Growth and development of plants influenced by: Genetic factors External environmental factors Chemicals Plants respond to chemicals that are

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1 Plant Responses

2 PLANT HORMONES

3 Growth and development of plants influenced by: Genetic factors External environmental factors Chemicals Plants respond to chemicals that are naturally inside them and to synthetic chemicals

4 Groups of Hormones Hormone chemical messenger that affect plant s ability to respond to environment Organic compounds Effective even at low concentrations May be made in one part of plant and transported to another (similar to endocrine system)

5 Hormones interact with specific target tissues to cause physiological (physical) responses Growth Fruit ripening Each response may be two or more hormones acting together

6 b/c hormones stimulate or inhibit plant growth, they are referred to as growth regulators Many can be made in the lab increases quantity of hormones available for commercial use

7 Botanists recognize 5 groups of hormones 1.Auxins 2.Giberellins 3.Ethylene 4.Cytokinins 5.Abscisic acid

8 Auxins hormones involved in plant-cell elongation, shoot and bud growth, and rooting IAA (indolacetic acid) is well-known natural auxin Stimulates development of fleshy structures like fruit

9 Experiment on strawberries shows evidence about role of IAA in plants

10 Removing seedcontaining parts from strawberry prevents fruit from enlarging If IAA is then applied, strawberry (without seeds) enlarges normally

11 IAA is made in actively growing shoot tips and developing seeds Before cell can elongate, cell wall must be less rigid so it can expand IAA triggers increase in plasticity (stretchability) of cell walls

12 Synthetic Auxins Auxins have variety of possible effects, so used for several reasons in gardening, commercial agriculture, research Napthalene acetic acid synthetic auxin used to promote root formation on stem and leaf cuttings

13 When NAA sprayed on young fruits of apple and olive trees some fruits drop off so that rest of fruit grows larger Other like pears and citrus several weeks before picking NAA prevents fruits from dropping off trees before they mature

14 So, auxins can have opposite effects cause fruit to drop or prevent dropping proves important point: Effects of hormone on plant often depend on stage of plant s development

15 NAA used to prevent undesirable sprouting of stems from base of ornamental trees Stems contain lateral bud at base of each leaf Buds fail to sprout as long as shoot tip is intact apical dominance

16 If shoot tip removed lateral buds grow If IAA or NAA applied to cut tip of stem, lateral buds stay dormant NAA used commercially to prevent buds from sprouting on potato tubers during storage

17 Another important synthetic auxin is 2,4- D, a weed killer At certain concentrations it kills dicots without hurting monocots Food crops are mostly monocots

18 Agent Orange mixture of 2,4-D and another auxin used to defoliate jungles in Vietnam war

19 A nonauxin contanimant in Agent Orange throught to have caused health problems in people exposed

20 Giberellins In 1920s Japanese scientists discovered substance produced by fungi of genus Gibberella caused fungus-infected rice plants to grow abnormally tall Giberellin later found to be produced in small quantities by plants themselves

21 Have many effects on plants, but primarily stimulate elongation growth Spraying plants may cause them to grow larger than normal

22 Like auxins, giberellins have important commercial applications Many seedless grapes sprayed to increase size of fruit Increases alcohol content of beer by increasing amount of starch converted to sugar during brewing Also used to treat seeds, because they break seed dormancy and promote uniform germination

23 Ethylene Plays role in ripening of fruits Unlike other hormones it s gas as room temp Diffuses easily through air

24 one bad apple spoils the barrel One rotting apple will make ethylene, which stimulates others to ripen then spoil

25 Commercially ethylene applied in solution of ethephon Breaks down to release ethylene gas Used to ripen bananas, honeydew melons, tomatoes

26 Oranges, lemons, grapefruit often stay green when ripe Taste good, people won t buy Ethylene turns them desirable colors orange, yellow, etc.

27 In some plant species, ethylene promotes abscission detachment of leaves, flowers, fruits

28 Growers can use mechanical tree shakers if fruit sprayed with ethylene before harvest

29 Leaf abscission advantage Dead, damaged, infected leaves drop to prevent spreading disease or blocking light of healthy leaves Minimize water loss in winter

30 Cytokinins Promote cell division Made in developing shoots, roots, fruit, and seeds Important in culturing plant tissues in lab

31 High ratio of auxins to cytokinins in tissue culture stimulates root formation Low ratio promotes shoot formation Other cytokinins used to promote later bud growth of flower crops

32 Abscisic Acid Generally inhibits other hormones Originally thought to promote abscission Brings about dormancy in buds Maintains dormancy in seeds Causes stomata to close in response to drought Too expensive to make commercially

