Sexual Plant Propagation
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1 Plant Sexual Reprductin f Plants A. List & describe cmmn methds f sexual plant prpagatin B. Describe the prcess and envirnmental cnditins f seed germinatin C. Diagram the prcess f plant fertilizatin D. Explain the imprtance f seed viability and vigr. E. Explain pllinatin, crss-pllinatin, and selfpllinatin f flwering plants. Asexual Reprductin f Plants F. List & describe methds f asexual plant prpagatin G. Describe ptimal cnditins fr asexual prpagatin. H. Demnstrate techniques used t prpagate plants by cuttings, divisin, When & Why d yu need t reprduce r prpagate plants? Empty Greenhuses?? Empty Gardens?? Sexual Plant Sexual Plant Plant = Reprductin f plants Sexual Plant Reprductin f plants by seed r spre by the uniting f 2 gametes Offspring plants are genetically different than parent plants Sexual Plant Sexual Reprductin in Animals Offspring has ½ f it s genes frm it s mther & ½ frm it s father Offspring is genetically different than bth parents Sexual Plant Sexual Reprductin in Plants Flwer Prduces Seeds Seeds are pllinated (fertilized) by insects/wind Seed is harvested & planted t prduce new plant 1
2 Sexual Plant Sexual Reprductin in Plants Offspring plant has ½ f it s genes frm 1 plant & ½ frm anther Offspring plant is genetically DIFFERENT than bth parent plants Sexual Plant Genetics Review Wh is Gregr Mendel? What did he study? What is a phentype? What is gentype? Why are ffspring NOT genetically identical t their parents? What causes genetic variatin? What is the mst cmmn methd f reprducing plants? Seed: Seeds are harvested frm flwers and planted Mst cmmn methd f plant reprductin Where d seeds cme frm? Seeds develp in vary f flwer & are harvested Seeds are kept t grw anther seasn Cllected at hme OR Cmmercially Hw are seeds harvested? 1-Flwer blms & dies 2-Petals fall ff and seed pd dries 3-Seeds are cllected frm pd 2
3 Farm in Califrnia Specializes in Ranunculus Sells cut flwers & bulbs Diversified business as a farm & turist attractin Vide Parts f a Seed Seed Cat Hard surface that prtects interir f plant Embry The new plant that develps as result f fertilizatin Parts f a Seed Types f cmmercial seed Raw Pelleted cated t make seed bigger and easier t handle Hybrid Seed Hybrid can apply t any crss-pllinated plant Plants grwn frm seed that is the result f special breeding Cnsidered genetically superir Hybrid Seed Seedlings have Hybrid Vigr Result f cntrlled crssing f a dedicated female line and a dedicated male line Bth lines are genetically pure and will have the best traits frm bth parents Seed saved frm hybrid plants des nt prduce quality plants 3
4 Name the seed 1 3 If a plant des nt have a flwer, can it reprduce sexually? 2 4 What type f plants DON T have flwers? Spres: Primarily with ferns Ferns d nt have flwers Spres: Usually fund n back f fern They drp t grund and grw int a new plant B. Describe the prcess and envirnmental cnditins f seed germinatin Seed Germinatin Germinatin: Develpment f a seed frm a resting stage t a stage f grwth. B. Describe the prcess and envirnmental cnditins f seed germinatin Seed Germinatin Envirnmental Requirements: Oxygen Sun Temperature Water 4
5 C. Diagram the prcess f plant fertilizatin Plant Fertilizatin Plant Fertilizatin: The meeting f the male gamete with the female gamete C. Diagram the prcess f plant fertilizatin Plant Fertilizatin Takes places in vary f flwer 1- Pllen frm anther transferred t stigma 2- Pllen mves t vary 3- Haplid cells (pllen & seed embry) unite D. Explain the imprtance f seed viability and vigr. Seed Viability The mst viable seed is: Cllected frm strng, healthy parent plants Pllinated prperly prir t seed harvest Kept at misture/temperature level t keep seed in drmancy E. Explain pllinatin, crss-pllinatin, and self-pllinatin f flwering plants. Pllinatin Pllinatin: Transfer f pllen frm an anther t a stigma f a flwer f the same species *Remember, a seed is living, it s just in drmancy til prper envirnmental cnditins take it ut f drmancy E. Explain pllinatin, crss-pllinatin, and self-pllinatin f flwering plants. Pllinatin Self Pllinatin: Pllen frm a plant pllinates a flwer n the SAME plant Crss Pllinatin: Pllen frm a plant pllinates a flwer n a DIFFERENT plant E. Explain pllinatin, crss-pllinatin, and self-pllinatin f flwering plants. Pllinatin Methds f Pllinatin: Insects Bees Butterflies Mths Wind 5
