GIS) and DNA barcoding. Last but not least, the glossary of the current edition of FRPS is full of terminologies, and it is difficult to be understood and used by non-professional readers, therefore, a new edition with plainer language is urgently needed. Since its English edition, Flora of China, will be completed in the near future, the CAS Institute of Botany has launched a new project lately Flora of the Pan- Himalayas, which is going to make another landmark for biodiversity conservation of Asiatic plants. (By Jin Xiaohua, the CAS Institute of Botany, xiaohuajin@ibcas.ac.cn) Cryptogamic Flora of China Cryptogamic plants, including algae, fungi, lichens, slime moulds, oomycetes and mosses, are sporulation organisms which finish their life cycles by means of spore reproduction. China has a vast territory spreading from cold temperate to tropical regions. Its diverse climate conditions, complicated geographic environments and varied vegetation types form a wide spectrum of ecosystems, making it one of the 12 countries boasting the most abundant biodiversity in the world. It is estimated that more than 200,000 species of cryptogamic plants live in China. It is necessary to understand their species diversity and geographical distribution in this country, given their significance for biodiversity conservation and the sustainable development of Chinese economy. The compilation board for the Cryptogamic Flora of China was founded at CAS in 1973, and the project has been financially supported by CAS and the National Natural Foundation of China (NSFC) since Based on samples collected from various ecosystems in China, the compilation Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. Photo: WEN Huaan Photo: WEN Huaan Progress of the publication of Cryptogamic Flora of China. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst, an important fungus for traditional medicine use. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 215
5 BCAS Vol.24 No of the Cryptogamic Flora of China, including five divisions, viz. Flora of Marine Algae, Flora of Fresh Water Algae, Flora of Fungi, Flora of Lichen and Flora of Mosses, has made great progress. Since 1982, the project has completed a total of 84 volumes, including 11 of the Flora of Marine Algae, 16 of the Flora of Fresh Water Algae, 45 of the Flora of Fungi, 2 of the Flora of Lichen, and 10 of the Flora of Mosses. Of them 70 have been published, including 8 of the Flora of Marine Algae, 13 of the Flora of Fresh Water Algae, 40 of the Flora of Fungi, and 9 of the Flora of Mosses. The published volumes cover a total of 12,240 species falling into 1,347 genera, 254 families, with description of their morphological characteristics, habitats, geographical distribution and economic value in 3,088,000 words and 8,727 figures. Currently, 14 volumes are in press and 35 are being compiled. In addition, 5 volumes of the Flora of Mosses have been published in English. The compilation is based on a vast literature, more than 20,000 samples collected from various habitats in China, and a great lot of voucher specimens borrowed from foreign herbaria. More than 400 experts have taken part in the compilation, and 150 Master s students, 80 doctoral students and 10 postdoctoral researchers have been trained through the project at 59 research institutes and universities of China, according to incomplete statistics. As part of taxonomic research in China, the compilation of the Cryptogamic Flora of China has got support from CAS and NSFC. So far, about 30,000 cryptogamic plant species have been described in China, but they only account for 15 percent of the estimated total in this country. Therefore, we need to speed up the investigation into cryptogamic plant species. According to the mid- to long-term plan of the compilation, by 2020, a total of 176 volumes of the Cryptogamic Flora of China in Chinese will be completed, including 20 volumes of the Flora of Marine Algae, 28 volumes of the Flora of Fresh Water Algae, 90 volumes of the Flora of Fungi, 26 volumes of the Flora of Lichen, and 12 volumes of the Flora of Mosses. Further, the compilation of the English version will start in It is anticipated that a large number of young taxonomic scientists will be trained amid the work. The Cryptogamic Flora of China will provide basic data of biological resources for scientific decision making on renewable resources exploitation, environmental protection, regional planning, comprehensive agriculture development, medicine, light industry and national defense in China. (By GUO Liangdong, Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology & Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Beijing , guold@sun.im.ac.cn ) Flora of the Pan-Himalayas The Pan-Himalayas, home to Mount Qomolangma (also known as Mount Everest) and Mount Qogir (also known as K2), is considered as the third pole of the world. It is characterized by a variety of climates, geographical and biological living conditions, covering three of the 34 global biodiversity hotspots. Biodiversity in this region is unexpectedly rich and of high endemism. However, biodiversity research and conservation in this region urgently need improvement. Some studies, such as those of vascular plant flora, could lay a solid foundation for further research and are among the most important projects in this regard. The Flora of the Pan-Himalayas (FLPH) is highly significant. It is not only important for understanding the scale, pattern and formation of biodiversity, further studies on earth sciences and on plant evolution in this huge and natural phytogeographical region, but also crucial for making strategies to protect the rich biodiversity and the environment, and the sustainable use of plant resources in this region. Geographic region The Pan-Himalayas, delimited here to between the latitudes of 24 50' and 37 30' north and the longitudes of 70 30' and ' east, covers the Hengduan Mountains, the Himalayas, the Karakoram, Gangdise and the northeastern Hindu-Kush, i.e. southwestern China (SE Gansu, SE Qinghai, W Sichuan, S and E Tibet and NW Yunnan), northern Myanmar, northern India, Bhutan, Nepal, northern Pakistan, and the northeast corner of Afghanistan westwards. Its area is about 1,566,400 square kilometers. Major focuses The project will focus on: Botanical expeditions to important or fieldwork absent areas in Pan-Himalayan regions; Taxonomic revision of some confused or important taxa, such as Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Rhododendron; Publication of the flora; Ex situ conservation of some important materials in the germplasm bank, including DNA, seeds, and live plants; Education and training; and, International cooperation. 216 Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
6 Vol.24 No Taxonomic Research In the valley of the Yarlungzangbo River's great bend, at the southeastern border of China on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Medog has all the major vegetation types of the humid regions of the northern hemisphere. Although nearing the high latitude of 29 N, it also houses tropical biotic species because of its special nature environment. Advancement Workshops The first homeland workshop on the Pan-Himalayas was held in January 2010 in Beijing with the participation of botanists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Peking University, Beijing Forestry University, Zhejiang University and Sichuan University. Participants had an in-depth discussion of the geographic region, guidelines, plans, authorships, funds, education and training program, and achieved a consensus on main topics. The first International Workshop on Flora of the Pan- Himalayas was held in Beijing on April 19 and 20, A total of 34 botanists from China, India, Japan, Nepal and the U.S.A. held detailed discussions and reached a common understanding. As a result, an international cooperation memorandum was signed by all the participants. Field expeditions Three botanical expeditions have been carried out in the Pan-Himalayas: An expedition to Motou and Chayu counties in southern Tibet in August and September 2009 collected more than 4,000 sheets of specimens; An expedition to study Poaceae and Asteraceae in the Hengduan Mountains and northern Tibet in August and September 2009; and, An expedition on Orchidaceae to the Gaoligongshan Mountains, Yunnan, in May Major targets Publication of Flora of the Pan-Himalayas The Flora, to be arranged in 50 volumes and 80 books, will be completed in 12 years. It adopts APG III for arranging the angiosperms, and the up-to-date systems for ferns and gymnosperms. Education and training The project is an ambitious education and training program. The committee plans to train about 50 young qualified taxonomists in China and neighboring countries. And half of them will be from Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, or Afghanistan. International cooperation The FLPH is a project of international cooperation. It will seek authors first in the countries of this region, and then worldwide. More importantly, it will build up international cooperation on biological conservation in the Pan-Himalayas region. (By Jin Xiaohua, the CAS Institute of Botany, Beijing xiaohuajin@ibcas.ac.cn) Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 217
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