33 Other Growth Regulators Many used on ornamental plants Do not fit into five categories Ex. Utility (electric, water, etc.) apply growth retardants prevent plant growth Sometimes less expensive than prune (cut) trees

34 PLANT MOVEMENTS

35 Plants look immobile b/c they are rooted Time-lapse photography shows parts of plants move a lot Too slow for us to notice Move in response to several environmental stimuli

36 Tropisms are slow movements Nastic movements are quicker

37 Tropisms Response toward or away from stimulus Toward positive tropism Away negative tropism Each named for the stimulus

38 Phototropism Light causes auxin to move to shaded side of shoot Causes cells on shaded side to elongate more Result - shoot grows toward the light Positive phototropism

39 Sometimes light causes production of growth inhibitor on lighted side

40

41

42 Negative phototropism seen in vines that climb and there s nothing to grab onto Grow away from light toward wall

43 Solar Tracking Heliotropism Motion of leaves/flowers as they follow sun s movement Maximizes light for photosynthesis Not actually tropism something similar

44 Thigmotropism Response to touching solid object Tendrils and stems of vines coil when they touch an object Allows some to climb objects increases chance of getting to light Thought that ethylene and type of auxin involved

45

46 Gravitropism Response to gravity Root grows downward, stem upward Roots - positive gravitropism Stems negative

47 Appears to be at least partly regulated by auxins One hypothesis when seedling placed horizontally, auxins accumulate on lower sides

48 Concentration stimulates cell elongation on lower side of stem grows up Inhibits growth on lower root grows down

49 Chemotropism Response to chemical Ex. Pollen tube after flower pollinated Grows out from pollen grain down through stigma and style to ovule Follows direction of increasing concentrations of chemicals made by ovule

50 Nastic Movements Independent of direction of stimuli Regulated by changes in water pressure against cell wall (turgor pressure) of certain plant cells

51 Thigmonastic Movements Occur in response to touch Many are quick

52 Caused by rapid loss of turgor pressure in certain cells Similar to guard cells (around stomata)

53 Physical stimulation causes K to be pumped out of cells at base of leaflets and petioles Water moves out by osmosis As cells shrink, leaves move

54

55 Folding of leaves thought to discourage insect feeding Help prevent water loss (reducing transpiration through wind)

56 Nyctinastic Movements Response to daily cycle of light and dark Involve same osmotic mechanism as thigmonastic movements Changes in turgor pressure more gradual

57 Prayer plant leaf blades vertical at night,,resembling praying hands During the day, leaves are horizontal

58 SEASONAL RESPONSES

59 In nontropical areas, responses strongly influenced by seasonal chages Trees shed leaves in fall Most plants flower only certain times of year

60 Photoperiodism Plant s response to changes in length of days and nights Affects many plant processes, formation of storage organs, bud dormancy Most-studied flowering

61 Day Length and Night Length Important factor in flowering is amount of darkness (night length) plant receives Many have specific requirement for darkness Critical night length

62 Short-day plant flowers when day is short and nights are longer than critical night length

63 Long-day plant flowers when days are long and nights are shorter than critical night length

64 Day-neutral plants Largest group Not affected by day or night length

65 SDPs flower in spring or fall when days are shorter LDPs flower when days are long, usually in summer

66 Adjusting the Flowering Cycles of Plants Figure demonstrates how length of uninterrupted darkness is important factor Even though daily total of 15 hours of darkness, SDP does not flower b/c of that one hour of light

67 Regulation by Phytochrome Plants monitor changes in day length with pigment called phytochrome Exists in two forms, based on wavelength it absorbs

68 Daylight converts Pr to Pfr In dark, Pfr converted to Pr Based on percentages of both, plant determines how much light and dark

69 Vernalization Low-temperature stimulation of flowering Important for fallsown grain crops (wheat, barley, rye) Farmers can take advantage and harvest before summer drought

70 Wheat seeds planted in fall and survive winter as seedlings Exposure to cold temp in winter causes flowering in early spring (early crop) If seeds planted in spring, it will take two months longer Cold not required for growth, but quickens flowering

71 Biennial Plant that usually lives for only two years Produces flowers and seeds in second year Survive first winter as large roots with small above ground plants

72 In spring, flowering stem elongates quickly (bolting) Most biennials undergo vernalization before they flower the second year After flowering die Treating biennial with giberellin sometimes used to substitute cold

73 Fall Colors Caused mainly by photoperiodic response Nights become longer in fall leaves stop making chlorophyll Carotenoids become visible

74 Carotenes

75 Xanthophylls

76 Anthocyanins

77

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