6 F. List & describe methds f asexual plant reprductin Asexual Plant F. List & describe methds f asexual plant prpagatin Asexual Plant Asexual Reprductin: Reprductin f plant withut the use f reprductive rgans (flwer pistil & stamen) Als called vegetative prpagatin Use f stems, leaves, r rts t grw a new plant Prduces genetically identical plants (clnes) F. List & describe methds f asexual plant prpagatin Asexual Plant Benefits: Can be quicker Assures characteristics t be passed t ffspring Less expensive Drawbacks: Can t be used with all plants N genetic diversity F. List & describe methds f asexual plant prpagatin Asexual Plant Separatin/Divisin: Separating r dividing ne plant int several smaller plants F. List & describe methds f asexual plant prpagatin Asexual Plant Layering: Reprduce a new plant while ffspring plant is still cnnected t parent. Advantage: N water stress F. List & describe methds f asexual plant prpagatin Asexual Plant Tissue Culture: Als called Micrprpagatin f plants frm nearly micrscpic parent plants Benefit= Mass prductin f a cultivar frm an extremely limited amunt f parent stck 6
7 F. List & describe methds f asexual plant prpagatin Asexual Plant Tissue Culture: F. List & describe methds f asexual plant prpagatin Asexual Plant Cuttings: Using a sectin f stem and/r leaf t prduce a new plant Mther Plant Offspring Plant F. List & describe methds f asexual plant prpagatin Asexual Plant Cuttings: Cuttings placed in Oasis fam F. List & describe methds f asexual plant prpagatin Asexual Plant FYI Bulbs reprduce asexually At the end f the seasn, the bulb splits and frms bulblets G. Describe ptimal cnditins fr asexual prpagatin Optimal Cnditins D asexual prpagatin methds need special envirnmental cnditins t succeed?? Optimal Cnditins G. Describe ptimal cnditins fr asexual prpagatin Envirnment Humidity & Misture *Remember, they dn t have rts anymre Gd draining sil Plants Healthy & strng mther plants Crrect plant varietes *Sme plants dn t prpagate well asexually 7
8 G. Demnstrate techniques used t prpagate plants by cuttings, divisin, Cuttings: Label Stem Parts Leaf Stem Cuttings: 1. Cut a sectin f stem Be sure there are at least 2 ndes Internde Petile Nde Stem Cuttings: 2. Strip leaves frm bttm ndes Stem Cuttings: 3. Dip in rting hrmne Stem Cuttings: 4. Plant in sil less media & Water Leaf Cuttings: 1. Cut a leaf frm the stem and plant in sil less media 8
9 Leaf Cuttings: Leaf Cuttings: Pinguicula 'Piruette' befre leaf pullings were taken Pull away leaves Place n Vermiculite & cver t create humidity Leaf Cuttings: Leaf Cuttings: After a mnth r s, leaf starts t rt and sprut new grwth Leaf Cutting f Tuberus Begnia Other Types f Cuttings: Other Types f Cuttings: Leaf Sectin Cuttings Rt Cuttings 9
10 Other Types f Cuttings: Other Types f Cuttings: Heel Cuttings Eye Cuttings Tips fr Cuttings: Rting Hrmne isn t always necessary, but may increase speed f rt frmatin Remve ALL flwers Remve excessive leaves Hw t Separate Plants Divisin/Separatin: 1. Dig up plant with as many rts as pssible Hw t Separate Plants Divisin/Separatin: 2. Wash ff excess sil and split rts at the natural separatin Hw t Separate Plants Divisin/Separatin: 3. Replant, water well, and keep in shade til cmpletely re-rted 10
11 Steps Divisin/Separatin: Be sure each separatin has it s wn rt system Steps Divisin/Separatin: Plants that are easily separated: Ale Vera Hstas Steps Divisin/Separatin: Plants that are easily separated: **Sme perennial flwer beds need t be trimmed back after a few years f establishment s they dn t vergrw the area.*** Steps Grund Layering: Often dne with vine plants Take sectin f vine & place under sil In time, new rts frm Many Perennials Steps Air Layering: 1 & 2: With sharp knife, cut away uter layer 3. Cver in wet sphagnum peat mss 4. Cver tightly with plastic Steps Air Layering: Result Will take at least 1 mnth r mre 11
12 Steps Other Types f Layering: Steps Air Layering: Stlns and Runners Simple Layering Tip Layering Cmpund Layering Successful with wdy stemmed plants Decreases plant stress because it s cnnected t mther plant until rted What kind f trees are in blm in this rchard? What kind f trees are in blm in this rchard? Almnds! BUT did yu knw every tree actually has the trunk and rts f a peach tree? Grafting Grafting: Cnnecting 2 pieces f living plant material tgether t frm a single plant Grafting Grafting: Scin= New plant material Rtstck= ld plant material 12
13 Grafting Benefits f Grafting: Increase the strength and disease resistance f rts Peach trees have strnger rts that are mre resistant t rt rt than almnd tree rts Several Varieties grwn n ne tree/bush Apple trees with 2-3 varieties f apple Rse bushes with multiple clrs f rses Grafting Types f Grafts: Wedge Graft Saw Kerf Graft Grafting Types f Grafts: Whip & Tngue Graft Grafting Budding: Grafting technique where nly a single bud is transferred What is Genetic Engineering? Des it apply t plants? Hw? GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering can harness the bilgical machinery f bacteria and viruses t Manufacture therwise hard-t-btain plant prducts. Cmbat genetically caused diseases. Imprve tlerance f plants t adverses. Attain ther similar cmmendable gals. Fr plant imprvement, it changes the genetic makeup f plants, withut breeding r selectin. Its main advantage is that it makes pssible the transfer f genes between cmpletely unrelated plants r bacteria. In rare cases, even frm animals t plants
14 COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING In cmmercial hrticultural prductin, research has centered mainly n vegetable and fruit crp genetic engineering. With a limited amunt n flwers and ther crps. Althugh genetically engineered crps are in widespread cultivatin, mst are nt hrticultural. COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Generally, genetic engineering f hrticultural crps has fcused n Imparting disease and pest resistance. Imparting resistance t herbicides. Extending the length f prduct shelf life. Altering clr. In flwers. Imparting cld-temperature resistance. In strawberries and eucalyptus trees COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING One f the best knwn genetically engineered hrticultural crps is the Flavr Savr tmat. Engineered t retain a firm texture lnger than nrmal. Tmates destined fr fresh eating must be hand-harvested t prevent bruising. Unlike canning tmates that can be harvested mechanically a less expensive prcess. Fresh tmates must als be transprted quickly and with careful packaging. T ensure that they arrive at the supermarket in an attractive cnditin, appealing t the buyer. COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING The Flavr Savr inhibits expressin f the genetic material that causes fruit t sften when it ripens. The sftening part f ripening is slwed, althugh the flavr cntinues t develp. This allws mechanical harvesting, increased transprt time, and lnger fresh shelf life in the supermarket COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING A secnd genetically engineered crp receiving widespread attentin is a Thmpsn Seedless grape variety engineered t be virus resistant. One f the mst cmmnly cultivated table grapes. Als a cmpnent f blended wines. 83 COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Scientists hpe that genetically engineered virus resistance will reduce the expense f chemicals, and their entry int the envirnment. Because it will n lnger be necessary t spray t prevent the disease. At present, nly papaya & squash have been engineered successfully fr virus resistance and put int field prductin
15 COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Sme ppnents f genetic engineering fear it culd upset the ecsystem in unknwn ways. They feel that the accelerated pace f genetic change culd inundate the envirnment with bizarre plants, causing an unstable eclgical situatin. Sme rganic farmers fear a bilgical pesticide, which they use t cntrl infestatins f wrms, will n lnger be effective due t insect resistance as a result f widespread incrpratin in many crps. Bacillus thuringiensis, is the surce f genetic material put int plants t cause their cells t prduce an insect pisn. 85 COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING The Envirnmental Prtectin Agency (EPA) has apprved a number f genetically engineered plants. Over 3 millin acres f genetically engineered crn, cttn, and ptates were planted in the U.S. in A class-actin suit has been filed against the EPA by thirty-ne grups wh charge that the EPA has been negligent in its apprval f genetically engineered crps. 86 Review What are the brwn, rice shaped structures that yu can see in this crss sectin f a Rudbeckia flwer? Review What stage f grwth is this plant in? A. Reprductive B. Vegetative Review What stage f grwth is this plant in? A. Reprductive B. Vegetative 15
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